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Japan’s Nuclear Energy ProgramJapan’s Nuclear Energy Program
Japan’s Basic Nuclear PolicyJapan’s Basic Nuclear Policy
• Atomic Energy Basic Law, 1955: Peaceful use of nuclear energy
• Compliance with international protocol:
Joined the Nonproliferation Treaty in 1976
BackgroundBackground• The only country that suffered from nuclear
devastation
• Almost no indigenous energy sources • Large energy consumption with scarce natural
resources• More than 80 % of energy imported• Efforts to minimize dependence on current imports.• Increasing reliance on nuclear energy
Aug.6, 1945, Hiroshima, 140,000 killed Aug.9, 1945, Nagasaki, 74,000 killed
Japan’s Nuclear Energy FactsJapan’s Nuclear Energy Facts
• First commercial nuclear power reactor began operation in mid 1966
• Japan imports nearly all of its energy resources including uranium.
• Over 30% of its power needs are supplied by nuclear energy. Projected to be 37% in 2009, 41 % in 2014
• 55 Nuclear power reactors across the country produce approximately 50 gigawatts of energy (2 under construction, 11 planned. )
Source: Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Japan and The Nuclear CommunityJapan and The Nuclear Community
• Nonproliferation Treaty– Japan signed the NPT in 1970, and acceded in
1976– Reluctance to join the NPT at first mainly due to its
discriminatory nature, internal debates over possible nuclearization, and concern over nuclear energy
– Commitment to nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament remains unchanged since its accession.
• Bilateral agreement on peaceful use :– US, UK, France, China, Australia, and Kazakhstan
Historical Overview of Nuclear Historical Overview of Nuclear Program and PolicyProgram and Policy
• Atoms for Peace speech by Eisenhower in 1953.• Started nuclear research program in 1954• Atomic energy basic law 1955• Inauguration of the Atomic Energy Commission 1956
– The Science & Technology agency, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, and Atomic Fuel Corporation were established under the law
• Imported its first commercial nuclear power reactor from the UK. • Light water reactors (LWR), boiling water reactors, or pressurized
water reactors have been constructed. (began commercial operation in 1970).
• By the end of the 1970s, Japanese industry (Hitachi, Toshiba, Mitsubishi Heavy Industry developed the capacity to design and construct LWR’s to export to other countries.)
• Nuclear energy has been a national strategic priority since 1973 (Oil Embargo)
Current Policy of Japan’s Nuclear Current Policy of Japan’s Nuclear Power ProgramPower Program
• Kyoto Protocol 2002: Japan would rely on nuclear energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
• Continue to have nuclear power as a major element of electricity production
• Develop a faster breed of reactors in order to improve uranium utilization dramatically
• Steady promotion of measures for safe disposal of high level radioactive waste
• Promote nuclear energy to the public-Go Green
Major Nuclear Power Plant Major Nuclear Power Plant AccidentsAccidents
• 1995: Monju (Fukui prefecture) (Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, shut down since the 1995 sodium leak and fire accident
• 1999: Tokaimura, Three workers received high doses of radiation. Two died.
• 2003: 17 TEPCO plants shut down over falsified safety records
• 2004: Mihama, 5 workers were killed by steam from corroded pipe
• July 2007: Kashiwazaki Kariya, damaged by earthquake
Japan’s Nuclear Fuel Cycle Japan’s Nuclear Fuel Cycle PolicyPolicy
• Japan is pursuing a closed nuclear fuel cycle. • Resource-poor Japan’s need to recycle uranium,
semi domestic energy source.• Currently, Japan’s spent nuclear fuels have
been reprocessed in the UK and France• Tokai reprocessing plant since commencing pilot
operation in 1977. But small amount. (200 ton per year)
• Construction of new nuclear fuel cycle facilities in Rokkasho Village.
Plutonium Production ProgramPlutonium Production Program
• Committed to development of a self-sufficient plutonium-based nuclear fuel cycle. “utmost importance”
• Construction of Fast Breeder Reactors and reprocessing facilities. Fast breeder reactors will be introduced commercially by 2050 (currently, only prototype exists)
• Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant construction
• Plutonium stockpile enough for 10,000 weapons.
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor Monju
Experimental Fast Breeder Reactor Joyo
Rokkasho Nuclear Facilities Rokkasho Nuclear Facilities
•
Source: Japan’s Nuclear Power
Reprocessing Plant
Spent Fuel Receiving and Storage Facilities
Transportation of Nuclear MaterialsTransportation of Nuclear Materials
Source: Japan’s nuclear power program, Federation of Electric Power companies of Japan
Japan’s Efforts in Promoting Nuclear Disarmament Japan’s Efforts in Promoting Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferationand Nonproliferation
• Full compliance with IAEASafeguards– IAEA Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement and Additional
Protocol
• Strengthen IAEA Safeguards• Nuclear Security (Physical Protection)• Development of proliferation resistant nuclear technology• Management of spent fuel and radioactive waste
disposal• Contribution to the G-8 Global Partnership against the
spread of WMD• Strengthening export controls, assistance to countries in
the region• Bilateral agreements
Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP)(GNEP)
• Japan is in the nuclear fuel supply side of the GNEP
• US-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan– Cooperation of nuclear energy research and
development to advance new technologies– Collaboration on policies and programs supporting
new nuclear power plants in the US and Japan– Establishment of and international nuclear fuel supply
assurance mechanism– Joint collaboration to support safe and secure
expansion of nuclear energy in interested countries while promoting nonproliferation
Benefits vs. RisksBenefits vs. Risks
A Special Thank You to Masako A Special Thank You to Masako Toki at the Monterey Institute of Toki at the Monterey Institute of
International StudiesInternational Studies