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J.B. Speed School of Engineering University of Louisville
KEEPS Energy Management ToolkitStep 2: Assess Performance & OpportunitiesToolkit 2E: Evaluating School HVAC Systems
Kentucky Energy Efficiency Program for Schools
KEEPS EnergyManagement Toolkit
Step 2
Assess Performance & Opportunities
Toolkit 2E
Evaluating School HVAC Systems
KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
KEEPS Energy Management ToolkitToolkit 2E: Evaluating School HVAC Systems
KEEPSEnergyManagementToolkit
Toolkit 2EEvaluating School HVAC Systems
2
KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
7-Step Energy Management Process
1. Make the Commitment
2. Assess Performance and Opportunities
3. Set Performance Goals
4. Create an Action Plan
5. Implement the Action Plan
6. Evaluate Progress
7. Recognize Achievements
3
4KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Evaluating School HVAC Systems Overview
Importance
KEEPS Five-step HVAC Evaluation Process
KEEPS On-site Energy Assessment Forms
KEEPS Energy Assessment Tools
KEEPS Assessment Report
5KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Why evaluate a school’s HVAC system?
• Gain knowledge and understanding of HVAC systems and how they impact energy use and performance
• Identify future upgrades or replacement for poor-performing equipment
• Make recommendations and present Energy Management Opportunities (EMOs) to district stakeholders
6KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
A typical K-12 school HVAC system consumes 58% of its energy usage
7KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
KEEPS HVAC Evaluation Process
Step 1: Identify and Document Equipment and Controls
Step 2: Conduct a Visual Inspection of all Systems
Step 3: Review Operations and Maintenance Programs
Step 4: Evaluate HVAC Controls
Step 5: Identify Energy Management Opportunities (EMOs)
8KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Recommended Tools
• Assortment of Screwdrivers• Flat-head (slotted) and crossed (Phillips)
• Various sizes
• Flashlight
• Digital Camera• Helpful and highly recommended
9KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Step 1: Identify and Document Equipment and Controls• Review all HVAC
equipment• Gather information on
equipment including identification, ratings, fuel type and age
• Sources include:• Facility staff and school
personnel• Rating plates• Building drawings and
specifications
10KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
KEEPS On-site Energy Assessment Form for HVAC Systems - Equipment
11KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
HVAC Systems Assessment Form 1
12KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
HVAC Systems Assessment Form 2
13KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
HVAC Systems Assessment Form 3
14KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
HVAC Systems Assessment Form 4
15KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Step 2: Conduct a Visual Inspection of All Systems
• See first-hand the condition of the HVAC
Equipment
• Get a general observation and feel for
the condition of the HVAC Systems.
Perform the Step 2 visual inspection during the
Step 1 identification process.
16KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Observe the Overall Appearance of the Equipment• Motors and Belts (Noisy, Squeal)• Dampers (Linkage Connected, Lubricated) • Filters and Fans (Dirty)• Bearings (Noisy)• Duct Connections (Air Leakage)• Condenser and Evaporator Coils (Dirty)• Burners (Dirty)• Insulation (Missing or Damaged)• Piping and Valves (Leaking)
17KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
HVAC Systems Assessment Form 5
18KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
HVAC Systems Assessment Form 6
19KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
HVAC Systems Assessment Form 7
20KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Step 3: Review Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Programs
• Verify if maintenance and repairs are performed on a regular basis
• Confirm what type of record-keeping is maintained
• Verify if any labeling is performed to facilitate O&M
• Verify if personnel are properly trained
21KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Review Current O&M Programs
• Does a preventative maintenance program exist?
• Are any predictive maintenance activities performed?
• Are any informal records available pertaining to repairs and maintenance?
22KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Are HVAC Systems and Components Labeled?
23KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
O&M Training
• Are training needs being addressed?
• Is there any specialized equipment that requires staff training?
• Have other personnel received training (i.e. teachers trained on programming thermostats)?
23
24KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
KEEPS On-site Energy Assessment Form for HVAC Systems – O&M
25KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
O&M Form Section 1:Preventative Maintenance
26KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
O&M Form Section 2:Predictive Maintenance
27KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
O&M Form Sections 3 through 6:Record Keeping, Labeling, Training, Reactive vs. Proactive
28KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Step 4: Evaluate HVAC Controls
• Understand what degree of Building Automation System (BAS) controls are in place to reduce energy consumption
• Review current HVAC temperature adjustment settings and policies
• Review other HVAC controls that may be used to control energy consumption
• Determine commissioning needs
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29KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
KEEPS On-site Energy Assessment Form for HVAC Systems - Controls
30KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Controls Form Section 1:Building Automation System
31KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Controls Form Section 2:Temperature Adjustments
32KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Controls Form Sections 3 and 4:Miscellaneous Controls Items and Commissioning
33KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Step 5: Identify Energy Management Opportunities (EMOs)
• Use information gathered from steps 1 through 4 to determine potential Energy Management Opportunities for HVAC systems and controls
34KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
HVAC Systems EMOs
EMO 1: HVAC replacement, upgrade, modifications and/or additions
EMO 2: O&M program enhancements
EMO 3: HVAC controls installation and implementation
EMO 4: Commissioning, retro-commissioning, re-commissioning
35KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
EMO 1: HVAC Considerations
• Replacement of the HVAC systems
• Upgrade or refurbishment of the systems
36KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
EMO 1: HVAC Replacement Considerations
• Age of Equipment. Is it more than 15 years
old or greater than the median age on the
ASHRAE Life Expectancy Table?
• Condition of Equipment. How good or bad
did it look during the visual inspection?
• Efficiency Recommendations. Does the
equipment meet ASHRAE Recommended
Efficiency ratings?
KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
ASHRAE Life Expectancy Table
Source: Limited Condition Survey and Usability/Reuse Study, page 34. University of Connecticut Greater Hartford Campus. September 10, 2003.
37
KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
ASHRAE HVAC Minimum Efficiency Ratings
Review equipment
efficiency with
ASHRAE HVAC
Minimum Efficiency
Ratings for Zone 4
K-12 Schools
Source: ASHRAE 30%
Advance Energy Design Guide
for K-12 School Buildings,
page 938. American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers .
September 2010.
38
39KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
ASHRAE Ratings: Water-source Heat Pump
40KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
EMO 1: HVAC Upgrade/Refurbishment Considerations
• Age of Equipment. Is it more than 8 years old,
but less than 15?
• Condition of Equipment. How good or bad did
it look during the visual inspection?
• Efficiency Recommendations. If there are no
existing economizers, and heat recovery and
installation looks physically possible, consider
upgrading with economizers.
KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
• Locate “HVAC & Controls” in the KEEPS Assessment Report and describe the school’s existing HVAC system.
• List HVAC energy management opportunities and recommendations.
KEEPS Report Input
41
42KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
EMO 2: O&M Program Enhancements
• Review the information recorded on the
KEEPS On-site Energy Assessment Form for
HVAC Systems - O&M.
• Use observations made during the visual
inspection to assist in evaluating the
effectiveness of current O&M programs.
• Provide recommendations based on the extent
and effectiveness of O&M activities observed.
43KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
O&M Opportunities:Preventative Maintenance
• Recommend a preventative maintenance program if none exists.
• If not practical, then at a minimum, establish a system for tracking maintenance and repairs.
44KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
O&M Opportunities:Predictive Maintenance
• Evaluate benefits of a predictive maintenance program.• Infrared analysis• Oil analysis• Ultrasonic analysis• Vibration analysis
45KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
O&M Opportunities: Record Keeping
46KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
O&M Opportunities: Labeling
• Recommend the labeling of equipment, services, piping, valves and other equipment.
• Labeling is an inexpensive and effective method for helping personnel properly operate and maintain equipment.
47KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
O&M Opportunities: Training
• Operation and maintenance of existing
equipment
• Specialized equipment
• Energy reduction policies and
procedures (teachers and staff)
• Use of programmable thermostats
(teachers and staff)
48KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
O&M Opportunities:Reactive vs. Proactive
49KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Operations & Maintenance Benefits
• Energy savings
• Extension of equipment life
• Enhanced internal air quality
• Elimination of contaminant sources
• Increased occupant comfort
• Improved reliability
• Avoidance of classroom disruptions
• Maintenance staff empowerment
KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
• Locate “Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Program” in the KEEPS Assessment Report and modify respective figures and other necessary words/sentences for your specific school.
• Describe O&M energy management opportunities and recommendations.
KEEPS Report Input
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51KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
EMO 3: HVAC Controls Installation and Implementation
• Review the information captured on KEEPS On-site Energy Assessment Form for HVAC Systems - Controls
• Provide recommendations based on the extent and effectiveness of HVAC controls activities observed
52KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
HVAC Controls: Energy Management System (EMS) Opportunities• If a Energy Management System (EMS) exists, then
maintain the system and verify that programming is
updated.
• If using programmable thermostats, then upgrade to an
EMS and verify proper thermostat programming.
• If timers are used, then upgrade to an EMS and verify that
timers are set correctly.
• If using manual thermostats, then upgrade to
programmable thermostats at a minimum.
• Consider potential for active outside air controls.
53KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
HVAC Controls: Temperature Adjustment Opportunities
• If heating and cooling is not adjusted automatically, then recommend a program for adjusting be put in place• See KEEPS Energy Management Toolkit
E1: Thermostat Setback Opportunities)
• Train personnel that control setbacks
54KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
HVAC Controls: Temperature Adjustment Opportunities (cont.)
• If complaints about the building’s comfort are non-existent or minimal, consider further modifications to temperature setbacks.
• Review the override capabilities for temperature adjustment and verify that if overrides exist, they are properly controlled.
55KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
HVAC Controls: MiscellaneousOpportunities
• Consider separate controls for zones.
• Recommend ventilation fans be shut down when not required.
• Adjust housekeeping schedule to minimize HVAC impact.
KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
• Locate “HVAC & Controls” in the KEEPS Assessment Report, then modify and add respective figures and other necessary words/sentences for your specific school.
• Describe HVAC controls energy management opportunities and recommendations.
KEEPS Report Input
56
57KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
EMO 4: Commissioning, Retro-commissioning and Re-commissioning
• If the school has never been commissioned, recommend retro-commissioning. If the school has not been commissioned in 2 to 3 years, recommend re-commissioning.
• If the school has undergone major building renovations or expansion or it is planned in the future, commissioning should be recommended.
• If ENERGY STAR® Target Finder benchmarked the school higher than the average CBECS K-12 school, consider commissioning.
• If school is due for HVAC replacement, defer commissioning until equipment is replaced.
58KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Commissioning Benefits
• Schools have an average 3.3-year simple payback, or $0.09/ft².
• Retro-commissioning typically translates into energy savings of 5 to 15%.
• As a result of the process, staff will understand the building and how to keep it in optimal condition.
KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
• Locate “Retro-Commissioning” in the KEEPS Assessment Report and modify respective figures and other necessary words/sentences for your specific school.
• Modify the inset box by multiplying the building square footage by $.30/sq ft to obtain cost, and by $.09/sq ft to obtain estimated annual savings. Simple payback would be 3.3 years.
KEEPS Report Input
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60KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
References
O&M Best Practiceshttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/omguide_complete.pdf
Energy Efficiency in Industrial HVAC SystemsHttp://www.p2pays.org/ref/26/25985.pdf
Recommended Actions Checklist - CO₂ Sensorshttp://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/recommended_actions_checklist
EnergySmart Schools U.S. DOEhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energysmartschools/o-and-m_guide.html
ASHRAE Energy Design Guides websitehttp://www.ashrae.org/technology/page/938
ASHRAE Life Expectancy Tablehttp://www.masterplan.uconn.edu/images/0323%20West%20Hartford%20Study.pdf
Collaboration for High Performance Schoolshttp://www.chps.net/dev/Drupal/node/40
61KPPC Kentucky’s Resource Center for Environmental Sustainability
Resources
Available for download from the KEEPS Toolkit Library• http://www.kppc.org/KEEPS
J.B. Speed School of Engineering University of Louisville
End of Presentation
(502) 852-0965
www.kppc.org/KEEPS
Kentucky Energy Efficiency Program for Schools
KEEPS is funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act through the combined efforts of the Kentucky Department for Energy Development and Independence, the U.S. Department of Energy and KPPC.