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Jefferson to Jackson
AP United States History
Unit 3
The Age of Democracy
How did the meaning of “democracy” change in the early 19c?
In what ways did America become more “democratic?” Consider political, economic, and social changes.
Who or what was left unaffected?
Stump Speaking (1854)George Caleb Bingham
The County Election (1852)George Caleb Bingham
Canvassing for a Vote (1852)George Caleb Bingham
The “Log Cabin Campaign” of 1840
Hard Cider Campaigns
Let Van from his coolers of silver drink wine
And lounge on his cushioned settee,
Our man on a buckeye bench can recline,
Content with hard cider is he.
de Tocqueville on “Money”
“...I know of no other country where love of money has such a grip on men's hearts or where stronger scorn is expressed for the theory of permanent equality of property.”
de Tocqueville on “Race”
“If there ever are great revolutions there, they will be caused by the presence of the blacks upon American soil. That is to say, it will not be the equality of social conditions but rather their inequality which may give rise thereto.”
de Tocqueville on “Gender”
“In America, more than anywhere else in the world, care has been taken constantly to trace clearly distinct spheres of action for the two sexes, and both are required to keep in step, but along paths that are never the same.”
de Tocqueville on“Local Government”
“In towns it is impossible to prevent men from assembling, getting excited together and forming sudden passionate resolves. Towns are like great meeting houses with all the inhabitants as members. In them the people wield immense influence over their magistrates and often carry their desires into execution without intermediaries.”
Election of 1824
John Q. Adams (MA)
31% PV 84 EV
Henry Clay (KY)
13% PV 37 EV
Andrew Jackson (TN)
43% PV 99 EV
Wm. Crawford (GA)
11% PV 41 EV
Henry Clay: “The Great Compromiser”• born in Virginia in 1777; adult life in Kentucky• Speaker of the House: 1811-1825*• Secretary of State (under JQA): 1825-1829• U.S. Senator: 1806-07, 1810-11, 1831-42, 1849-52• “Great Compromiser”
– Missouri Compromise of 1820– Tariff Compromise of 1833– Compromise of 1850 (slavery in territories)
• Candidate for President:– 1824: “nationalist” Republican; finished 4th in “corrupt bargain” election– 1832: National Republican; defeated by Jackson after bank re-charter veto– 1844: Whig; defeated by Polk due to narrow defeat in NY (waffled on slavery)
• part of the “Great Triumvirate” (with John Calhoun and Daniel Webster)• died in Washington D.C. in 1852 (age 75)
* excluding 1821-1822
Election of 1824
“Mudslinging” in 1828 Election
• Jacksonian attacks on Adams:– allegations of a “corrupt bargain” in 1824– installed gambling tables in the White House
at public expense (billiards table, chess set)– traveled on a Sunday– engaged in premarital sex with his wife– “pimped” for Czar Alexander I of Russia
“Mudslinging” in 1828 Election
• Republican attacks on Jackson:– a “military chieftain” who executed 6 of his
own soldiers for desertion (“Coffin Handbill”)– illegally invaded Spanish Florida– a slave-trader, gambler, brawler, duelist– called his mother “a common prostitute”– called his wife “a convicted adulteress”
Jackson’s Eulogy of RachelFriends and neighbors, I thank you for the honor you have done to the sainted one whose remains now repose in yonder grave. She is now in the bliss of heaven, and I know that she can suffer here no more on earth. That is enough for my consolation; my loss is her gain. But I am left here without her to encounter the trails of life alone. I am now President of the United States and in a short time must take my way to the metropolis of my country; and, if it had been God's will, I would have been grateful for the privilege of taking her to my post of honor and seating her by my side; but Providence knew what was best for her. For myself, I bow to God's will, and go alone to the place of new and arduous duties, and I shall not go without friends to reward, and I pray God that I may not be allowed to have enemies to punish. I can forgive all who wronged me, but will have fervently to pray that I may have grace to enable me to forget or forgive my enemy who has ever maligned that blessed one who is now safe from all suffering and sorrow, whom they tried to put to shame for my sake!
The “People’s Inaugural”But what a scene did we witness! The Majesty of the People had disappeared, and a rabble, a mob, of boys, negros [sic], women, children, scrambling fighting, romping. What a pity what a pity! No arrangements had been made no police officers placed on duty and the whole house had been inundated by the rabble mob. We came too late.
The President, after having been literally nearly pressed to death and almost suffocated and torn to pieces by the people in their eagerness to shake hands with Old Hickory, had retreated through the back way or south front and had escaped to his lodgings at Gadsby's.
Cut glass and china to the amount of several thousand dollars had been broken in the struggle to get the refreshments, punch and other articles had been carried out in tubs and buckets, but had it been in hogsheads it would have been insufficient, ice-creams, and cake and lemonade, for 20,000 people, for it is said that number were there, tho' I think the number exaggerated.
The “People’s Inaugural”Ladies fainted, men were seen with bloody noses and such a scene of confusion took place as is impossible to describe, - those who got in could not get out by the door again, but had to scramble out of windows. At one time, the President who had retreated and retreated until he was pressed against the wall, could only be secured by a number of gentleman forming around him and making a kind of barrier of their own bodies, and the pressure was so great that Col. Bomford who was one said that at one time he was afraid they should have been pushed down, or on the President. It was then the windows were thrown open, and the torrent found an outlet, which otherwise might have proved fatal.
This concourse had not been anticipated and therefore not provided against. Ladies and gentlemen, only had been expected at this Levee, not the people en masse. But it was the People's day, and the People's President and the People would rule.
Margaret Bayard Smith's account appears in: Smith, Margaret Bayard, The First Forty Years of Washington Society (1906)
Jackson’s use of the veto
President Total Number of Vetoes
George Washington 2
John Adams 0
Thomas Jefferson 0
James Madison 7
James Monroe 1
John Quincy Adams 0
Andrew Jackson 12
King Andrewthe First
“Petticoat Affair”
Peggy Eaton
Floride Calhoun
Indian Removal
Trail of Tears (1838)
Calhoun’s Exposition and ProtestIf it be conceded, as it must be by every one who is the least conversant with our institutions, that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments, and that the latter bold their portion by the same tenure as the former, it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers, and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction. The right of judging, in such cases, is an essential attribute of sovereignty, of which the States cannot be divested without losing their sovereignty itself, and being reduced to a subordinate corporate condition. In fact, to divide power, and to give to one of the parties the exclusive right of judging of the portion allotted to each, is, in reality, not to divide it at all; and to reserve such exclusive right to the General Government (it matters not by what department to be exercised, is to convert it, in fact, into a great consolidated government, with unlimited powers, and to divest the States, in reality, of all their rights, It is impossible to understand the force of terms, and to deny so plain a conclusion.
Webster-Hayne DebateWhen my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious Union; on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent; on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood! Let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the gorgeous ensign of the republic... not a stripe erased or polluted, nor a single star obscured, bearing for its motto, no such miserable interrogatory as "What is all this worth?" nor those other words of delusion and folly, "Liberty first and Union afterwards"; but everywhere, spread all over in characters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds,
as they float over the sea and over the land, and in every wind under the whole heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every true American heart,— Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable!
The “Great Triumvirate”
Daniel WebsterMassachusetts (New England)
Nationalist Rep/Whig
anti-slavery
Henry ClayKentucky (West)
Nationalist Rep/Whigslave-owner who
compromised on slave issue
John CalhounSouth Carolina (South)
Nationalist turned Democrat
pro-slavery
Jefferson Day Dinner
• Jackson:
“Our federal Union, it must be preserved.”
• Calhoun:
“The Union, next to our liberties, most dear!”
Nullification Crisis
• Tariff of “Abominations” (1828)
• Calhoun’s S.C. Exposition and Protest –Doctrine of Nullification (1828)
• Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)
• Jackson-Calhoun Toasts (1830)
• Tariff of 1832
• Force Bill (1833)
• “Compromise” Tariff of 1833
The Bank War
The Bank War
Jackson’s veto message (1832)
• I sincerely regret that in the act before me I can perceive none of those modifications of the bank charter which are necessary, in my opinion, to make it compatible with justice, with sound policy, or with the Constitution of our country.
• The present Bank of the United States…enjoys an exclusive privilege of banking,…almost a monopoly of the foreign and domestic exchange.
• It appears that more than a fourth part of the stock is held by foreigners and the residue is held by a few hundred of our own citizens, chiefly of the richest class.
Jackson’s veto message (1832)
• Of the twenty-five directors of this bank, five are chosen by the Government and twenty by the citizen stockholders…. It is easy to conceive that great evils to our country and its institutions might flow from such a concentration of power in the hands of a few men irresponsible to the people.
• Is there no danger to our liberty and independence in a bank that in its nature has so little to bind it to our country?
• It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes.
Bank War and Panic of 1837
• Congress (Clay) re-chartered BUS early
• Jackson vetoed the re-charter bill
• Treasury Secy Taney removed US funds and deposited in “pet banks”
• end of 2BUS, land speculation caused high inflation
• Jackson issued Specie Circular
• S.C. led to more inflation, massive debt, fewer land purchases (Panic of 1837)
“King Andrew”
In what ways did Andrew Jackson expand the powers of the presidency?
Whigs (1833-1856)
Webster
Lincoln
Clay
Harrison
The Two-Party System
(Federalists)
Federalists
“National” Republicans
Whigs
(Anti-Federalists)
Democratic-Republicans
“Old Guard” Republicans
Democrats
Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)
We never can make him President
without first making him Vice-president
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
