Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment

http://memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/99/fear/gallery.htmlhttp://memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/99/fear/gallery.html

Pearl Harbor’s Impact on the Pearl Harbor’s Impact on the JapaneseJapanese

Anti-Japanese sentiments Anti-Japanese sentiments have existed in the United have existed in the United States for several decades States for several decades prior to the attack on Pearl prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Harbor.

On December 7, 1941, the On December 7, 1941, the United States naval base United States naval base Pearl Harbor was attacked Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japan, resulting in the by Japan, resulting in the U.S. entry into WWII. U.S. entry into WWII.

During that time, more than During that time, more than 119,000 people of Japanese 119,000 people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, them American citizens, were living in California, were living in California, Washington, and Oregon. Washington, and Oregon.

(www.usatoday.com/.../contenttemplate14.htm)

President Franklin D. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9066 in February Order No. 9066 in February of 1942. of 1942.

Executive Order No. 9066 Executive Order No. 9066 empowered the U.S. Army empowered the U.S. Army to designate areas from to designate areas from which "any or all persons which "any or all persons may be excluded." may be excluded."

The attack of Pearl Harbor The attack of Pearl Harbor shocked the American shocked the American public, resulting in public, resulting in widespread hysteria and widespread hysteria and paranoia. paranoia.

Those of Japanese Those of Japanese ancestry living on ancestry living on the West Coast the West Coast were to be were to be relocated.relocated.

Internment refers Internment refers to the forced to the forced imprisonment and imprisonment and relocation of a relocation of a group of people.group of people.

InternmentInternment Fear of disloyalty on the part of Fear of disloyalty on the part of

any Issei or Nisei was common any Issei or Nisei was common among many Americans.among many Americans.– Issei: Issei: those born in Japan, those born in Japan,

regarded by the U.S. regarded by the U.S. government as ineligible for government as ineligible for U.S. citizenship.U.S. citizenship.

– Nisei: Nisei: those born to Japan those born to Japan parents, thus U.S. citizens.parents, thus U.S. citizens.

1/3 of the population of Hawaii 1/3 of the population of Hawaii was comprised of those of was comprised of those of Japanese descent, thus many of Japanese descent, thus many of them were not interned, however them were not interned, however the islands were placed under the islands were placed under martial law. martial law.

Video ClipVideo Clip““Days of Waiting” 1:30 minDays of Waiting” 1:30 minQuestions to consider:Questions to consider: Describe life in a relocation Describe life in a relocation

camp. How is that life camp. How is that life different from your own?different from your own?

Describe the differing points Describe the differing points of view held by the elderly of view held by the elderly and the young.and the young.

http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/23-0307a.gifHousing in a Japanese Relocation camp 

http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/23-0306a.gifJapanese near trains during Relocation 

Internment Internment Japanese assets were frozen Japanese assets were frozen

after the attack on Pearl Harbor, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, making it difficult for many making it difficult for many Japanese Americans to move Japanese Americans to move from the West Coast. from the West Coast.

March 2, 1942March 2, 1942Gen. John L. DeWitt issues Gen. John L. DeWitt issues Public Proclamation No. 1 which Public Proclamation No. 1 which creates Military Areas Nos. 1 creates Military Areas Nos. 1 and 2. Military Area No. 1 and 2. Military Area No. 1 includes the western portion of includes the western portion of California, Oregon and California, Oregon and Washington, and part of Washington, and part of Arizona. Military Area No. 2 Arizona. Military Area No. 2 includes the rest of these states. includes the rest of these states. The proclamation also hints that The proclamation also hints that people might be excluded from people might be excluded from Military Area No. 1.Military Area No. 1.(http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp(http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html)/history/timeline.html)

http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/japan/map4.jpghttp://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/japan/map4.jpg

Japanese Internment Camp LocationsJapanese Internment Camp Locations

March 18, 1942March 18, 1942The president signs Executive Order 9102 The president signs Executive Order 9102 establishing the War Relocation Authority (WRA) establishing the War Relocation Authority (WRA) with Milton Eisenhower as director. It is allocated with Milton Eisenhower as director. It is allocated $5.5 million.$5.5 million.((http://http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.htmlwww.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html))

March 21, 1942March 21, 1942The first advance groups of Japanese American The first advance groups of Japanese American "volunteers" arrive at Manzanar, CA. The WRA "volunteers" arrive at Manzanar, CA. The WRA would take over on June 1 and transform it into a would take over on June 1 and transform it into a "relocation center.""relocation center."((http://http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.htmlwww.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html))

March 24, 1942March 24, 1942The first Civilian Exclusion The first Civilian Exclusion Order issued by the Army Order issued by the Army is issued for the Bainbridge is issued for the Bainbridge Island area near Seattle. Island area near Seattle. The forty-five families The forty-five families there are given one week there are given one week to prepare. By the end of to prepare. By the end of October, 108 exclusion October, 108 exclusion orders would be issued, orders would be issued, and all Japanese Americans and all Japanese Americans in Military Area No. 1 and in Military Area No. 1 and the California portion of No. the California portion of No. 2 would be incarcerated.2 would be incarcerated.((http://http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.htwww.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.htmlml))

(www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/od9066ph.html)

War Relocation Authority(WRA) War Relocation Authority(WRA) CentersCenters

Life in Internment CampsLife in Internment Camps "In the detention "In the detention

centers, families lived centers, families lived in substandard housing, in substandard housing, had inadequate had inadequate nutrition and health nutrition and health care, and had their care, and had their livelihoods destroyed: livelihoods destroyed: many continued to many continued to suffer psychologically suffer psychologically long after their release" long after their release"

- "Personal Justice Denied: - "Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians" Internment of Civilians"

(http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/(http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/index.html)index.html)

(www.trumanlibrary.org/.../20-2311a.htm)

"In desert camps, the "In desert camps, the evacuees met severe evacuees met severe extremes of extremes of temperature. In winter temperature. In winter it reached 35 degrees it reached 35 degrees below zero, and summer below zero, and summer brought temperatures brought temperatures as high as 115 degrees. as high as 115 degrees. Rattlesnakes and desert Rattlesnakes and desert wildlife added danger to wildlife added danger to discomfort."discomfort."- Personal Justice Denied: - Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians.Internment of Civilians.(http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/cam(http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/camps.html)ps.html)

(http://www.nps.gov/manz/hrs/hrst.htm)

Life in ManzanarLife in Manzanar

Photos taken by Ansel Adams (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage)

In 1988, Congress implemented the Civil In 1988, Congress implemented the Civil Liberties Act, apologizing on behalf of the Liberties Act, apologizing on behalf of the nation for the "grave injustice" done to nation for the "grave injustice" done to persons of Japanese ancestry. Congress persons of Japanese ancestry. Congress declared that the internments had been declared that the internments had been "motivated largely by racial prejudice, "motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership" and authorized $20,000 leadership" and authorized $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans who had payments to Japanese Americans who had suffered injustices during World War II. suffered injustices during World War II.

(http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aamhtml/aamabout.html)(http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aamhtml/aamabout.html)