Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment

Pearl Harbor’s Impact on the Pearl Harbor’s Impact on the JapaneseJapanese

Anti-Japanese Anti-Japanese sentiments have sentiments have existed in the United existed in the United States for several States for several decades prior to the decades prior to the attackattack on Pearl on Pearl Harbor. Harbor.

During that time, During that time, more than more than 119,000 119,000 people of Japanese people of Japanese ancestryancestry two-thirds two-thirds of them American of them American citizens, were living citizens, were living in California, in California, Washington, and Washington, and Oregon.Oregon.

President Franklin D. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. Executive Order No. 9066 in February of 9066 in February of 1942. 1942.

Executive Order No. Executive Order No. 90669066 empowered empowered the U.S. Army to the U.S. Army to designate areas designate areas from which "any or from which "any or all persons may be all persons may be excluded." excluded."

Reasons for Japanese Reasons for Japanese InternmentInternment

Exist anti-Japanese prejudice on Exist anti-Japanese prejudice on the West Coastthe West Coast

The attack of Pearl Harbor The attack of Pearl Harbor shocked the American public,shocked the American public, resulting in widespread hysteria resulting in widespread hysteria and paranoia.and paranoia.

False belief that Japanese False belief that Japanese Americans were aiding the Americans were aiding the enemyenemy

Japanese Internment Japanese Internment Those of Japanese Those of Japanese

ancestry living on ancestry living on the West Coast the West Coast were to be were to be relocated.relocated.

Internment refers Internment refers to to the forced the forced imprisonment and imprisonment and relocation of a relocation of a group of people.group of people.

InternmentInternment Fear of disloyalty on Fear of disloyalty on the part of any Issei the part of any Issei or Nisei was or Nisei was common among common among many Americans.many Americans.– Issei: Issei: those born in those born in

Japan, regarded by the Japan, regarded by the U.S. government as U.S. government as ineligible for U.S. ineligible for U.S. citizenship.citizenship.

– Nisei: Nisei: those born to those born to Japanese parents in the Japanese parents in the U.S., thus making them U.S., thus making them U.S. citizens.U.S. citizens.

1/3 of the population 1/3 of the population of Hawaii was of Hawaii was comprised of those comprised of those of Japanese descent, of Japanese descent, thus many of them thus many of them were not interned, were not interned, however the islands however the islands were placed under were placed under martial law. martial law.

Internment Internment

Japanese assets were Japanese assets were frozen after the attack frozen after the attack on Pearl Harbor, on Pearl Harbor, making it difficult for making it difficult for many Japanese many Japanese Americans to move Americans to move from the West Coast. from the West Coast.

March 2, 1942 March 2, 1942 – Internment is Internment is

issuedissued

TimelineTimeline March 18, 1942March 18, 1942

The president signs Executive Order 9102 The president signs Executive Order 9102 establishing the War Relocation Authority (WRA) establishing the War Relocation Authority (WRA) with Milton Eisenhower as director. It is allocatedwith Milton Eisenhower as director. It is allocated $5.5 million$5.5 million..

March 21, 1942March 21, 1942The first advance groups of Japanese American The first advance groups of Japanese American "volunteers" arrive at "volunteers" arrive at Manzanar, CAManzanar, CA. The WRA . The WRA would take over on June 1 and transform it into a would take over on June 1 and transform it into a "relocation center.""relocation center."

TimelineTimeline March 24, 1942March 24, 1942

The first Civilian Exclusion The first Civilian Exclusion Order issued by the Army Order issued by the Army is issued for the Bainbridge is issued for the Bainbridge Island area near Seattle. Island area near Seattle. The forty-five families The forty-five families there are given one week there are given one week to prepare. By the end of to prepare. By the end of October, 108 exclusion October, 108 exclusion orders would be issued, orders would be issued, and all Japanese Americans and all Japanese Americans in Military Area No. 1 and in Military Area No. 1 and the California portion of the California portion of No. 2 would be No. 2 would be incarcerated.incarcerated.((http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html))

(www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/od9066ph.html)

War Relocation Authority(WRA) War Relocation Authority(WRA) CentersCenters

Life in Internment CampsLife in Internment Camps "In the detention "In the detention

centers, families lived centers, families lived in substandard housing, in substandard housing, had inadequate had inadequate nutrition and health nutrition and health care, and had their care, and had their livelihoods destroyed: livelihoods destroyed: many continued to many continued to suffer psychologically suffer psychologically long after their release" long after their release"

- "Personal Justice Denied: - "Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians" Internment of Civilians"

Life in Internment CampsLife in Internment Camps "In desert camps, the "In desert camps, the

evacuees met severe evacuees met severe extremes of extremes of temperature. In winter temperature. In winter it reached 35 degrees it reached 35 degrees below zero, and below zero, and summer brought summer brought temperatures as high as temperatures as high as 115 degrees. 115 degrees. Rattlesnakes and desert Rattlesnakes and desert wildlife added danger to wildlife added danger to discomfort."discomfort."- Personal Justice Denied: - Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians.Internment of Civilians.

Life in ManzanarLife in Manzanar

Photos taken by Ansel Adams (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage)

In 1988, Congress implemented the Civil In 1988, Congress implemented the Civil Liberties Act, apologizing on behalf of the Liberties Act, apologizing on behalf of the nation for the "grave injustice" done to nation for the "grave injustice" done to persons of Japanese ancestry. Congress persons of Japanese ancestry. Congress declared that the internments had been declared that the internments had been "motivated largely by racial prejudice, "motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership" and authorized $20,000 leadership" and authorized $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans who had payments to Japanese Americans who had suffered injustices during World War II. suffered injustices during World War II.

Korematsu vs. United StatesKorematsu vs. United States

• Topic: Constitutionality of Executive Topic: Constitutionality of Executive Order 9006Order 9006

• Korematsu argued Executive Order Korematsu argued Executive Order 9006 was unconstitutional and 9006 was unconstitutional and violated the fifth amendment violated the fifth amendment

• ““No person shall...be deprived of life, No person shall...be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due liberty, or property, without due process of law” process of law”

• Is he right?Is he right?

Block 1 GroupsBlock 1 Groups

• Supreme Court JudgeSupreme Court Judge• Seth, Haley C., Merrisa, Devan, Grace, Liam, Arielle, Ada, Seth, Haley C., Merrisa, Devan, Grace, Liam, Arielle, Ada,

Amir, KateAmir, Kate

• Court WitnessesCourt Witnesses• Tucker, Basaree, Erica, Jason, Jaclyn, Olivia, Kris, Mitch, Tucker, Basaree, Erica, Jason, Jaclyn, Olivia, Kris, Mitch,

Danielle, MeganDanielle, Megan

• ProsecutorsProsecutors• Claire, Victoria, Tyler, Zach, Kenil, Liza, Nick, Tristan, Claire, Victoria, Tyler, Zach, Kenil, Liza, Nick, Tristan,

Johnny, HarrisJohnny, Harris

• Defense AttorneyDefense Attorney• Rachel, Anh, Heather, Laura, Haley H., Aaliyah, Jacob, Rachel, Anh, Heather, Laura, Haley H., Aaliyah, Jacob,

Fabian, Ethan, Megan Fabian, Ethan, Megan

Block 3 GroupsBlock 3 Groups

• Supreme Court JudgesSupreme Court Judges• Madelyn, Brandon W., Krista, Raquan, Samantha, Madelyn, Brandon W., Krista, Raquan, Samantha,

Isabella, Matt, Brandon S., Jeff T.Isabella, Matt, Brandon S., Jeff T.

• Court WitnessesCourt Witnesses• Sam, Karla, Markell, Tyree, Paula, Tia, Katya, Carissa, Sam, Karla, Markell, Tyree, Paula, Tia, Katya, Carissa,

Eric, DrewEric, Drew

• ProsecutorsProsecutors• Erica, Emma, Patrick, David, Jeff M., Brianna, Lane, Erica, Emma, Patrick, David, Jeff M., Brianna, Lane,

Justin, LindseyJustin, Lindsey

• Defense AttorneyDefense Attorney• Tyler, Jonathon, Tiffany, Joyssa, Ariana, Sophia, Mishayla, Tyler, Jonathon, Tiffany, Joyssa, Ariana, Sophia, Mishayla,

Josh, NickJosh, Nick

After you are in your groupsAfter you are in your groups

Judges- Read over the material in front of you on Judges- Read over the material in front of you on the court case. Your responsibility is to judge the court case. Your responsibility is to judge whether or not Korematsu’s constitutional rights whether or not Korematsu’s constitutional rights were violated, NOT whether or not Japanese were violated, NOT whether or not Japanese Internment in humaneInternment in humane

Court Witness: You are the jury, take notes during Court Witness: You are the jury, take notes during the prosecutors and defense attorney’s the prosecutors and defense attorney’s presentations, you will meet to decide whether presentations, you will meet to decide whether the journey finds Executive Order 9006 the journey finds Executive Order 9006 constitutional after the presentations constitutional after the presentations

Prosecutors and Defense Attorneys: Using the Prosecutors and Defense Attorneys: Using the handout, come up with a creative way to present handout, come up with a creative way to present the strongest sides of the case, discuss in your the strongest sides of the case, discuss in your group how you will do this and choose two group how you will do this and choose two speakers to present the materialspeakers to present the material