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PREFACE
Ecology, environment and poverty are closely interwoven and inversely related. Ecological
degradation is accompanied by erosion, both in quality and substance of life of human
community living within that eco space. An ecologically vibrant environment on the other hand
not only maximizes the production potential of the community leading to livelihood security and
income stability but also provide social integration, harmony and over all prosperity. This is
especially true in a agrarian economy. In Himachal Pradesh majority of the people draw their
sustenance from natural resources i.e. 80% of the household basket of consumption is biomass
(food, fodder, fuel, fiber, bio fertilizer) or bio mass based.
The uncommon opportunities for launching a new initiative named Integrated
Watershed Management Project (IWMP) will address the concerns of small and marginal
farmers in rain fed area and employment opportunities to landless, BPL and other poor
community. To avail additional assistance under this scheme, a framework has been provided
which requires to draw a DPR of each watershed (Panchayat) that fully utilizes an initial
resource envelop from all existing schemes state or center including resources available at block
level such as of agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, fishery, industry, rural development
etc.
It is in this context that DRDA,Kullu .District Kullu entrusted the task of
preparing the detailed project report (DPR) of nine panchayats of Banjar Block of Kullu district
to HARDPA. The society took this gigantic task seriously and established a camp office at Sainj.
After initial meeting with administration, two groups were formed,one for PRA and one for
technical survey under the leadership of Er. K.K.Kapoor. Before field exercise, a questionnaire
was prepared by the experts for collecting basic data. It was discussed with Project Officer,
Kullu before using in the field. The PRA team carried out PRA by using different tools in all
Water Shed/ villages of nine panchayats. They listed the weaknesses, strengths and needs in
addition to collection of other basic data. During the transact, sites for different works such as
water harvesting, irrigation, soil conservation were identified and shortlisted. The PRA team
remained in the field for almost two months, the technical team followed the PRA team and did
the technical survey of shortlisted interventions.
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The work done and data collected in the field was analyzed by the core group of
experts. After analysis, possible opportunities were chalked out keeping in mind the strength and
weaknesses of the area and the holistic approach. The actual designs and estimates of NRM
works to be executed in the first year and standard estimates of remaining interventions were
prepared.
Throughout the said work, society received the valuable backup advisory support
from district administration, PO . DRDA, line department and block agency, in particular, CEO
cum DC, ,Project Director cum ADM, PO and APO, Deputy Director (Ag.), Deputy Director
(Hort.), Deputy Director (AH), Asstt. Director (Fishery), and the society wish to thank them.
Lastly, society appreciate and acknowledge the co-operation and help so willingly offered
to the teams by BDO and other block level officers/officials, Pradhans and Ward Members of
panchayats as well as the farmers during field work and preparation of report.
Secretary
HARDPA
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PROJECT AT A GLANCE
Name of project IWMP-IX
Block Banjar
District Kullu
Agro-climatic zone III
No. of Panchayats 9
No. of Micro-Watersheds 15
PIA BDO, Banjar
Location 31° 43′ 10′′ to 31° 55′ 25′′ North latitude
77° 14′ 05′′ to 77°32′ 45′′ East longitude
Total geographical area 9945hectares
Treatable area 8597hectares
Irrigated area Nil
No. of land holding families 2565
Landless Nil
BPL families 477
Marginal farmers 1346
Small farmers 801
Others 418
Total population 12904
Male 6521
Female 6383
Schedule Caste
i) Male 2208
ii) Female 2065
4
Schedule Tribe
i) Male 105
ii) Female 92
Cattle population 18355
Health institutions
i) Human 6
ii) Animal 4
5
BASELINE SURVEY Kullu Block
BDO Banjar : PIA
Total Geographical Area of Project (lakh ha) :
Treatable Area* 0.08597
Waste- Land:
Rainfed Agricultural
Land
Total Cropped Area:
Net Sown Area :
Total No of Water storage
Structures :
Total No of Water
extracting Units
Total storage capacity of water
storage structures (cubic meters)
No. of Households 2565
SC : 855 ST: 39 Others 1671
Total Population in the project
areas
No. of Households of
Landless People
Total No. Of BPL House-holds
477
No of household of small
farmers
801 No. of household of
Marginal Farmers
1346
Depth of Ground Water (meters) below ground level
Pre Monsson 70 Post Monsson 50
No. of person-days of seasonal
migration
Nil
0.9945
0.001224 0.02908
0.06498 0.02908
86 Nil
1140
12904 Nil
6
Year-wise Financial Action Plan Targets IWMP-
Name of the Activity Un
it
Financial Target Total
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.Watershed Development Works
1.1 Land Development (Productive use)
1.1.1 Afforestation Rs. 0 850304 84911 0 0 935215
1.1.2 Horticulture Rs. 0 4403075 9700650 0 0 14103725
1.1.3 Agriculture Rs. 395700 1464130 634781 372960 526380 3393951
1.1.4 Pasture Rs. 0 604297 25000 0 0 629297
1.1.5 Others Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2 Soil & Moisture Conservation
0 0 0 0 0
0
1.2.1 Staggered trenching Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2.2 Countour Bunding Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2.3 Graded Bunding Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2.4 Bench Terracing Rs. 369822 725764 153030 76515 292179 1617310
1.2.5 Others Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.3 Vegetative and Engineering Structure
0 0 0 0 0
0
1.3.1 Earthen Checks Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.3.2 Brushwood Checks Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.3.3 Gully plugs Rs. 0 489716 319380 0 0 809096
1.3.4 Loose bolder Rs. 119459 196756 70270 0 0 386485
1.3.5 Gabion structure Rs. 1876976 4603407 4378780 3972710 2073931 16905804
1.3.6 Others Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.4 Water Harvesting Structure (New Created)
0 0 0 0 0
0
1.4.1 Farm ponds Rs. 265830 748030 425543 282834 0 1722237
1.4.2 Check dams Rs. 370119 358633 0 0 0 728752
1.4.3 Nallah Bunds Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.4.4 Percolation tanks Rs. 2631241 8174617 6397528 5150451 2879587 25233424
1.4.5 Ground Water recharge structure
Rs. 0 0 0 0 0
0
1.4.6 Others Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
14.6.1 Roof water harwesting tank
Rs. 0 1838761 1104192 409700 0
3352653
14.6.2 FIS Rs. 801911 164188 0 0 0 966099
14.6.3 Bawari Rs. 454674 130471 237171 230213 337539 1390068
1.5 Water Harvesting Structure (Renovated)
0 0 0 0 0
0
7
1.5.1 Farm ponds Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5.2 Check dams Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5.3 Nallah Bunds Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5.4 Percolation tanks Rs. 0 0 0 0 40684 40684
1.5.5 Ground Water recharge structure
Rs. 0 0 0 0 0
0
1.5.6 Others Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.6.1 Roof water harwesting tank
Rs. 0 0 0 0 0
0
15.6.2 FIS Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.6.3 Bawari Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.Administrative Cost 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.1 Salary Rs. 1805370 1805370 1805370 1805370 1805370 9026850
2.2 Others Rs. 773730 773730 773730 773730 773730 3868650
3.Monitoring 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.1 Monitoring of Projects Rs. 0 644775 0 644775 0 1289550
3.2Evaluation Rs. 0 0 644775 62775 582000 1289550
4.Entry Point Activity 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.1 Plan for EPA Rs. 5158200 0 0 0 0 5158200
5.Institution & Capacity Building
0 0 0 0 0
0
5.1 SHG Formation Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
5.2 UG Formation Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
5.3 Formation of Federation Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
5.4 Capacity building (Awareness Camp)
Rs. 538770 393500 49520 0 0
981790
5.5 Others Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
1)Farmer camp(2no Agr,1 Hort.,1 Animal Husbandry)
Rs. 420000 420000 420000 420000 420000
2100000
ii) Training for Livelihood Rs. 358370 365150 286410 350800 50360 1411090
iii) Training for Officers, Officials & WC
Rs. 439920 460000 0 0 0
899920
vi) Exposure visit Rs. 200000 854950 0 0 0 1054950
6.DPR 0 0 0 0 0 0
6.1 Preparation Of DPR Rs. 1289550 0 0 0 0 1289550
7.Livelihood activities for the asset-less persons
0 0 0 0 0
0
7.1 Plan for Livelihood activities Rs. 1996462 2449967 2258684 2815015 2085822 11605950
8.Production system & micro-enterprises
0 0 0 0 0
0
8.1Production system & micro-enterprises Plan
Rs. 1680996 3564002 3655002 2292500 1703000
12895500
8.6 Others Rs. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Consolidation 3% 0 0 0 0 0 0
8
Consolidation Phase Rs 0 0 0 0 3868650 3868650
Grand Total 21947100 3648359
3 3342472
7 1966034
8 1743923
2 12895500
0
Year-wise Physical Action Plan (Watershed works) Targets & Achievement IWMP-
Name of the Activity Unit Physical Target
Total 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.Watershed Development Works
1.1 Land Development
(Productive use)
1.1.1 Afforestation (on wasteland) ha 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1.2 Afforestation (on total land
including wasteland) ha
0 17.91 1.8 0 0 19.71
1.1.3 Horticulture(on wasteland) ha 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1.4 Horticulture(on total land
including wasteland) ha
0 54.79 111.84 0 0 166.63
1.1.5 Agriculture (on wasteland) ha 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1.6 Agriculture(on total land
including wasteland) ha
4.32 48.7 20.14 19.38 5.12 97.66
1.1.7 Pasture (on wasteland) ha 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1.8 Pasture(on total land
including wasteland) ha
0 35.04 6.28 0 0 41.32
1.1.9 Others (on wasteland) ha 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.1.10 Others (on total land
including wasteland) ha
0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2 Soil & Moisture Conservation 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2.1 Staggered trenching ha 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2.2 Countour Bunding ha 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2.3 Graded Bunding ha 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2.4 Bench Terracing ha 0.24 1.96 1.68 0.24 0.88 5
1.2.5 Others ha 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.3 Vegetative and Engineering
Structure 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.3.1 Earthen Checks Cubic
meter 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.3.2 Brushwood Checks Rmt 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.3.3 Gully plugs Cubic
meter 0 255.45 173.61 0 0 429.06
1.3.4 Loose bolder Cubic
meter 92.48 152.32 54.4 0 0 299.2
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1.3.5 Gabion structure Cubic
meter 958.49 2385.11 2276.17 2048.41 1067.43 8735.61
1.3.6 Others nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.4 Water Harvesting Structure
(New created) 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.4.1 Farm ponds nos 2 4 3 2 0 11
1.4.2 Check dams nos 1 1 0 0 0 2
1.4.3 Nallah Bunds nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.4.4 Percolation tanks nos 18 41 33 30 18 140
1.4.5 Ground Water recharge
structure nos
0 0 0 0 0 0
1.4.6 Others 0 0 0 0 0 0
14.6.1 Roof water harwesting tank
nos 0 18 11 4 0 33
14.6.2 FIS nos 1 1 0 0 0 2
14.6.3 Bawari nos 4 1 2 2 3 12
1.5 Water Harvesting Structure
(Renovated) 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5.1 Farm ponds nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5.2 Check dams nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5.3 Nallah Bunds nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5.4 Percolation tanks nos 0 0 0 0 1 1
1.5.5 Ground Water recharge
structure nos
0 0 0 0 0 0
1.5.6 Others 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.6.1 Roof water harwesting tank
nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.6.2 FIS nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.6.3 Bawari nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6 Water Harvesting Structure (
Storage capacity of New
structures) 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6.1 Farm ponds Cubic
meter 660 990 660 330 0 2640
1.6.2 Check dams Cubic
meter 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6.3 Nallah Bunds Cubic
meter 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6.4 Percolation tanks Cubic
meter 225 414 387 378 216 1620
1.6.5 Ground Water recharge
structure
Cubic
meter 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6.6 Others Cubic
meter 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.7 Water Harvesting Structure (
Storage capacity of Renovated
structures) 0 0 0 0 0 0
10
1.7.1 Farm ponds Cubic
meter 0 1352 330 330 0 2012
1.7.2 Check dams Cubic
meter 140 110 0 0 0 250
1.7.3 Nallah Bunds Cubic
meter 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.7.4 Percolation tanks Cubic
meter 0 100 46 20 19 185
1.7.5 Ground Water recharge
structure
Cubic
meter 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.7.6 Others Cubic
meter 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.EPA 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.1 No. of EPA activities nos 19 0 0 0 0 19
2.2 No. of water extracting unit
created nos
1 0 0 0 0 1
3.Institution & Capacity Building 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.1 SHG Formation (Newly
created) 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.1.1 No. of SHG nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.1.2 Total No. of SHGs members nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.2 Existing SHG 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.2.1 No. of SHG assisted nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.2.2 Total No. of SHGs members nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.3 UG Formation 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.3.1 No. of UG nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.3.2 Total No. of members of UGs nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.4 Formation of Federation 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.4.1 No. of Federation nos 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.4.2 Total No. of members of
Federation nos
0 0 0 0 0 0
3.5 Capacity building 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.5.1 No. of Training nos 87 90 70 67 58 372
3.5.2 No. of Persons trained nos 3266 3184 2681 2672 2629 14432
4.Livelihood activities for the
asset-less persons 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.1 No. of activities nos 11 13 14 15 11 64
4.2 No. of Beneficiaries nos 125 307 280 200 142 1054
5.Production system µ-
enterprises 0 0 0 0 0 0
5.1.1 No. of activities nos 21 25 22 21 12 101
5.1.2 No. of Beneficiaries nos 74 188 230 135 117 744
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NET RETURN SCHEDULE
1 Present Return Rs. 92603390.00
2 With Project Return Rs. 112508525.00
5 Net Income Return Rs. 19905135.00
BENEFIT COST RATIO
1 Net Incremental Return 19905135.00
2 Discount Value @ 12 % for 1 - 50 years 7.50
3 Adjusted Return ( N.I.R. X 7.5 ) 19905135 x 7.50 149288512.50
Benefit cost ratio = Adjusted benefit / Estimated Cost
149288512.50 = 1.16:1
128955000.00
12
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EXPECTED OUTCOME
After the implementation of project activities the expected quantitative outcomes will be :-
Production of food grains will increase from 26380 Qt. to 31656
Production of potato will increase from. 46900Qt. to 122400 Qt.
Production of vegetable will increase from Production of pulses will increase from 37520 Qt. to
72320 Qt.
Production of fruits will increase from 30000 Qt to 49420 Qt.
Production of milk will increase from 6000 Lt. to 14000
Production of meat will increase from 2500 Kg./Month to 8000 Kg ./Month
Production of wool will increase from 6780 Kg. to 11029 Kg.
Production of fish will increase from ( Increase will be negligible).
Production from poultry ( i) eggs = ( Increase will be negligible).
(ii) meat = ( Increase will be negligible).
Production of honey will increase from Almost nil to 836 Kg.
Production of mushroom will increase from Almost nil to 4250Kg
The support land to be brought under plantation and grasses will yield additional green grass and
wood.
436 ha. of land will come under assured irrigation after the completion of the project.
603 ha. of land will be protected from erosion after taking the erosion control measure.
Lot of organic matter will be available after the implementation of vermin compost pit activity.
The availability of skilled personal will increase .
481432 men days will be generated with the implementation of project.
The proposed livelihood activities will enhance the economic status of the selected poor.
The total project area is rain fed, all the proposed activities aim’s for the development of rain fed
area.
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Activities like diversification of agriculture, bee-keeping, mushroom, nursery, cattle
management (fodder development) and non-farm activities will enhance the economic status of
watershed community. The quantification of benefits in form of area, families and financial has
been done in the respective chapter where it was possible.
SUM UP
In brief, the implementation of the project will ensure ecological sustainability and economic
viability.
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background
India along with other developing countries of the world especially Asian
countries who got their emancipation in the 40’s has entered the 21st century with more hopes
and expectations. According to latest censuses, the population of India have crossed 100 million.
By the year 2020 the food demand would reach about 250 million tones. Hence, the dependence
on agriculture in the country would continue to increase posting a threat particularly to the
limited land and water resources more so in the rain-fed areas. Besides, there would be manifold
increase in the need for fuel, fodder, fiber etc. All these commodities must constitute key to
agricultural development, which can be achieved through appropriate strategy for watershed
development with a mixed farming systems perspective. In this approach, conservation of soil
and water not only controls land degradation but also lead to sustained productivity. Watershed
with a distinct hydrological boundary is ideal for launching-up the hardware and software
conservation measures. Integrated Watershed Management would ensure enhances income and
thereby augment the quality of life of farmers living in the disadvantaged rain-fed areas. This
underlines the importance of participation of farmers in the watershed development efforts.
Innovative action, learning tools can help and obtain the willing participation of farmers in the
programme development and its implementation. The ecological balance will thus get restored
through natural resource conservation with farmer’s interactive participation. Thus major chunk
of the planning in agriculture, therefore, concentrate around the water management and
conservation of soil.
Low productivity, high-pressure of human and animal population on land
characterize Indian agriculture. This has resulted in marginal and sub-marginal lands coming
under the plough, reduction of vegetative cover because of extensive grazing to meet the higher
fodder requirements leading in to faster run-off of rain water and low ground water. According to
ICAR estimate about 160 million hectares of land in India is suffering from one type of
degradation or the other and about 60 million hectares have attained the status of wasteland
where production levels are much below optimum.
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It is in this context that the Govt. of India initiated these special programmes known as Drought
Prone Area Program me (DPAP), Desert Development Program me (DDP) ,Integrated
Watershed Development Program me (IWDP) & Hariyali Project sanctioned in 2003 in whole of
the country on the pattern of watershed for overcoming the problem of drought, desertification
and degradation of land respectively.
Though Watershed Development has been expected as the prime approach to area
development, generation and development of natural resources and restoration of ecological
balance on a sustained basis, the benefits of this approach are restricted largely to the
development on water harvesting, its impact on optimal use and conservation of natural
resources and production systems that has not been to the desired extent.
Watershed development programmes are being implemented in India for over two
decades. An integrated approach to programme as a strategy was initiated during the period
1975 and 1983. By the Ninth Five Year Plan, a number of agencies have been involved in
initiating and implementing the programme in about all the agro-climate zones in the country.
Moreover, the programme has been receiving high priority from the Union Govt., the State
Govt., multi-lateral agencies and NGOs. In this way, watershed approach has been identified a
major route and a promising area for development of agriculture.
Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)
It is widely accepted that watershed development has to be conceived as a broad strategy
for protecting livelihoods of the people inhabiting fragile ecosystems, especially the poor, rather
than just the physical resources alone. Thus the overall objective and rationale of watershed
development in India is no longer limited to scientifically determined methods of soil and water
conservation, but has gone far beyond that, evolving instead into a form of ‘Watershed Plus’,
which seeks to ensure not only the availability of drinking water, fuel wood and fodder for the
poor, but also raise their income and employment opportunities through improvements in
agricultural productivity, better access to markets, extension services, etc. Hence, integrated
natural resource management and watershed development has become a larger paradigm for
achieving sustainable development in the country.
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Concept of watershed
A watershed is defined as that geographical area which feeds water to a drainage
line (like a rivulet, stream, river etc). However, a watershed is not only a geographical area, but
also the area from where the community living within draws its sustenance. The quality and
health of the watershed, therefore, directly affects the quality of life of the people living in that
area. Watershed development involves the conservation, regeneration and judicious utilization of
natural resources, seeking to bring about an optimum balance between the demand and use of
resources. It, therefore, involves complex interactions between various components like.
Community Development, Soil and land Management, Water Management, Crop Management,
Afforestation, Pasture/Fodder Management, Rural Energy Management and related areas. The
concept of watershed development seeks to bring equilibrium among these components so that
sustainable development of the area may become possible.
Objectives of IWMP
i) Improving the management of land and water, and their interaction and
externalities;
ii) Increasing the intensity and productivity of resource use with the objective
of reducing poverty and improving livelihoods;
iii) Improving environmental services and reducing negative externalities for
downstream areas; and
iv) Addressing technical, institutional, and policy issues needed to ensure
equitable sharing of benefits among stakeholders and sustainable watershed
management.
District Kullu
Kullu, one of the twelve districts of Himachal Pradesh is originated from word ‘ Kullut `.District
Kullu ,the valley of village Gods, nestles in the Pir Panjal range of the Western Himalayas. It is
located between 30° – 51′ -00′′ North latitude and 77° – 06′ -04′′ East longitude. It is bounded
with five districts. The north-east boundary of the district touches the border district of Lahul
&Spiti.On the east and south-east, it is bounded by Kinnaur and Shimla districts ;on the south –
west by Mandi and on the west by Kangra.. Administrtively, the district is divided into four sub-
divisions viz.Kullu, Manali,Banjar andAni,four tehsils viz.Kullu, Manali,Banjar and Nirmand
and two Sub Tehsil at Ani and Sainj. From development point of view, the district is divided into
18
five blocks viz. Sadar, Nagar , Banjar , Ani and Nirmand . The district has areas ranging from
valley area to high hill wet temperate making it possible to grow a variety of field crops and
fruits and undertake livestock enterprises.
The district has 550300ha.of Geographical area., out of which
39302ha. is cultivable, 9598ha. is barren & uncultivable, 1474ha. is cultivable waste,655ha.is
permanent pasture and grazing land & the rest of the land which comes to4,95,169 ha is under
forest cover .The geographical condition of the district is mountainous cruised by rivers and
valleys. The mountain s in the region are comprised of high ranges with sharp crest and steep
terrains. The region is characterized by semi-tropical forest vegetation. The Beas and Satluj are
principal rivers of district and the entire drainage of the district is received by these two rivers.
The economy of the district is basically agrarian. It largely depends on agriculture ,fruit farming
and animal husbandry. The salubrious agro- climatic conditions provide a range of potentialities
for growing cash crops like off-season vegetables, seed potatoes, pulses and temperate fruits
apart cereals, millets and oil seeds .
The soil of the district are mainly neutral & varies from clay loam to sandy loam,
sandy & rocky in texture. The district falls under two agro climatic zone viz., mid hill sub
humid zone and high hill wet temperate zone. average rainfall of the district varies from
800mm.to 1100 mm The maximum temperature exceeds 300 C during summer in the lower and
mid hill and minimum temperature some time goes down below 00 C in winter in the upper
reaches of the district. The district is criss crossed by number of perennial and seasonal streams
which are sources of irrigation and drinking water supply for most of the area which also causes
erosion & slides due to high intensity of rainfall during the monsoon.
. The district live stock population is considerably large and with the
implementation of this project, it is expected that the area under fodder crop will increase many
fold & the watershed community will adopt stall feeding to their animals. It is well known fact
that over grazing, ruthless deforestation, use of unscientific agriculture practices, irrational
irrigation & other ecological degradation continuously tend to increase wasteland. The rapid
growth of population & the stressing need of fuel, fodder rapidly changing social economic of
the habitants is multiplying the problems, DRDA Kullu initiated the watershed program me
under integrated watershed management program me (IWMP) in the region.
19
DISTRICT MAP
20
21
Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
After signing the MOU with RD department on 16th
Nov.2012, a meeting was held with Project
officer, DRDA Kullu on the same day regarding the co ordination of line departments and the
approach to be adopted. A camp office of the society was established on 21st . november at Sainj
and next three days series of meetings were held with heads of line departments viz. Agriculture,
Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Industries, I&PH etc. and discussed the details of on
going schemes and the funds for the project area. Meeting held on 29th
November in the office
of BDO Banjar
On 29th
November a meeting in the office of BDO Banjar was held under the chairmanship of
APO (DRDA) Kullu. The meeting was attended by Pradhans,Up pradhans,Ward members
Secretaries Panchayat and other Project staff & representatives of the Socity.In the meeting
Brochures (Margdarshika) were distributed by the representative of the society containing
details of project activities & also explained the content of Margdarshika and answered all the
queries raised during meeting. APO DRDA explained in detail, the objective and need of IWMP.
In the meeting dates of visits of PRA & Technical teams of society to different Panchayat were
finalized. Pradhans Panchayat were requested to ensure the participation of user of their
panchayat in full strength to make the program me a success .
The methodology followed for the development of project plan is as under
A questionnaire was developed in consultation with experts, stakeholders and line departments
for collecting primary & secondary data.
To undertake the participatory rural appraisal of each village, two teams were formed, one team
for PRA & other for technical survey. Each team comprising of three members. By using
different PRA tools and discussions, the probable interventions were listed.
The services of Integrated Spatial Analytics Consultants Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi were hired to
prepare different thematic maps.
22
Technical team did the transect walk through various drainage courses and streams along with
locals to analyze the problems and to suggest remedies. The teams also proposed the structures
and did the survey work with GPS required for the designing.
The village wise collected data was analyzed and compiled panchayat wise.
SOWT analysis was done of the data collected through PRA.
Actual designing & estimation of natural resource management for the first year were prepared.
The rates for civil work were applied from HPPWD Schedule of Rates 2009.
Standard estimates were prepared for other units and activities, taking into consideration the
local conditions.
Groups & Individuals were identified for Lively hood & Production system.
23
24
25
Chapter 3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA
The project area falls in the Banjar Block of Kullu District. The area of
Gadaparli, Shansher,Deoridhar,Shanged,Suchen,Dushed,Dhaugi &Kanon Panchayats is the part
of Sainj River catchment which drains in to Tirthan at Larji and Panchayats area of Teel & Seraj
drains in to Tirthan nalla and meets with Sainj river at Larji. The Larji river then drains in to
Beas river near Aut.The project area have 10 panchayats having 77villages and 15 micro
watersheds.
Location The area falls High Hill wet Temperate Zone and is situated between 31° 43′ 10′′ to
31° 55′ 25′′ North latitude 77° 14′ 05′′ to 77°32′ 45′′ East longitude. Most of the project area is
on Larji-Neuli road. Kullu is the district HQ & Banjar is block headquarter. Most of the project
area falls in Sainj sub tehsil except two panchayats which falls in Banjar tehsil. The markets of
the area is Banjar ,Sainj & Aut .
Physiographic features 3.2.1
Area The total geographical area under the project is 9945 ha. and the proposed treatable area is
8597 ha. The area falls in inner seraj
Topography The project area falls from 1340 m to 2820 m above mean sea level (amsl). The
area falls in Agro- Ecological Situations ie. AES 1V. The situation 1V, topography is hilly
terrain with medium shallow soil and heavy snow fall.
Drainage There are 79 minor and small tributaries in the project area draining into Sainj &
Tirthan river. These two main tributaries drain’s in to Beas having good discharge. About 50%
of the small/minor tributaries have very low to no discharge.
26
3.3 Seasons & Climate
27
28
Depending upon the altitude, the climate varies a good deal taken as a whole. The climate is
temperate with well marked seasons. The winters are from December to March, both inclusive
and is characterized by snowfall. The change over from winter to summer is gradual. The
temperature begins to increase rapidly after the middle of April and the rise continues till the
break of rains in July. Towards the end of April, and occasionally in May, heavy thunder storms
frequently accompanied by hails occur. May and June are warm.
The monsoon usually sets in generally in late July and continues till the middle or end of
September. During these months the atmosphere is occasionally misty, humidity is average and
higher hills are often obscured with mist and clouds . From past few years longer dry spell were
observed during monsoon. October and November are comparatively dry and the cold weather
may be said to start by the middle of November. With the approach of winter, the temperature
gradually falls. Now a days snow does not generally come till December and sometimes it may
be as late as January.
Rainfall Details of average monthly rainfall at meteorological station Katrain Kullu
Average number of rainy days in different months
January 5
February 5.8
March 6.9
April 7.5
May 8.2
June 7.8
July 6.0
August 5.9
September 6.9
October 8.0
November 6.4
December 5.3
29
Monthwise Temperature Data
Source :- IARI Reginal Station Katrain ( Kullu)
Sr.No
.
Year Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
Max
.
Min. Max
.
Min. Max
.
Min. Max
.
Min. Max. Min. Max
.
Min.
1 1987 11.6
6
1.66 12.4
6
3.09 15.9
5
6.23 20.2
8
8.24 20.93 9.80 27.1
8
14.27
2 1988 12.9
0
2.90 14.1
0
3.70 14.6
0
4.60 22.2
0
12.2
0
27.10 12.6
0
26.5
0
16.30
3 1989 9.60 1.26 10.1
9
2.22 12.6
1
5.30 19.3
2
8.33 24.00 11.6
6
26.6
6
15.00
4 1990 12.2
0
3.10 9.90 1.80 9.70 4.00 19.4
0
7.30 26.00 13.7
0
2.75 16.90
5 1991 8.87 1.09 11.4
0
3.70 15.3
0
6.00 19.8
7
8.20 23.20 11.6
0
24.9
0
15.83
6 1992 8.61 3.06 8.82 2.58 11.3
0
5.22 17.1
0
10.2
3
19.90 11.3
0
27.3
0
15.30
7 1993 11.5
4
0.50 16.6
2
3.49 16.1
7
3.74 23.9
0
7.70 23.90 11.3
7
30.3
0
15.80
8 1994 11.8
8
2.20 10.8
0
0.00 21.6
6
6.24 18.5
0
4.80 26.30 9.83 30.2
5
15.66
9 1995 10.0
6
1.30 11.6
0
0.90 17.3
5
3.95 20.7
0
6.70 28.90 11.4
0
31.5
0
15.35
10 1996 12.2
2
0.33 14.8
8
1.91 16.2
7
4.77 23.4
8
8.53 24.94 10.5
2
13.0
0
15.65
11 1997 12.8
2
0.32 13.5
5
0.23 17.2
7
4.66 20.2
5
7.88 23.82 8.34 26.3
0
12.58
12 1998 10.6
6
0.47 11.7
5
1.02 14.8
7
1.74 22.6
8
8.02 27.03 15.5
8
28.1
0
20.73
13 1999 10.0
0
3.81 15.2
1
7.00 18.4
8
8.42 24.9
7
13.3
7
25.74 15.6
1
27.8
3
17.73
14 2000 11.6
1
3.90 10.0
3
2.10 16.0
6
6.00 24.3
7
12.1
0
27.45 16.3
5
27.8
7
18.17
15 2001 13.6
1
2.96 17.1
0
5.67 15.3
8
7.77 18.3
0
11.0
6
26.58 15.1
0
26.9
0
19.13
16 2002 11.9
6
2.77 13.1
0
3.35 18.7
4
9.00 22.4
0
11.4
6
26.61 14.8
7
23.6
0
18.30
17 2003 14.0
0
3.64 9.12 4.32 16.3
5
5.77 22.2
3
11.6
6
24.87 11.9
2
26.8
7
16.05
18 2004 11.4
2
3.58 12.1
7
4.86 23.3
3
10.2
3
23.9
3
12.6
7
28.38 14.7
1
20.9
0
16.30
19 2005 8.55 2.65 3.50 16.2
3
8.26 20.6
0
10.1
7
23.30 11.3
5
28.0
0
16.57
20 2007 12.5
5
3.68 11.7
9
4.93 16.3
5
6.90 25.8
7
14.0
7
25.55 14.8
5
28.3
3
16.37
21 2008 7.61 2.68 12.1
7
4.10 20.6
8
9.45 21.1
3
11.3
3
24.87 15.5
2
Averag
e in C
11.1
6
2.28 11.7
5
3.07 16.4
1
6.11 21.5
0
9.81 25.21 12.7
6
25.2
5
16.40
30
Sr.No
.
Year Jul Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Max
.
Min. Max
.
Min. Max
.
Min. Max
.
Min. Max. Min. Max
.
Min.
1 1987 28.2
0
16.7
6
27.0
0
16.2
2
23.0
0
13.1
1
21.9
4
8.40 19.29 6.50 15.8
0
2.80
2 1988 25.5
0
19.1
0
23.7
0
17.4
0
24.0
0
13.4
0
20.9
0
8.00 17.40 4.40 12.3
0
1.60
3 1989 25.0
0
18.0
0
25.3
5
16.6
6
23.4
4
14.5
0
24.1
1
8.78 17.00 4.24 12.4
0
2.50
4 1990 26.2
0
18.4
0
26.4
0
18.8
0
24.9
0
15.8
0
21.8
0
8.70 18.70 6.10 12.8
0
3.50
5 1991 26.4
0
19.0
0
24.0
0
18.0
0
22.3
7
15.4
3
16.2
3
9.64 15.57 5.40 13.0
0
3.90
6 1992 27.3
0
18.0
0
27.8
0
18.0
1
24.7
6
14.8
5
26.4
1
8.96 21.68 1.56 19.2
6
2.15
7 1993 27.0
0
17.6
0
30.9
0
18.4
0
26.8
0
15.1
0
26.0
0
8.27 20.95 4.70 18.3
2
2.06
8 1994 29.4
0
18.5
0
29.9
7
17.2
5
28.5
6
12.6
1
25.8
0
6.20 20.90 3.30 13.1
1
1.00
9 1995 29.8
0
17.4
8
25.5
9
16.9
8
26.8
0
12.2
0
23.6
6
7.56 20.06 2.28 13.0
1
1.21
10 1996 28.4
0
17.5
0
27.7
9
17.9
5
18.3
0
14.1
8
24.3
0
7.30 20.10 4.00 16.9
0
2.00
11 1997 27.7
3
16.2
9
25.5
0
14.3
2
25.7
0
12.9
8
20.3
4
6.44 15.12 2.42 11.4
4
1.39
12 1998 29.5
8
23.6
1
29.1
0
20.7
1
26.9
0
17.1
7
23.2
6
12.9
4
20.43 17.4
7
17.3
2
5.58
13 1999 28.6
8
20.3
2
27.1
6
20.6
1
27.7
0
18.1
7
25.2
6
11.7
7
20.77 7.33 15.8
7
4.42
14 2000 25.8
4
19.9
0
28.9
0
19.8
1
27.1
0
15.8
3
25.8
1
12.2
4
18.13 8.43 15.7
7
6.16
15 2001 28.8
7
21.9
0
28.0
0
21.7
4
29.0
6
15.8
3
25.8
7
12.4
8
19.96 8.83 14.3
8
4.51
16 2002 30.4
5
20.4
0
27.0
9
20.7
0
24.9
6
11.6
0
24.6
1
10.5
8
20.93 7.00 15.2
0
5.40
17 2003 28.2
3
20.8
7
28.1
3
20.1
9
26.4
0
17.4
8
24.6
5
9.50 18.80 6.60 13.7
0
4.40
18 2004 28.6
5
19.9
0
26.5
2
19.3
9
27.2
7
17.7
3
20.1
6
9.84 18.27 7.73 13.5
2
5.13
19 2005 26.1
6
20.0
3
27.9
7
19.9
3
25.7
0
17.9
7
23.8
4
11.1
6
18.87 5.57 15.3
5
3.71
20 2007 26.8
4
20.2
3
27.4
5
19.1
6
22.5
3
18.9
0
23.8
4
11.9
0
19.73 9.17 13.1
0
4.77
Averag
e in C
27.7
1
19.1
9
27.2
2
18.6
1
25.3
1
15.2
4
23.4
4
9.53 19.13 6.15 14.6
3
3.41
Soils Sub-mountain soil are predominant in this area. These soils are derived from too chief
types of rock and differ in their clay content, consequently permeability and the water holding
capacity differs. Gneissic rocks give rise to sandy loam soils, its fertility depend on the organic
31
matter content. Shale and slates give rise to clayey and loamy soils. Soils of project area are
medium to high in available nitrogen and low to medium available phosphorus and potassium.
The organic carbon status of these soils is medium to high. Majority of the soil are sandy to
sandy loamy in texture having poor water retention with shallow depth.
In the soils of the area the deficiencies of Zn, B & Mo is observed..
Forest Forest play an important role in the economy, it provides valuable timber for export and
construction, fuel wood, grazing land and grass for animals. The forest of the project area are on
high slope and are in good shape compared to other areas. Forests cover almost 89% of total
geographical area. Most of the forest area is pine forest, other species are in skeleton. On the
basis of sample household survey, the per capita consumption of fuel wood is 0.94 kg./day.
Fauna & Flora The area is known for luscious quality of apples, apricots, plums, peaches and
pears. In higher reaches where the life is harsh and difficult, the people have been mostly
subsisting upon coarse grains and wild products. Among the various forest trees area is rich in
alpine vegetation. The commonest trees present are pine , oak, rhodendron, deodar, mohru,
kharsu, wild walnut etc. . .
The following important wild animals and birds are found in the tract.
Game Animals Though with the increased human activity in the forests, more particularly
poaching, the population of game animals is very much reduced. Nevertheless, a few are seen in
some sheltered places. The main species of the game animals are mentioned below :-
Carnivora
1. Panthera pardus Panther
2. Felis chaus Jungle Cat
3. Canis aurens Jackal or Gidder
4. Canis lupus Wolf or Baghiar
5. Vulpes bengalensis Indian Fox or Lome
32
33
Herbivora
1. Nemarhaedus Ghoral
2. Muntiacus muntiyar Barking Deer, Kakar
3. Moschus moschiferous Musk Deer, Kastura
4. Namorhaedus bubalinus Aimu, Himalayan Goat
5. Cervus unicolour Sambar
6. Hystrix indica Indian Porcupine
7. Lepus ruficandtus The Indian Hare
8. Atansista inecnatus Flying Squirrel
9. Selenarctos thisbetanus Black Bear
10. Martes flevigula Himalayan Pine Martin
Game Birds Amongst the birds which are commonly found in the tract, the
following are some of the important ones :
1. Arboshieo torgucola Common Hill Partridge
2. Alectoris graces Chakor
3. Lophura hamlitonii White Crested Kalij Pheasant
4. Catreus wallichii Cheer Pheasant
5. Pucrasia macrolopha Koklash Pheasant
6. Lophophorus impejanus Monal Pheasant
7. Columba livia Kabutar, Blue Rock Pigeon
8. Streptopelia species Ghughi, Dove
Fishery The area abounds in the natural water resources in the form of streams and have local
fish. Apart from local fish, there is a scope of Trout (Salmo fario), an exotic species of game fish
because of suitable conditions. Trout fish farms have been established at Patlikulh , Babeli and
Nagni by the Govt. give boost to this enterprise..
Demography The project area consists of 10 panchayats, 77 villages and 15 micro watersheds.
The total population of the area is 12904 and 2565 households. The ratio of female to male is
980:1000.
34
The category wise population given in the table.
3.7.1 Population
Panchayat
HH
Population SC ST
S
No. Village Total Male Female Male Female Male Female
1 Gada Parli 12 248. 1154 576 578 182 162
2 Shansher 7 137 527 247 280 36 40
3 Deoridhar 10 131 564 278 286 221 214
4 Shanged 10 302 1196 613 583 208 189
5 Dushad 2 339 2112 1076 1036 338 310 22 17
6 Dhaugi 9 403 2417 1190 1227 350 377 83 75
7 Kanon 8 288 1503 752 751 270 263
8 Suchaihan 13 377 2147 1108 1039 417 369
9 Teel 6 340 1284 681 603 186 144
10 Total 2565 12904 6521 6383 2208 2068 105 92
(figures based on 2001 census)
Detail of BPL families
S.No. Panchayat BPL Families
1. Gada Parli
56
2. Shansher
52
3. Deoridhar
21
4. Shanged
63
5. Dushad
42
6. Dhaugi
67
7. Kanon
69
8. Suchaihan
53
9. Teel
54
10. Total 477
35
Small & marginal farmers
S.No. Panchayat Landless Marginal Small Others
1 Gada Parli
- 140 80 28
2. Shansher
- 80 45 12
3. Deoridhar
- 70 50 11
4. Shanged
- 170 85 47
5.
Dushad
- 145 105 89
6. Dhaugi
- 196 115 92
7. Kanon
- 180 93 15
8. Suchaihan
- 165 128 84
9. Teel
- 200 100 40
10. Total - 1346 801 418
Economy
The farming is the major occupation of the area. The diversification of agriculture and
horticulture plantation especially apple is the major contributor of economic status of the
area. A handful of people are also engaged in service sector, hotel industry, adventure sport,
woolen industry and as lab our. A few farmers are very progressive and have adopted the off
seasonal vegetables/cash crops. Forest produce like, banaksha, Guchhi, Nag-Chhatari and
some other herbal roots also contributing to the economy of the area.
36
The average land holding of the watershed is 0.63 hac. ,good number of
farmers are marginal.
Educational Institutions – Higher education is available at Banjar being centre place of project area.
S.
No.
Panchayat Primary School Middle/
High
School
Sr. Sec.
School
Degree
College
ITI
1. Gada Parli
5 1
2. Shansher
2 1
3. Deoridhar
2 1
4. Shanged
3 1
5. Dushad
2
6. Dhaugi
5 1
7. Kanon
3 1
8. Suchaihan
2 2
9. Teel
2 1
10 Total 26 8 1
There are 4 no’s of Anganwari centre in the project area.
Healthcare Facilities -Six sub-centers and four ayurvedic dispensaries in the project area. How ever
all health care facility is available at Kullu which is centre of project area.
S.
No.
Panchayat CHC PHC Sub-center Ayurvedic
dispensary
1. Gada Parli
1
2. Shansher
3. Deoridhar
1
4. Shanged
0 0 1 0
5.
Dushad
0 0 0 1
6.
Dhaugi
0 0 1
0
7. Kanon
0 0 1 0
37
8.
Suchaihan
0 0 0
0
9 Teel
0 0 0 0
10. Total 0 0 4 2
Veterinary Facilities There is one veterinary hospital at Kullu being in the centre of project area
and six veterinary dispensaries in the project area.
S.
No.
Panchayat Veterinary
Hospital
Veterinary Dispensary
1. Gada Parli
1
2. Shansher
3. Deoridhar
4. Shanged
0 0
5.
Dushad
0 1
6. Dhaugi
0 0
7. Kanon
1 0
8. Suchaihan
0 0
9. Teel
0 1
10. Total 1 3
Land use pattern :- The planning of any watershed is based on the present land use pattern.
The land use of the project area is given in the table. 46.7% of geographical area is under
agriculture and almost hundred percent is rainfed, only 0.6% of the total cultivated land is
irrigated that too is not in the record, 12.2% of geographical area is culturable waste land
&6.43% is non culturable waste land,14.90% of geographical area is under forest & remaining
19.17 % of geographical area is under permanent pasture .Non- culturable waste land ,irrigated
agriculture land & some part of forest area is not included in the treatment plan.
38
S.
no
Name of
panchayat
Name of
waterdshed
Geograph
ical area
of the
village
Forest
area
Area under
agriculture
use
Rainfed
area
Parma
nent
pastur
e
Waste
Land
1 Gadaparli Kartoul Gad-1 608 180 136 608 185 70 37
Gadaparli-11 587 172 210 567 105 40 40
Gadaparli-111 717 105 245 717 197 110 60
Shakti 732 135 217 732 195 120 65
Marod 720 75 240 720 195 70 40
2 Shansher Shansher 568 110 325 568 165 50 65
3 Deoridhar Deoridhar 547 135 280 547 18 40 12
4 Shanged Shanged-1 522 145 260 522 80 80 10
Shanged-111 315 110 135 315 77 12 8
39
5 Dushad Dushad 630 45 240 630 175 45 25
6 Dhaugi Dhaugi 855 80 340 855 185 85 65
7 Kanon Kanon 785 20 575 610 85 65 40
8 Suchen Shanagad 575 60 280 575 60 40 35
Suchen 840 35 520 545 75 124 85
9 Teel Teel 887 75 640 675 102 45 25
Total
9945 1482 4643 8597 1904 1215 639
Cropping pattern Based on the data collected during PRA following cropping patterns are
presently followed
Kharif
Maize, Rajmash, Potato, Vegetables, Orchard and Fallow
Rabi
Wheat, Barley, Peas, Pulses, Oil seed, Vegetable, Orchard and Fallow
Crop yield The average production level is low due to faulty agriculture practices and non
availability of irrigation facilities.
40
Crop Yield Area
Maize 12Qtl/ha 469 ha
Wheat 10Qtl/ha 381 ha
Barley 12Qtl/ha 469 ha
Rajmash 7 Qtl/ha 102 ha
Potato 100Qtl/ha 469 ha
Peas 80Qtl/ha 469 ha
Food consumption The present daily per capita food consumption for the watershed population
on the bases of average consumption level worked – out during the household survey is as under
:-
(a) Cerial 506 gm/p/d
(b) Pulses 38 gm/p/d
(c) Vegetable 98 gm/p/d
(d) Oil 17 gm/p/d
(e) Milk 200 ml/p/d
Water sources There are few of perennial water bodies available in the catchment area because
snow fall and vegetation. Few of these sources are untapped and some sources are being
used for drinking water schemes and irrigation. There lies a good irrigation potential yet
to be explored . Detail of available sources is given in the table.
41
S.No. Panchayat Streams Khad Bawris Ponds/Tanks Drinking
Water
Schemes
(IPH)
1. Gada Parli 8 1 8 20 25
2. Shansher 2 3 3 4
3. Deoridhar 6 - 1/4 3
4. Shanged 40 1 10 7 2
5. Dushad 1 1 - 10 1
6. Dhaugi 2 - 10 20 10
7. Kanon 1 - 4 10 2
8. Suchaihan 10 1 15 - 3
9. Teel 9 1 18 1/4 4
10. Total
Livestock & grass/fodder The majority of the community has adopted animal husbandry
primarily for income generation and secondarily for organic matter and compost. About 70% of
milch cattle are of improved breed and remaining are Pahari. They do have some small animals
like sheep and goats. These animals depend on community & forest lands for fodder, but due to
skeleton broad leave trees in the forest area, the availability of fodder is meager. The project
activities aims for improving the availability of good quality fodder by planting fodder trees &
grass roots in the community land/forest land and on the bunds of terraces of the cultivated
fields. This activity will reduce the dependence of watershed community on fodder brought from
out side the district and more farmer will be attracted to-wards animal husbandry
.
The average milk production per crossbred cow is about 6.08 liters per day and local 1.57 liters
per day. The average wool production per sheep is 1.5 kg. per year and the average meat
production 80-90 kg. per day inclusive of migrated animals.
42
As per the household survey, the consumption of fodder of local cow is 15kg/cattle/day and that
of cross breed is 35 kg/cattle/day (including feed) during the milking stage.
LIVESTOCK COMPOSITION
S.No. Panchayat Cattle(cow/bullock) Sheep Goat Poultary Others
1. Gada Parli 520/310 765 835 - 42 (Mule)
2. Shansher 110/70 220 105 - 12 (Mule)
3 Deoridhar 75/80 95 120 - 20 (Mule)
4. Shanged 500/300 600 600 - 40(mule)
5. Dushad 100/150 500 500 - 20(mule)
6. Dhaugi 300/200 100 100 20 -
7. Kanon 800/500 3000 2500 150 20(mule)
8. Suchaihan 600/500 300 600 20 20(mule)
9. Teel 300/400 1200 400 100 -
10. Total 5760
Livelihood
S. No. Panchayat SHG Mahila Mandal/Yuvak Mandal
1. Gada Parli
3 0/1
2. Shansher
1 0/1
3. Deoridhar
- 0/1
4. Shanged
5 0/4
5. Dushad
2 2/2
6. Dhaugi
3 5/3
7. Kanon
6 4/4
8. Suchaihan
1 5/5
9. Teel
- 0/1
10. Total
43
1Livelihood (farm-based)
Vegetable The edaphic conditions of project area are highly salubrious for seasonal and off
seasonal vegetable production .The area under vegetable is increasing where individual has
created irrigation potential .Vegetable is becoming one of the major farm produce contributing in
the economy of the project area .
Fruit Production Apple is the major fruit crop of the project area contributing more then 80 %
of the total fruit production.
Poultry The poultry farming is almost negligible in the project area except 2-3 small units. It is
also because of spiritual reasons. This activity can be paying enterprise as large market is
available in the surrounding area.
Rabbitry Rabbit farming is highly climatic specific .Project area is endowed with suitable
climate for rabbit farming .It was remunerative enterprise earlier .But, now it is non-viable
because wool prices which are very low and feed is costly. Technology for spinning of wool at
farmer’s level is lacking because of which farmers are coerced to sell their raw wool at throw
away prices. Intervention at project or govt. level is required to revive this enterprise.
Mushroom Musroom cultivation is a remunerative enterprise and can be very easily adopted
along with agriculture. It can help to generate extra income to farming community. There are few
units in the near by area and are doing very well .The market for musroom is available at Manali
and Kullu .With the provision training and inputs to farmers out project fund this activity will do
very well.
Medicinal /Aromatic Plants There exists tremendous scope for cultivation of medicinal
/aromatic plants in the project area because of favorable climate and wide range of altitude and
topography . There is good scope for this activity as four to five pharmacies exists in the district .
Beekeeping Bee is mainly taken up for pollination purpose in the project area that to with desi
honey bee.
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Livelihood (farm/non-farm) Presently there is no significant industrial unit in the project area.
However there are few small units like Atta Chakis, Bunkar units, Khaddi units,
Collection of, Banksha Guchhi,Nag Chhatri and other herbal roots from forest also give some
earnings seasonally.
Diversification of agriculture in some areas is becoming major source of income.
Conversion of marginal land into horticulture plantation has busted the income.
Presently MNREGA and hydel projects is the major source of livelihood.
4 IRRIGATION METHOD
It is observed during the course of survey that the farmers are practising spot irrigation system
with bucket & mug as no irrigation facility is available in the area, of it commensurate with the
soil, topography, water supply and crops to be irrigated. situation where water supply is abundant
and land slops is fairly uniform, surface methods of irrigation like basin, graded border strips,
furrows or corrugations may be adopted.
Where water supplies are limited, the soil is shallow and land is slopping
undulating, spot or sprinkler or drip method of irrigation may be adopted. These systems involve
high cost of installation and operation but department of agriculture at present has introduced a
scheme named Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhya phase II for the development of minor irrigation with
80% subsidise cost and farmers has to spent only 20% for the installation of these schemes.
Therefore, it is suggested that their use may be resorted to in raising cash crops on lands which
are expensive for development. Sprinklers provide controlled uniform application of light
irrigation on shallow and light textured soil even on undulating fields without resorting to their
development by land grading or levelling operations. Drip method of irrigation is most suitable
for water scarce area having undulating topography, shallow and sandy soils and widely spaced
high value crops. Vegetables are grown in every part of catchment under a variety of climatic
and topographical conditions throughout the year. Vegetables require very frequent watering to
maintain a continuous high soil moisture i.e. 70%of total available moisture upto 15 cms depth.
Such small amounts of water can only be applied sufficiently with drip irrigation system.
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Chapter 5
SWOT ANALYSIS
A critical analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of a region is a
sine qua non for formulating development strategies/programmes in as much as it provides
valuable insights into the potentials and constraints/threats in realizing these problems. Thus, on
the basis of primary, secondary and technical data, a detailed analysis of strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats was carried out to understand both potentials and constraints in the
development of the area.
Strengths The key strengths of the project area have been identified as under :
� The high altitude and climatic conditions of the area provide excellent environment
for the cultivation of exotic vegetables along with off-seasonal vegetables, flowers,
fruits and medicinal plants.
� Number of perennial streams and springs are the potential source of irrigation and
drinking.
� Snowfall augurs the overall development of agriculture and horticulture.
� Some area of Great Himalyan National Park falls in th project area.
� Area has scenic beauty, dense pine forests, landscapes are the factors to attract the
tourists.
� Good vegetative cover (forest).
Weaknesses
� Due to construction of so many tunnels for ongoing five Hydel Projects, natural sources
have dried up and there are many landslides due to uncontrolled blasting.
� Small and fragmented land holding, undulating topography.
� Steep slopes.
� No irrigation facility.
� Faulty agriculture practices. Crops are grown against the contour instead of along the
contour causing reel and sheet erosion.
� Bench terracing has not been done.
� Extension backup is not to the desired level.
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� Connectivity is poor.
� The non availability of critical inputs at the right time.
� More than 80 % of the milch cattle are local and people are reluctant to change the
breed.
� Poultry & piggery not adopted.
Opportunities
� Potential to emerge as leading producer of high value cash crops like exotic vegetables
(broccoli, asparagus and red cabbage), off-season vegetables, floriculture, medicinal and
aromatic plants . It will raise per capita and per hectare income of the farmer .
� Scope for bringing the area under irrigation through water harvesting including roof top,
flow irrigation schemes by diverting perennial streams through kuhl and pipes, tanks,
ponds etc.
� Major scope to increase the horticulture area by bringing the culturable waste and
marginal land under plantation new improved fruit crops /varieties suitable to the
changing climate and varied alitude .
� Scope to introduce value adding units like processing of vegetable, fruits, animal
products and other agro products like bee-keeping, mashroom, , pickle & candy, potato
chips etc.
� Scope for tourism industry like home stay, good dhabas, trekking, rock climbing etc.
Threats
� Removal of vegetative cover is causing soil erosion on sloppy land.
� Shrinking of agriculture land due to diversion of agricultural land to non-agriculture
use.
� Faulty cultivation practices (sowing of crop against the contour) converting the fertile
land into barren. It is visible in the form of pebbles and sheet erosion on the field.
� Inadequate infrastructure facilities.
� Unscientific construction of roads & power projects.
� Direct dumping of debris into streams.
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Issues Emerging out of SWOT Analysis – Sectoral Growth Drivers
� Need to make all out efforts to utilize the all water sources for irrigation.
� Need to educate the farmers to adopt rain water harvesting including roof top in the
present climatic changing scenario.
� Need to promote micro irrigation system (drip & sprinkler) to save the water and and to
check the erosion.
� Need to check the fragmentation and use of agriculture lands for non-agricultural uses.
� Need to convert the agricultural culturable waste land for agricultural purposes.
� Need to encourage farmers to adopt correct cultivation practices.
- Sowing should be done along the contour.
- To adopt inter cropping with suitable crops to check soil erosion and weed control.
- Proper terracing with provision of disposal of run-off.
� Need to reform the present system of extension by clubbing the various development
agencies.
� Market information and intelligence services need to be provided so that the farmers are
able to plan cropping pattern according to trend .
� Need to strengthen the connectivity of far flung upland area to market.
� Need to strengthen the network of input sale centers.
� Need to organize training camps, exposure visits to make farmers wise to adopt the
technologies suitable for the area.
� Improvement of physical, chemical and biological parameters on the basis of soil health
card.
� Promotion of nutrient management through vermi-composting, bio-fertilizer and other
ameliorants in addition to judicious and balanced nutrients to the crops.
� Promotion of farm machinery conducive to hill farming.
� Development of composite nurseries for making quality/suitable planting material
available.
� Promotion of protected cultivation.
� Need to promote the improved breed of milch cattle, sheep and goat to increase the milk,
meat and wool production.
� Need to promote the stall feeding of cattle.
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� Need to enhance the production of green grasses and fodder.
� Need to promote trout fish farming.
� Need to encourage livelihood activities like bee-keeping, mashroom, poultry, piggery,
value added small scale industries based on local raw material, non-farm activities like
eco-tourism, tailoring & knitting, beauty parlor etc. and training to artisans.
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Chapter 6
SUITABLE INTERVENTIONS(under NRM)
The interventions proposed in the individual Panchayat wise volumes to address
the objectives mentioned in the last chapter, a comprehensive list finalized is classified into
mechanical and vegetative measures.
MECHANICAL MEASURES:
These include
(a) Moisture conservation structure: Dams, Ponds Run – Off water harvesting
Structures.
(b) Soil retention structures: -
Spurs, Check Dam (Gabion & loose boulder) Breast/Retaining walls
(c) Irrigation structures: - Flow irrigation, Tank irrigation, Wells,
VEGETATIVE MEASURES :-
(A) Afforestation: (i) Nurseries (ii) Plantation of broad leave trees
(iii) Grass development.
(B) Agronomical practices :
(i) Agriculture development including vegetables.
(ii) Horticulture development
(iii) Vermi - compost
MECHANICAL MEASURES: -
Water Harvesting Structures: - Such as Dams, ponds, roof water harvesting structure etc.
Dam: Dam or stop dam are permanent engineering structure created for raising the
water in the nalla for providing life saving irrigation in the surrounding fields. Their main
purpose is to provide storage of surface run – off during the run – off availability period, for
subsequent irrigation as about to hold some of the floodwater during peak periods, so that there
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is no damage at the down stream of the gully. It is also provides adequate filtration opportunity
for rain water for recharging the ground water.
FARM PONDS: -
Ponds are bodies of water made either, by constructing an embankment across the
water course or by excavating a pit or the combination of both. Their main aim is to provide
water storage for the life saving irrigation to a limited area. These are also used to provide
drinking water for live stock. They also serve to moderate the hydrology of watershed.
ROOF TOP RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Most of the rain water from roof of a house goes waste as surface
run off and sometimes causes erosion. If this water is stored, it can be utilized for domestic uses
as well as irrigation purposes in the kitchen garden and even for life saving irrigation if the
surplus water is stored near the cultivated field. This programme is useful where water supply is
erratic and no perennial source is available.
BENEFITS
� Life saving irrigation.
� Drinking water for cattle to reduce pressure on water supply scheme.
� Toilet purposes
� Helps in reducing erosion.
� Fisheries.
In the year 1998 State Government took decision to make rain water harvesting mandatory for
Govt. buildings, hotels and industrial units. Later on roof water harvesting was made mandatory
for all buildings including private buildings keeping in view the climatic changes and global
warming.
SOIL RETENTION STRUCTURES :-
CHECK DAMS or gully plugs can be vegetative, loose boulders or gabion structure constructed
across nalla for blocking active and erosion prone gullies for their stabilization. They are
constructed to encourage the growth of vegetation and to reduce the silt load down stream. Such
structures reduce the deepening of the gullies.
RETAINING WALLS / BREAST WALLS / SPUR :-
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Retaining walls / Breast Walls are constructed for stabilization the hill slopes.
These structures are subjected to earth pressure i.e. retaining wall / breast walls when designated,
the angle of repose of the soil is taken in – to consideration. Its value depend upon the nature of
earth and its wetness.
The structures subjected to the water pressure for checking the stream erosion of
the Nalla are called spurs. These structures are constructed on the both banks of the nalla in such
a way that structure makes an angle 135° with bank of nalla towards the flow of water. The
width, length and height of spurs depends upon corrosive velocity of water, width of nalla and
depth of nalla.
IRRIGATION STRUCTURES :-The watershed area have number of perennial nalls and
springs, these sources can be developed and easily managed to provide life saving / assured
irrigation cultivation land. The area which falls below the water source can be brought under off
– seasonal vegetable / cash crops because the climate and topography are suitable for such crops.
The number of structure such as channel, tank community and individual, have been proposed in
the action plan.
CHANNEL : -
Pucca / Katcha water ways have been proposed wherever perennial water sources
is available in the nalla. Main channel and headwalls will be constructed our of Project Funds
and the distribution system will be the responsibility of farmer.
TANKS: -These may be called off stream storage. In some cases, it may be impractical to build
storage works / directly on the stream or near springs. In such cases answer is off stream storage.
Off –stream storage is costly so it is used for the purpose which justified higher cost i.e. for off–
season vegetables (which gives higher return) human drinking and cattle and floriculture
watering. The advantage of off–stream storage is that it can be sited exactly where it is required.
BAWARI:-
Renovation as well as new bawaries will diminish the water scarcity to some
extent during the summer.
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VEGETATIVE MEASURES:-
The type and quality of vegetative cover on watershed land influences run – off
infiltration rate, erosion, sediment production and the rate of evapo-transpiration.
A dense cover of vegetation with a larger canopy in three tyres is a most powerful
weapon for reducing erosion. Vegetative cover viz–a-viz run-off relationship have to be
developed for harnessing and storage of run–off water for different purposes e.g. flood
moderation, run – off recycling, pisci–cultare etc.
AFFORESTATION :-
Means raising of forest crop mostly broad leaves under watershed programme on
land which are degraded and along the nallas. Such works are taken for the following purposes
:-
(i) protective purpose i.e. to conserve the soil and moisture in the denuded land,
ravines and landslide.
(ii) Productive purpose that is to raise forest to meet the local demand (fuel, fodder,
fiber and timber).
(iii) Bio – aesthetic purpose : That is to give a scenic effect to landscape, recreationm
and wild life.
With the above objective in mind afforestation work of broad leave and fodder
trees have been proposed in the action plan.
The spices discussed in earlier chapter. Cost of plantation is Rs. 18000/- per
hectare.
GRASS DEVELOPMENT:-
The role of grass plants in protecting the soil is based on their ability to prolong
the hydrologic cycle from its inception as falling precipitation to its final disposal as run – off.
With rich variety characteristic like ease in stabilization, perennial in nature bunch
mat sod, sward and trot formation, adaptability to a variety of adoptive and climate conditions.
The grasses offer a lot to choose from for protection or production or for both. Grasses protect
and stabilize soil conservation structures, stream banks, slides etc. and in addition to above
provides fodder for cattle.
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The verities suitable for the watershed area discussed in earlier chapter.
HORTICULTURE PLANTATION :-
Horticulture crops can be cultivated in the degraded and denuded wastelands to
control the soil erosion conserve water and offer income opportunities in area where cropping is
otherwise not profitable.
VERMI COMPOST:-
This activity will help to improve the fertility and water holding capacity of the
soil and will also reduce cost of fertilization.
CERTIFICATES
1. The site specific estimates along with locations are in the volume covering specific panchayat.
2. The rates taken in the estimates for civil works are from HPPWD Basic Schedule of Rates 2009.
3. The estimates for grasses & fodder plantation are taken from Institute of Himalyan Bio-Resource
Technology (IHBT) Palampur, a CSIR institute.
4. The rates for verms, seeds, plants, camps, farm machinery, hail net etc. are finalized after
consultation with agriculture/horticulture department.
5. Rates for Bee-keeping, Mushroom, trainings etc. are of HPKV Palampur.
6. The rates of other activities are based on prevailing market rates.
7. Labour and Material components are separately calculated in the estimates.
