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Japanese Braille Tutorial
By Mitsuji Kadota ([email protected])
Last update: 1997.10.20
Table of contents1. Introduction
1.1 Difference in Japanese and English language
2. Transcribing Japanese sentence to Braille
2.1 Transcription from Kanji to Kana
2.2 Transcription from Kana to Braille
3. Japanse Braille
3.1 Normal characters
3.2 Daku-on
3.3 You-on
3.4 Tokusyu-on3.5 Arabic numerals
3.6 Alpahbets
3.6 Other characters
4. Japanese sentence example
1. Introduction
Braille system was invented by Louis Braille in 1825 and was
established as the international standard in
1878. Japanese Braille system is based on Louis Braille's 6-dot
system, and improved byKuraji Ishikawa.Ishikawa made Japanese
Braille system fit to Japanese language.
Phonological and orthographic difference in Japanese and English
makes transcription process of Japanese
Braille very unique.
1.1 Difference in Japanese and English language
The noticeable phonological difference between Japanese and
English is in syllable structure where English
syllable is basically closed (CVC: a consonant + a vowel + a
consonant) and Japanese syllable, open (CV).
In terms of orthography, Japanese is written withKanji,Kana
(Hiragana andKatakana), western alphabetand Arabic numerals.Kanji
is an ideogram imported from China andKana is a phonogram created
from
Kanji by Japanese. While alphabet represents a single sound,Kana
represents a syllable (a consonant and a
vowel). Each Kanji can be transcribed byKana's.
Generally,Kanji's are used as independent words whereas
Kana's, as function words. Since Japanese is written with a
combination ofKanji andKana, unlike English
and other western languages, a space is not usually inserted
between words.
2. Transcribing Japanese sentence to Braille
In order to transcribe Japanese sentence to Braille, two levels
of work is done. First, transcribe Kanji to
Kana. Secondly, transcribeKana to Braille based on Japanese
Braille code.
http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#1http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#1http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#1.1http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#1.1http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#2http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#2http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#2.1http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#2.1http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#2.2http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#2.2http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.1http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.1http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.2http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.2http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.3http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.3http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.4http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.4http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.5http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.5http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.6http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.6http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.7http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.7http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#4http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#4http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#4http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.7http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.6http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.5http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.4http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.3http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.2http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3.1http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#3http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#2.2http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#2.1http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#2http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#1.1http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html#1http://web.archive.org/web/20090807085414/http:/www.hi.sfc.keio.ac.jp/access/arc/NetBraille/etc/brttrl.html
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2.1 Transcription from Kanji to Kana
Generally, Japanese Braille is described byKana's (The method
which can representKanji's by 6 dots also
exists). So first step is the transcription fromKanji
toKana's.
AKanji has multiple ways of reading: the sound of Japanese
origin, "kun" and that of Chinese origin, "on".
Appearance of these two sounds in sentence is based on complex
rules of Japanese. After that, insert space
between words in order to make allKana strings easy to
read.Finally, severalKana characters, which have
the same sound as basicKana have to be fixed. The rule of
Japanese Braille provides the last two processes.
But sometimes the rule is not unified, especially for numerals,
personal nouns and foreign words.
2.2 Transcription from Kana to Braille
Braille has 6 dots in a cell and each cell can represent 63
kinds of letters. This is not sufficient to cover
Japanese orthography at all whenKanji's are considered. This is
whyKanji-Kana conversion is necessary.
However, we still need to secure 98 kinds and 63 is not enough.
Therefore the following rules were defined
by Ishikawa, the inventor of Japanese Braille.
1. Among 6 dots, 3 dots (dots 1-2-4) are to represent a vowel,
the other 3 dots(dots 3-5-6) aconsonant.
2. Braille for "Daku-on", voiced sounds and "You-on", sounds of
combination of CyV such as in"kya"uses 2 cells where first cell
contains an indicator for such sounds.
Arabic numerals and alphabet are represented in different rules
which basically follows the English Braille
coding.
3. Japanese BrailleIn this section, I will describe combinations
between Kana characters and Braille. Roman representation of
Japanese is based on ISO3062, except Tokusyu- on. But this
standard is sometimes incovenient, so I put
down different representation with the standard.
3.1 Normal characters
Vowel in Japanese ("a","i","u","e","o") is represented by dots
1-2-4. This representation is same as
"a","b","c","d","e" in Englis Braille.
*- *- ** ** -*-- *- -- *- *-
-- -- -- -- --
a i u e o
You can write most of normal characters by adding dots 3-5-6,
which represent
consonant("k","s","t","n","h","m").
*- *- ** ** -*
-- *- -- *- *-
-* -* -* -* -*
ka ki ku ke ko
*- *- ** ** -*
-* ** -* ** **
-* -* -* -* -*
sa si su se so
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*- *- ** ** -*
-* ** -* ** **
*- *- *- *- *-
ta ti tu te to
*- *- ** ** -*
-- *- -- *- *-.
*- *- *- *- *-
na ni nu ne no
*- *- ** ** -*
-- *- -- *- *-.
** ** ** ** **
ha hi hu he ho
*- *- ** ** -*
-* ** -* ** **.
** ** ** ** **
ma mi mu me mo
And the rest of normal characters("ya","ra","wa","n" line) are
represented as follows:
-* -* -*-- -- -*
*- ** *-
ya yu yo
*- *- ** ** -*
-* ** -* ** **
-- -- -- -- --
ra ri ru re ro
-- -- --
-- -* -*
*- *- **
wa o(wo) n
Tyou-on and Soku-on(normally represented as small "tu") are:
-- --
** *-
-- --
(tyou-on) (soku-on)
(Ex)
** -- **
-* ** -*
-* -- *-
su - tu ("suits")
*- -- *-
*- *- -*
-- -- *-
i t ta ("said" or "went")
3.2 Daku-on (voiced sounds)
Daku-on are represented by placing a indicator before normal
character. Two types of indicator are used: dot
5 and dot 6.
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-- *- -- *- -- ** -- ** -- -*
-* -- -* *- -* -- -* *- -* *-
-- -* -- -* -- -* -- -* -- -*
ga gi gu ge go (daku-on of "ka" line)
-- *- -- *- -- ** -- ** -- -*
-* -* -* ** -* -* -* ** -* **
-- -* -- -* -- -* -- -* -- -*
za zi zu ze zo (daku-on of "sa" line)
-- *- -- *- -- ** -- ** -- -*
-* -* -* ** -* -* -* ** -* **
-- *- -- *- -- *- -- *- -- *-
da di du de do (daku-on of "ta" line)
-- *- -- *- -- ** -- ** -- -*
-* -- -* *- -* -- -* *- -* *-
-- ** -- ** -- ** -- ** -- **
ba bi bu be bo (daku-on of "ha" line)
-- *- -- *- -- ** -- ** -- -*
-- -- -- *- -- -- -- *- -- *-
-* ** -* ** -* ** -* ** -* **
pa pi pu pe po (han-daku-on of "ha" line)
3.3 You-on (CyV)
Basically, you-on are represented by placing a indicator (dot 4)
before normal character. you on of daku-on's
indicator is 4-5 or 4-6.
-* *- -* ** -* -*
-- -- -- -- -- *-
-- -* -- -* -- -*
kya kyu kyo (you-on of "ka" line)
-* *- -* ** -* -*
-- -* -- -* -- **
-- -* -- -* -- -*
sya syu syo (you-on of "sa" line)
-* *- -* ** -* -*
-- -* -- -* -- **
-- *- -- *- -- *-
tya tyu tyo (you-on of "ta" line)
-* *- -* ** -* -*
-- -- -- -- -- *--- *- -- *- -- *-
nya nyu nyo (you-on of "na" line)
-* *- -* ** -* -*
-- -- -- -- -- *-
-- ** -- ** -- **
hya hyu hyo (you-on of "ha" line)
-* *- -* ** -* -*
-- -* -- -* -- **
-- ** -- ** -- **
mya myu myo (you-on of "ma" line)
-* *- -* ** -* -*
-- -* -- -* -- **
-- -- -- -- -- --
rya ryu ryo (you-on of "ra" line)
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You-on of daku-on :-* *- -* ** -* -*
-* -- -* -- -* *-
-- -* -- -* -- -*
gya gyu gyo (you-on of "ga" line)
-* *- -* ** -* -*
-* -* -* -* -* **
-- -* -- -* -- -*
zya zyu zyo (you-on of "za" line)
-* *- -* ** -* -*
-* -* -* -* -* **
-- *- -- *- -- *-
zya zyu zyo
(dya dyu dyo = "ti" + daku-ten + vowel)
-* *- -* ** -* -*
-* -- -* -- -* *-
-- ** -- ** -- **
bya byu byo (you-on of "ba" line)
-* *- -* ** -* -*-- -- -- -- -- *-
-* ** -* ** -* **
pya pyu pyo (you-on of "pa" line)
3.4 Tokusyu-on (special sounds)
Tokusyu-on are represented by placing a indicator before normal
character. Five types of indicator are used:
dot 4, 2-6, 4-6, 2-5-6,and 4-5-6.
-* **
-- *--- --
ye ("i" + small "e")
-- *- -- ** -- -*
*- *- *- *- *- *-
-* -- -* -- -* --
wi we wo ("u" + small vowel)
-- *- -- *- -- ** -- -*
*- -* *- ** *- ** *- **
-* *- -* *- -* *- -* *-
tsa tsi tse tso ("tu" + small vowel)
-- *- -- *- -- ** -- -*
*- -- *- *- *- *- *- *-
-* ** -* ** -* ** -* **
fa fi fe fo ("hu" + small vowel)
-- *- -- *- -- ** -- ** -- -*
** -- ** *- -* -- ** *- ** *-
-* ** -* ** -- -- -* ** -* **
va vi vu ve vo ("u" + daku-ten + small vowel, except for
"vu")
-* **
-- **-- -*
sye ("si" + small "e")
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-* **
-* **
-- -*
je ("zi" + small "e")
-* **
-- **
-- *-
tye ("ti" + small "e")
-* *-
-- **
-- *-
tyi ("te" + small "i")
-* *-
-* **
-- *-
dyi ("de" + small "i")
-- **
*- -*
-* *-
twu ("to" + small "u")
-- **
** -*
-* *-
dwu ("do" + small "u")
-* **
-- -*
-* *-
tyu ("te" + small "yu")
-* **
-* -*
-* *-
dyu ("de" + small "yu")
-- *-
*- --
-* -*
kwa ("ku" + small"a")
-- *-
** --
-* -*gwa ("gu" + small"a")
3.5 Arabic numerals
Arabic numerals are represented by placing indicator(3-4-5-6)
before the cells.
-* *- -* *- -* ** -* ** -* *-
-* -- -* *- -* -- -* -* -* -*
** -- ** -- ** -- ** -- ** --
1 2 3 4 5
-* ** -* ** -* *- -* -* -* -*
-* *- -* ** -* ** -* *- -* **
** -- ** -- ** -- ** -- ** --
6 7 8 9 0
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(ex)
-* *- -- **
-* -- *- **
** -- -- --
1 . 7
Once a indicator appeared, following characters are treated as
numerals, unless the cell doesn't represent any
numerals. If you want to stop this treatment, you can place a
"connector"(3-6).
(Ex)
-* *- *- -*
-* *- -* *-
** -- -- -*
2 5 ko
-* *- *- **
-* *- -* *-
** -- -- --
2 5 6
-* *- *- -- ** --
-* *- -* -- *- -*
** -- -- ** -- **
2 5 e n
3.6 Alphabets
Alphabet coding rules are basically same as English Braille. You
can write Alphabets in Japanese Braille by
two methods.
1)Using indicator 5-6.
(Ex)
-- *-
-* *-
-* *-
l
2)Placing cells between 2-3-6 and 3-5-6.
(Ex)
-- -- -* *- ** *- ** --
*- -- ** -- *- -- -* -*** -* -- -- *- -- *- **
J a p a n
3.7 Other characters
--
**
-*
.(Japanse period)
--
*-
-*
?
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--
**
*-
!
--
-*
-*
, (Japanse comma)
--
-*
--
(dot)
-- --
-- .. --
** **
(Japanse quotation)
-- --
** .. **
** **
"(" ")"
4. Japanse sentence example
(Ex)
*- ** -- -- *- -- ** -- -- -* *- *- *- --
-- ** -- -- -- -* ** *- -- ** *- *- -* **
-* -- *- ** *- -- -* -* ** *- -* -- *- -*
ka re wa " na ze ? " to ki i ta .
(He asked, "Why?")
Japanese Braille
Japanese Braille
Type Abugida
Languages Japanese
Parent
systems
Night writing
Braille
Japanese Braille
Child systemsTwo-Cell Chinese Braille(in
conception)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Cell_Chinese_Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Cell_Chinese_Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Cell_Chinese_Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille
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Japanese Braille on a can of Asahi Super Dry beer, written
"sake"
Japanese Braille is thebraillescript of theJapanese language. It
is based on the original braille script,
though the connection is tenuous. In Japanese it is known as
tenji (?), literally "dot characters". Below
is a basic chart of Japanese Braille with the
Japanesehiraganacharacter followed by the standardroman
characterreading above each braille character.
Japanese Braille is a vowel-basedabugida. That is, the glyphs
are syllabic, but unlikekanacontain separate
symbols for consonant and vowel, and the vowel takes primacy.
The vowels are written in the upper left
corner (points 1, 2, 4) and may be used alone. The consonants
are written in the lower right corner (points 3,
5, 6) and cannot occur alone.[1]However, thesemivowely is
indicated by point 4, one of the vowel points,
and the vowel combination is dropped to the bottom of the block.
When this point is written in isolation, it
indicates that the following syllable has amedialy,as in mya.
For syllables beginning with w the vowel is
also dropped, but no consonant is written.[2]
Main chart
To the vowels are assigned the international braille patterns of
the upper-left half of the cell (dots 1-2-4) in
numerical order: (or, equivalently, the first 5 letters of
Braille's alphabet, , rotated to fit
the available space). The consonantal diacritics, on the other
hand, have no apparent connection to
international values or numerical order, corresponding as they
do to punctuation and formatting marks.
For illustration, the vowel points are written in black, and the
consonant points in green. There is no such
distinction in braille as it is actually used.[3]
a i u e o
k
ka ki ku ke ko
s
sa shi su se so
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraganahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraganahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraganahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-tenji-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-tenji-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-tenji-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_So_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Se_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Su_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Shi_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Sa_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Ko_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Ke_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Ku_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Ki_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Ka_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_O_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_E_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_U_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_I_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_A_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asahi-super-dry-beer-top-of-can-with-braille.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asahi-super-dry-beer-top-of-can-with-braille.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-tenji-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraganahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake
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In Japanese Braille, the signs for these are prefixes. That is,
the order is dakuten + ki forgi. When more
than one occurs in a single syllable, they are combined in a
single prefix block, as the yon-dakuten used for
gya.[3]
dakuten
(voice)
handakuten
(p-)
yon
(-y-)
yon +
dakuten
yon +
handakuten
Theyon prefix uses the point that representsy in the blocksya,
yu, yo. When placed before ka, ku, ko, it
produces kya, kyu, kyo. Likewise, theyon-dakuten prefix before
ka, ku, ko createsgya, gyu, gyo. And so on
for the other consonants.
Unlike kana, which uses a subscript e, in braille the -ye in
foreign borrowings is written withyon and the
kana from the e row: that is, kye, she, che, nye, hye, mye, rye,
voicedgye, je, bye, and plosivepye are written
with theyon prefixes plus ke, se, te, ne, he, me, re. The
syllableye is writtenyon plus e.
There is also a prefix for medial -w- calledgyon. When combined
with ka, it produces the obsolete
syllable kwa. It may also be fused with the voicing prefix
forgwa. For foreign borrowings, this extends to
kwi, kwe, kwo andgwa gwi gwe gwo. Gyon may also be combined with
the vowels i, e, o for foreign wi,
we, wo (now that the w in the original Japanese kana forwi, we,
wo is silent); with ha, hi, he, ho forfa, fi, fe,
fo and (when voiced) forva, vi, ve, vo; and with ta, chi, te, to
fortsa, tsi, tse, tso. These two prefixes are
identical to the question mark and full stop.
gyon
(-w-)
gyon +
dakuten
These all parallel usage in kana. However, there are additional
conventions which are unique to braille. Yon
andyon-dakuten are also added to chi andshi to write ti, di
andsi, zi found in foreign borrowings; similarly
gyon andgyon-dakuten are added to tsu to write tu, du. This
differs from the system used in kana,
where the base syllables are te and to respectively, and a
subscript vowel i oru is added.
In an assignment that is counter-intuitive in kana,yon +
handakuten is prefixed to tsu, yu, yo to produce
tyu, fyu, fyo in foreign words, and voiced fordyu, vyu, vyo. The
latteryon + dakuten + handakuten, is
impossible in kana:
yon +
dakuten +
handakuten
Punctuation
Besides the punctuation of Japanese, braille also has symbols to
indicate that the following characters are
Hindu numeralsor theLatin alphabet.[3]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-tenji-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-tenji-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-tenji-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_numeralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_numeralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-tenji-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-tenji-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-tenji-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_YoonDakutenHandakuten_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_WDakuten_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_W_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_YoonHandakuten_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_YoonDakuten_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_-Y-_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Handakuten_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Dakuten_Braille.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-tenji-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_numeralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_note-tenji-3
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( ) num. Latin upper case hyph.
There are several additional punctuation marks, including one to
indicate that the following characters are
English words and not just in the Latin alphabet.
External links
The Braille Authority of Japan-- the standard-setting body for
braille notation in Japan World Blind Union "The Monument
"Birthplace of Tokyo Moa Gakko and Japan Braille System"
unveiled"1. ^An isolated twould be read as wo, for example. The
only exception is m, which when written
alone is the syllabic nasal, which may be a design feature
rather than coincidence, as the syllabic
nasal derives from historic mu.
2. ^Except for the syllable wa, historic w is silent in modern
Japanese.3. ^abcde" (tenji o yonde miyoo)". Braille Authority of
Japan. Retrieved 2012-05-10.
http://www.braille.jp/en/http://www.braille.jp/en/http://www.worldblindunion.org/en/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.worldblindunion.org/en/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.tsukuba.ac.jp/english/topics/20101126161105.htmlhttp://www.tsukuba.ac.jp/english/topics/20101126161105.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-4http://www.braille.jp/topics/yonndemiyo.htmlhttp://www.braille.jp/topics/yonndemiyo.htmlhttp://www.braille.jp/topics/yonndemiyo.htmlhttp://www.braille.jp/topics/yonndemiyo.htmlhttp://www.braille.jp/topics/yonndemiyo.htmlhttp://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E5%AD%97http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E5%AD%97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_CapitalSign.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_Correction.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_NumberSign.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_Bracket.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_ExclamationPoint.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_QuestionMark.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_Correction.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_Period.svghttp://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E5%AD%97http://www.braille.jp/topics/yonndemiyo.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-tenji_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_braille#cite_ref-1http://www.tsukuba.ac.jp/english/topics/20101126161105.htmlhttp://www.worldblindunion.org/en/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.braille.jp/en/
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http://www.braille.jp/topics/yonndemiyo.html
