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MAGNETIC LEVITATIONMAGNETIC LEVITATION DRIVING WITHOUT WHEELS DRIVING WITHOUT WHEELS

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Presentation Outline

1. Introduction

2. Magnetic levitation

3. Levitation principle

4. Lateral guidance

5. Maglev track

6. EDS-EMS

7. Linear electric motor

8. LIM in levitation

9. Characteristics of LIM10.Benefits

11.Current projects

12.conclusion

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Maglev, or magnetic levitation, is a system of Maglev, or magnetic levitation, is a system of

transportation that suspends, guides and propelstransportation that suspends, guides and propelsvehicles, predominantly trains, using magneticvehicles, predominantly trains, using magneticlevitation.levitation.

Trends in increased mobility of large masses withTrends in increased mobility of large masses withchanging lifestyle for more comfort are leading tochanging lifestyle for more comfort are leading tocongestion on roads with automobiles.congestion on roads with automobiles.

Besides, increasing pollution levels fromBesides, increasing pollution levels fromautomobiles, depleting fuel resources, criticalautomobiles, depleting fuel resources, criticaldependence on the fuel import .dependence on the fuel import .

The highest recorded speed of a Maglev train isThe highest recorded speed of a Maglev train is

581581 kilometers per hour (361kilometers per hour (361 mph), achieved inmph), achieved ina an.a an.

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MAGNETIC LEVITATIONMAGNETIC LEVITATION

The need for fast andThe need for fast andreliable transportation is increasingreliable transportation is increasingthroughout the world. Highthroughout the world. High--speed railspeed railhas been the solution for manyhas been the solution for many

countries. Trains are fast,countries. Trains are fast,comfortable, and energycomfortable, and energy--efficient.efficient.

Maglev research andMaglev research and

development began in Germany anddevelopment began in Germany andJapan during the early 1970's. AfterJapan during the early 1970's. Afterlaboratory tests in both countries, alaboratory tests in both countries, atest track was constructed in Japantest track was constructed in Japanduring the midduring the mid--1970's and in1970's and in

Germany during the midGermany during the mid--1980's1980's

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Maglev tech is a relatively newMaglev tech is a relatively newtransportation tech in which nontransportation tech in which noncontacting vehicles travel safely at speedscontacting vehicles travel safely at speeds

of 250 to 300mph or higher.of 250 to 300mph or higher.

The forces acting on an object in anyThe forces acting on an object in anycombination of gravitational, electrostatic,combination of gravitational, electrostatic,and magneto static fields will make theand magneto static fields will make theobject's position unstable.object's position unstable.

It is possible to levitate superconductorsIt is possible to levitate superconductorsand other diamagnetic materials, whichand other diamagnetic materials, whichmagnetize in the opposite sense to amagnetize in the opposite sense to amagnetic field in which they are placed.magnetic field in which they are placed.

As Superconductors are perfect As Superconductors are perfect diamagnets and when placed in andiamagnets and when placed in anexternal magnetic field expel the fieldexternal magnetic field expel the fieldlines from their interiorslines from their interiors

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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONPRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Imagine that two barmagnets are suspendedone above the other withlike poles directly above

and below each other. Any effort to bring thesetwo magnets into contact with each other will have

to overcome the force of repulsion that existsbetween two likemagnetic poles.

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The repulsion of superconducting magnets and electromagnets inthe track keeps a maglev train suspended above the track. Byvarying the strength and polarity of the track electromagnets, the

train can be driven forward.

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Lateral Guidance

When one side of the trainnears the side of the guideway, the super conducting

magnet on the train inducesa repulsive force from thelevitation coils on the sidecloser to the train and an

attractive force from the coilson the farther side. Thiskeeps the train in the center.

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The magnetized coilrunning along the track, calleda guideway, repels the largemagnets on the train'sundercarriage, allowing the

train to levitate between 0.39and 3.93 inches (1 to 10 cm)above the guideway.

power is supplied topower is supplied to

the coils within the guidewaythe coils within the guidewaywalls to create a unique systemwalls to create a unique systemof magnetic fields that pull andof magnetic fields that pull andpush the train along thepush the train along theguideway.guideway.

MAGLEV GUIDE TRACK

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LEVITATIONLEVITATION

Levitation is theLevitation is theprocess by which an object process by which an object is suspended against gravityis suspended against gravity

in a stable position.in a stable position.First thing a maglevFirst thing a maglev

system must do is get off system must do is get off the ground, and then staythe ground, and then staysuspended off the ground.suspended off the ground.

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Electromagnetic SuspensionElectromagnetic Suspension

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In the EMSIn the EMS--attractiveattractive

system, the electromagnetssystem, the electromagnetswhich do the work of which do the work of levitation are attached onlevitation are attached onthe top side of a casingthe top side of a casing

that extends below andthat extends below andthen curves back up to thethen curves back up to therail that is in the center of rail that is in the center of the track.the track.

The gap between theThe gap between thebottom of the vehicle andbottom of the vehicle andthe rail is only 3/8"the rail is only 3/8"

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Electrodynamic SuspensionElectrodynamic Suspension

In the EDSIn the EDS--repulsive system, therepulsive system, thesuperconducting magnets (SCMs),superconducting magnets (SCMs),which do the levitating of thewhich do the levitating of the

vehicle, are at the bottom of thevehicle, are at the bottom of thevehicle, but above the track.vehicle, but above the track.

The magnetic field of theThe magnetic field of thesuperconducting magnets aboardsuperconducting magnets aboard

the maglev vehicle induces anthe maglev vehicle induces aneddy current in the guideway.eddy current in the guideway.

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Choice of linear induction motorChoice of linear induction motor A linear electric motor (LEM) A linear electric motor (LEM)

is a mechanism whichis a mechanism whichconverts electrical energyconverts electrical energydirectly into linear motiondirectly into linear motionwithout employing anywithout employing any

intervening rotaryintervening rotarycomponents.components.

Linear Induction MotorLinear Induction Motor(LIM) is basically a rotating(LIM) is basically a rotating

squirrel cage induction motorsquirrel cage induction motoropened out flat. Instead of opened out flat. Instead of producing rotary torque fromproducing rotary torque froma cylindrical machine it a cylindrical machine it

produces linear force from aproduces linear force from aflat one.flat one.

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Linear Synchronous MotorLinear Synchronous Motor

LSM generateLSM generate

propulsive force bypropulsive force byrunning current running current through a stator,through a stator,which creates anwhich creates an

electroelectro--magnetic field.magnetic field.This electroThis electro--magneticmagnetic

field interacts with afield interacts with aset of permanent set of permanent

magnets on a vehiclemagnets on a vehicleto create thrust.to create thrust.

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The permanent magnets serve as the motorThe permanent magnets serve as the motor

secondary, equivalent to a rotor in conventionalsecondary, equivalent to a rotor in conventionalmotors enabling linear motion.motors enabling linear motion.

The vehicle is propelled by the moving electroThe vehicle is propelled by the moving electro--magnetic field, traveling along as electric current ismagnetic field, traveling along as electric current isapplied to the stator beneath the vehicle.applied to the stator beneath the vehicle.

The vehicles movement is regulated by aThe vehicles movement is regulated by asophisticated control system incorporating statesophisticated control system incorporating state--

of of--thethe--art position sensing technology.art position sensing technology.

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SynchronousSynchronous vsvs Induction motorsInduction motors

Far more effort has been put into research andFar more effort has been put into research anddevelopment of linear induction motors (LIM's)development of linear induction motors (LIM's)than LSM's.than LSM's.

LIM's do indeed have two distinct advantages.LIM's do indeed have two distinct advantages.

First of all, they are simpler and less costly toFirst of all, they are simpler and less costly toconstruct.construct. The stationary element of the motor consists of The stationary element of the motor consists of

nothing more than a rail or plate of a conductingnothing more than a rail or plate of a conductingmaterial, such as aluminum.material, such as aluminum.

By contrast, LSM's require the installation of By contrast, LSM's require the installation of alternating north and south magnetic poles onalternating north and south magnetic poles onboth moving and stationary elements.both moving and stationary elements.

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Linear induction motor (LIM)Linear induction motor (LIM)in magnetic levitationin magnetic levitation

The High Speed SurfaceThe High Speed SurfaceTransport (HSST) system isTransport (HSST) system ispropelled by linear inductionpropelled by linear induction

motor.motor.

The HSST levitation systemThe HSST levitation systemuses ordinary electromagnetsuses ordinary electromagnets

that exerts an attractive forcethat exerts an attractive forceand levitate the vehicle.and levitate the vehicle.

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The electromagnetsare attached to the

car, but arepositioned facingthe under side of theguide way's steel

rails. They providean attractive forcefrom brlow,levitatingthe car.

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Characteristics of LIMCharacteristics of LIM

In most vehicular propulsionIn most vehicular propulsionsystems, provision must be madesystems, provision must be madefor increasing the power whenfor increasing the power when

the demand increases.the demand increases.Whenever more power is needed,Whenever more power is needed,

the moving magnet begins to lagthe moving magnet begins to lagfurther behind the stationary one;further behind the stationary one;

this results in an immediatethis results in an immediateincrease in thrust. No separateincrease in thrust. No separatecontrol is neededcontrol is needed

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Benefits of Magnetic Levitated Transportation Benefits of Magnetic Levitated Transportation

systemsystem

Power of the maglev motor is dependent on the localPower of the maglev motor is dependent on the localconditions.conditions.

Maglev uses 30% less energy than a highMaglev uses 30% less energy than a high--speed trainspeed traintraveling at the same speed.traveling at the same speed.

Operating costs of a maglev system are approximately half Operating costs of a maglev system are approximately half that of conventional longthat of conventional long--distance railroads.distance railroads. Maglev is about 20 times safer than airplanes, 250 timesMaglev is about 20 times safer than airplanes, 250 times

safer than conventional railroads, and 700 times safer thansafer than conventional railroads, and 700 times safer thanautomobile travel.automobile travel.

Despite the speeds up to 500 km/hour, passengers can

Despite the speeds up to 500 km/hour, passengers canmove about freely in the vehiclesmove about freely in the vehicles

Materials used to construct maglev vehicles are nonMaterials used to construct maglev vehicles are non--combustible, poor transmitters of heat, and able tocombustible, poor transmitters of heat, and able towithstand fire penetration.withstand fire penetration.

Carries no fuel to increase fire hazardCarries no fuel to increase fire hazard

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Noise Pollution

The train makes littlenoise because it does not touch the track and it hasno motor. Therefore, allnoise comes from movingair. This sound is equivalent to the noise produced by

city traffic.

Magnetic Field

The magnetic fieldThe magnetic fieldcreated is low, thereforecreated is low, thereforethere are no adversethere are no adverseeffects.effects.

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CURRENT PROJECTSCURRENT PROJECTS

Germany and Japan have been the pioneering countriesGermany and Japan have been the pioneering countriesinin MagLevMagLev research. Currently operational systems includeresearch. Currently operational systems includeTransrapidTransrapid (Germany) and High Speed Surface Transport (Germany) and High Speed Surface Transport (Japan). There are several other projects under scrutiny such(Japan). There are several other projects under scrutiny such

as theas the SwissMetroSwissMetro, Seraphim and, Seraphim and InductrackInductrack. All have to do. All have to dowith personal rapid transit.with personal rapid transit.

NASA plans to use magnetic levitation for launching of

space vehicles into low earth orbit.Boeing is pursuingresearch in MagLev to provide a Hypersonic Ground Test Facility for the Air Force. The mining industry will alsobenefit from MagLev. There are probably many more

undiscovered applications!

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

The Maglev Train: Research on thisThe Maglev Train: Research on this dream train has been going on for the last dream train has been going on for the last 30 odd years in various parts of the world.30 odd years in various parts of the world.The chief advantages of this type of train are:The chief advantages of this type of train are:NonNon--contact and noncontact and non--wearing propulsion,wearing propulsion,independent of friction, no mechanicalindependent of friction, no mechanical

components like wheel, axle. Maintenancecomponents like wheel, axle. Maintenancecosts decrease. Low noise emission andcosts decrease. Low noise emission andvibrations at all speeds.vibrations at all speeds.

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REFERENCESREFERENCES

11.. UU..SS.. Department Department of of TransportationTransportation (Federal(Federal Transit Transit Administration) Administration).. LowLow SpeedSpeed MaglevMaglev TechnologyTechnologyDevelopment Development ProgramProgram FinalFinal Report,Report, FTAFTA--CACA--2626--70257025--0202..11,, MarchMarch 20022002..

22.. RR.. FF.. Post,Post, DD.. DD.. RyutovRyutov,, The The InductrackInductrack:: A A SimplerSimpler Approach Approach toto MagneticMagnetic Levitation,Levitation, II..EE..EE..E,E, TransactionsTransactions onon Applied Applied Superconductivity,Superconductivity, 1010,, 901901 ((20002000))

33.. DavidDavid..WW.. Doll,Doll, Robert Robert DD.. Blevins,Blevins, andand DilipDilip BhadraBhadra,, Ride Ride

DynamicsDynamics of of anan UrbanUrban Maglev,Maglev, MaglevMaglev 20022002

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