January 22, 2004 Super B Factory Workshop Honolulu, Hawaii

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Physics CasePhysics CaseTheory SummaryTheory Summary

Matthias Neubert – Cornell Matthias Neubert – Cornell UniversityUniversity

2

OutlineOutline

Introductory RemarksIntroductory Remarks CKM Measurements CKM Measurements

[Hazumi, Soffer, Stewart, Yamada, Hashimoto, Swain, Pirjol, [Hazumi, Soffer, Stewart, Yamada, Hashimoto, Swain, Pirjol, Golowich, Ligeti, Eigen]Golowich, Ligeti, Eigen]

Searching for New Physics Searching for New Physics [Nakao, Berryhill, Robertson, Soni, Yoshikawa, Kagan, Sinha, Gershon, [Nakao, Berryhill, Robertson, Soni, Yoshikawa, Kagan, Sinha, Gershon, Hara, Matsumori]Hara, Matsumori]

Interpreting New Physics Interpreting New Physics [Hou, Kolda, Okada, Wang, Mishima, Shimizu][Hou, Kolda, Okada, Wang, Mishima, Shimizu]

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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

My thinking about Super-B has My thinking about Super-B has been shaped over the past years been shaped over the past years (since the Michigan workshop in (since the Michigan workshop in 2000) in many discussions with 2000) in many discussions with colleagues colleagues

It has also been influences by the It has also been influences by the great performance of BaBar/PEP-2 great performance of BaBar/PEP-2 and Belle/KEK-Band Belle/KEK-B

Thanks to all of you! Thanks to all of you!

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Introductory Introductory RemarksRemarks

Hopes and CertaintiesHopes and Certainties(ignoring political realities and (ignoring political realities and

budgetary constraints)budgetary constraints)

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Setting the SceneSetting the Scene

Physics potential of a super B-factory Physics potential of a super B-factory must be evaluated on the basis of a must be evaluated on the basis of a vision of the HEP arena in >2010vision of the HEP arena in >2010 BaBar and Belle completed (>500 fbBaBar and Belle completed (>500 fb-1 -1

each)each) Hadronic B-factories have logged several Hadronic B-factories have logged several

years of data takingyears of data taking Many UT parameters determined with Many UT parameters determined with

great precision; many tests for New great precision; many tests for New Physics done in rare decays Physics done in rare decays

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Super-B is the logical continuation Super-B is the logical continuation and completion of the B-factory and completion of the B-factory programprogram

Will provide superb measurements Will provide superb measurements of SM parameters and perform a of SM parameters and perform a broad sets of test for New Physicsbroad sets of test for New Physics

Can exhaust the potential of many Can exhaust the potential of many measurements in the quark flavor measurements in the quark flavor sector sector

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But … it comes in the LHC But … it comes in the LHC era!era!

Most likely (hopefully …), LHC will Most likely (hopefully …), LHC will have discovered new particles:have discovered new particles: SUSY partners of SM particlesSUSY partners of SM particles Kaluza-Klein partners of SM particlesKaluza-Klein partners of SM particles One or more Higgs bosonsOne or more Higgs bosons New fermions and gauge bosons of a New fermions and gauge bosons of a

dynamical EWSB sectordynamical EWSB sector Etc.Etc.

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Crucial QuestionsCrucial Questions

Can Super-B complement the Can Super-B complement the measurements at the energy measurements at the energy frontier?frontier?

Can it do fundamental Can it do fundamental measurements that cannot be done measurements that cannot be done elsewhere? elsewhere? (including earlier B-factories)(including earlier B-factories)

Is it an indispensible part of our goal Is it an indispensible part of our goal to comprehensively explore the to comprehensively explore the physics at the TeV scale?physics at the TeV scale?

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In Zoltan’s words:In Zoltan’s words:

““Will you be able to attract the Will you be able to attract the best graduate students in our best graduate students in our field to work on Super-B?”field to work on Super-B?”

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Big Questions in Flavor Big Questions in Flavor PhysicsPhysics

Dynamics of flavor?Dynamics of flavor? Origin of baryogenesis?Origin of baryogenesis? Connections between flavor Connections between flavor

physics and the physics of physics and the physics of electroweak symmetry breaking electroweak symmetry breaking and/or SUSY breaking?and/or SUSY breaking?

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1. Dynamics of 1. Dynamics of Generations?Generations?

Gauge forces in SM do not distinguish Gauge forces in SM do not distinguish betw. fermions of different generations:betw. fermions of different generations: ee, , μμ have same electrical charge have same electrical charge Quarks have same color chargeQuarks have same color charge All equal, but not quite equal …All equal, but not quite equal …

Why generations? Why 3?Why generations? Why 3? Why hierarchies of masses Why hierarchies of masses

and mixings?and mixings?

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To obtain a fundamental description To obtain a fundamental description of the origin of fermion generations of the origin of fermion generations remains one of the big, unsolved remains one of the big, unsolved problems in particle physicsproblems in particle physics

Deep, difficult question, whose Deep, difficult question, whose answer may provide access to answer may provide access to physics at much higher energy physics at much higher energy scalesscales

New symmetries, forces, dimensions?

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2. Origin of Baryogenesis?2. Origin of Baryogenesis?

The cosmic connection linking The cosmic connection linking particle physics with the evolution particle physics with the evolution of the Universeof the Universe

Matter Antimatter10,000,000,000 10,000,000,000

Early Universe

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The Big AnnihilationThe Big Annihilation

us

1

Today:

Sakharov criteria:• Baryon-number

violation • CP violation• Non-equilibrium

15

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SM has the prerequisites for baryogenesis:SM has the prerequisites for baryogenesis: Baryon number violation at high temperatures Baryon number violation at high temperatures

((B=B=LL)) Non-equilibrium during phase transitions Non-equilibrium during phase transitions

(phase transitions)(phase transitions) CP violation in the quark and lepton sectorCP violation in the quark and lepton sector

But, the CKM phase is not sufficient!But, the CKM phase is not sufficient! Need additional CP phases, or a new Need additional CP phases, or a new

mechanism of CP violation (leptogenesis)mechanism of CP violation (leptogenesis)

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3. Connections with the TeV 3. Connections with the TeV ScaleScale

What can flavor physics tell us about What can flavor physics tell us about the origin of electroweak symmetry the origin of electroweak symmetry breaking and/or SUSY breaking?breaking and/or SUSY breaking?

Whereas progress on the first two Whereas progress on the first two “big flavor questions” is not “big flavor questions” is not guaranteed (though it would be most guaranteed (though it would be most significant), we can hardly loose on significant), we can hardly loose on this third question!this third question!

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Any extension of the SM that can solve the Any extension of the SM that can solve the gauge hierarchy problem naturally contains gauge hierarchy problem naturally contains many new flavor parameters, e.g.:many new flavor parameters, e.g.: SUSY (hundreds of flavor- and CP-violating SUSY (hundreds of flavor- and CP-violating

couplings, even in MSSM)couplings, even in MSSM) Extra dimensions (flavor parameters of KK Extra dimensions (flavor parameters of KK

states)states) Technicolor (couplings of techni-quarks)Technicolor (couplings of techni-quarks) Little Higgs models (new gauge bosons Little Higgs models (new gauge bosons W’W’, , Z’Z’

and fermions and fermions t’t’)) Multi-Higgs models (CP-violating Higgs couplings)Multi-Higgs models (CP-violating Higgs couplings) Etc.Etc.

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If new Physics exists at or below a If new Physics exists at or below a TeV, its effects should show up (at TeV, its effects should show up (at some level) in flavor physicssome level) in flavor physics

Flavor- and/or CP-violating Flavor- and/or CP-violating couplings can only be studied couplings can only be studied using precision measurements at using precision measurements at high luminosityhigh luminosity

Advantage that mass scales will be Advantage that mass scales will be known (hopefully …) from the LHCknown (hopefully …) from the LHC

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Examples: Top Examples: Top & & NeutrinosNeutrinos

Top quark:Top quark:• Direct production proves Direct production proves

existence und determines existence und determines mass and spinmass and spin

• Mass prediction based on Mass prediction based on electroweak precision electroweak precision measurementsmeasurements

• Couplings Couplings ||VVtsts|~0.04|~0.04 and and ||VVtdtd|~0.003|~0.003 as well as their as well as their CP-violating phaseCP-violating phase can can only be measured in only be measured in BB and and K K physics physics

Neutrinos:Neutrinos:• Existence known since long, Existence known since long,

but only discovery of flavor-but only discovery of flavor-changing interactions changing interactions (neutrino oscillations)(neutrino oscillations) has has led to revolutionary led to revolutionary discoveriesdiscoveries

• Possibility of CP violation in Possibility of CP violation in the lepton sector; the lepton sector; leptogenesisleptogenesis

• Hierarchy of mixing matrix Hierarchy of mixing matrix very different from that in very different from that in the quark sector!the quark sector!

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Exploring flavor aspects of New Exploring flavor aspects of New Physics is not just meant to fill the Physics is not just meant to fill the Particle Data Book!Particle Data Book!

Rather, it is of crucial relevance to Rather, it is of crucial relevance to answer some fundamental, deep answer some fundamental, deep questions about Naturequestions about Nature

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Do non-standard CP phases exist?Do non-standard CP phases exist? Clues about baryogenesisClues about baryogenesis

Is the EWSB sector flavor blind Is the EWSB sector flavor blind (MFV)?(MFV)? Insights into the mechanism of SUSY Insights into the mechanism of SUSY

breakingbreaking Do right-handed currents exist?Do right-handed currents exist?

Hints about new gauge interactions (left-Hints about new gauge interactions (left-right symmetry) at very high energyright symmetry) at very high energy

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Will see that the interpretation of Will see that the interpretation of New Physics signals at Super-B can New Physics signals at Super-B can be trickybe tricky

But since it is our hope to answer But since it is our hope to answer some very important questions, we some very important questions, we must try as hard as we can!must try as hard as we can!

The Super-B workshops have shown The Super-B workshops have shown that a very strong physics case can that a very strong physics case can be made for such a machinebe made for such a machine

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Killer Applications and the Killer Applications and the “Worst Case Scenario”“Worst Case Scenario”

During these workshops it has become During these workshops it has become clear (to me) that a strength of Super-B clear (to me) that a strength of Super-B it precisely that it’s success will not it precisely that it’s success will not depend on a single measurementdepend on a single measurement

Several first-rate discoveries are Several first-rate discoveries are possible and often likelypossible and often likely

It is the breadth of possibilities and the It is the breadth of possibilities and the reach of Super-B that make a reach of Super-B that make a compelling physics case, and that make compelling physics case, and that make it superior to hadronic B-factoriesit superior to hadronic B-factories

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Like in electroweak precision measurements, Like in electroweak precision measurements, New Physics effects must show up at some New Physics effects must show up at some level of precision in flavor physicslevel of precision in flavor physics

In the worst case that we would not see any In the worst case that we would not see any large signals in large signals in BB physics, Super-B would play physics, Super-B would play a similar role as LEP played for the a similar role as LEP played for the understanding of EWSBunderstanding of EWSB

It would then impose most severe constraints It would then impose most severe constraints on model building for the post LHC eraon model building for the post LHC era

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CKM CKM MeasurementsMeasurements

Sides and AnglesSides and Angles

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The GoalsThe Goals

Achieve what is theoretically Achieve what is theoretically possible!possible!

Can savely assume steady Can savely assume steady theoretical advances:theoretical advances: Ever more clever amplitude methodsEver more clever amplitude methods Progress in effective field theory Progress in effective field theory

(heavy-quark expansions)(heavy-quark expansions) Progress in lattice QCDProgress in lattice QCD

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Sides: |Sides: |VVub ub | and || and |VVtd td | |

Precision (~5%) measurements of |Precision (~5%) measurements of |VVub ub | require progress in theory| require progress in theory Exclusive determinations need Exclusive determinations need

precise predictions for precise predictions for BB light form light form factors from lattice QCD factors from lattice QCD [Yamada, Hashimoto][Yamada, Hashimoto] or or effective field theory effective field theory [Pirjol][Pirjol]

Inclusive determinations need Inclusive determinations need optimized cuts and study of power optimized cuts and study of power corrections in the heavy-quark corrections in the heavy-quark expansionexpansion

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Super-B can provide high-precision Super-B can provide high-precision data on the data on the qq2 2 dependence of form dependence of form factors, and on the factors, and on the B XB Xs s γγ photon photon spectrum down to 1.8 GeV, which spectrum down to 1.8 GeV, which helps to eliminate shape-function helps to eliminate shape-function effectseffects [Nakao][Nakao]

Precision (~5%) measurements of |Precision (~5%) measurements of |VVtd td | require progress in lattice QCD | require progress in lattice QCD [Yamada, Hashimoto][Yamada, Hashimoto]

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Many presentations at this workshopMany presentations at this workshop Super-B would allow us to exploit the Super-B would allow us to exploit the

full theory potential of model-full theory potential of model-independent measurements of independent measurements of various methods various methods [Hazumi, Soffer, Soni, Swain, Ligeti][Hazumi, Soffer, Soni, Swain, Ligeti]

Could finally realize the methods that Could finally realize the methods that require no theoretical inputrequire no theoretical input

Angles: Angles: γ=Φγ=Φ3 , 3 , β+γ = Φβ+γ = Φ11+Φ+Φ3 , 3 ,

and and 2β+γ =2Φ2β+γ =2Φ11+Φ+Φ3 3

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It’s all about It’s all about γγ, really, really … …

All methods measure combinations of All methods measure combinations of γ γ andand β β

Importance is that “Importance is that “γ γ measurements” measurements” measure measure γ γ from pure tree processes, from pure tree processes, whereas “whereas “αα measurements” measure measurements” measure γ γ in processes where penguins are in processes where penguins are presentpresent

Probes New Physics in penguin Probes New Physics in penguin modesmodes

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r ei() + ei D

B+

b

u

u

u

cs K+

D0

B+bu

cu

su

D0

K+

K

K 1

Amplitude

bu

bc

sinsin22γγ with B with BDD(flavor+CP)(flavor+CP)KK

Atwood, Dunietz, Soni, PRL 78, 3257 (ADS)

cos D measurable @ charm factory

A.S., hep-ex/9801018 Gronau, Grossman, Rosner, PLB508, 37, 2001 Atwood, Soni, hep-ph/0304085

(1 r ei())CPES (CP eigenstate)

r ei()

Initial a2/a1 ~ 0.25: r ~ 0.1

B0 D0 0, etc., suggest r ~ 0.2

Gronau, Wyler, PLB 265, 172 (GW)

ei D

[Soffer[Soffer

]]

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New DevelopmentsNew Developments

More modes & methods – more statisticsMore modes & methods – more statistics New methods reduce ambiguity to 2-foldNew methods reduce ambiguity to 2-fold More experimental experienceMore experimental experience

Each of these methods satisfies the NIMSBHO principle:Not Inherently More Sensitive But Helps Overall

(despite possible claims to the contrary…)

[Soffer[Soffer

]]

34S = sin(2)

b d

h

db

c dduD(*)

duc dhD(*)

t

t

sinsin(2(2++) ) withwith B BDD((**))hh

rei

~0.02

,,a1Dunietz, hep-ph/9712401

[Soffer[Soffer

]]

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with 10 abwith 10 ab-1-1

• Use all methods:– Will measure to ~ 2° (%) (stat) or less!

– Only ambiguity is left• Excluded theoretically?

– The error is so small that ambiguities won’t matter

[Soffer[Soffer

]]

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History of History of AA and and SS

Belle

BaBarThis resultBelle 140fb1

Difference still at ~2.0 level

[Hazumi][Hazumi]

37S

A

SignificanceSignificanceBelle140fb1

(5.21) Observation of CP violation

3.2 for A=0 and any S

2) Evidence for direct CP violation

3.3 for “superweak” case

[Hazumi][Hazumi]

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OverviewOverview

Time-dependent CP asymmetries in b Time-dependent CP asymmetries in b uud tree uud tree transition (assuming no penguin) transition (assuming no penguin) sin2 sin222

Penguin is not negligible in general, need to trap Penguin is not negligible in general, need to trap it outit out

Methods that have been studied so farMethods that have been studied so far B B 00 Isospin analysis Isospin analysis B B 00 quasi 2-body method quasi 2-body method B B 00 “full” Dalitz analysis “full” Dalitz analysis B B 00 Isospin analysis for a given polarization, which Isospin analysis for a given polarization, which

can be determined experimentallycan be determined experimentally

[Hazumi][Hazumi]

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22 “banana” in “banana” in -- plane (5 plane (5 abab-1-1)) [Hazumi][Hazumi]

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Constraints on New Physics (NP) in Constraints on New Physics (NP) in mixingmixing[Hazumi][Hazumi]

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Removal of Penguins …Removal of Penguins …

A revolutionary new proposal:A revolutionary new proposal:

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Searching for Searching for New PhysicsNew Physics

Never Stop ExploringNever Stop Exploring

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Probing new Physics with Probing new Physics with CKM MeasurementsCKM Measurements

In general, if different determinations In general, if different determinations of unitarity triangle parameters were of unitarity triangle parameters were inconsistent, this would imply the inconsistent, this would imply the presence of new Physicspresence of new Physics

E.g., interesting to confront the E.g., interesting to confront the “standard analysis” of the UT “standard analysis” of the UT (sensitive to (sensitive to B-BB-B and and K-KK-K mixing) with mixing) with mixing-independent constructionsmixing-independent constructions

[Eigen][Eigen]

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BBNS Fit of BBNS Fit of B B πKπK and and B B ππππ

Establishes CP violation in the b sector (ImVub=0)

Leaves room for New Physics in b s FCNC processes!

β=(24±2)o

γ=(67±15)o

ρ=0.15±0.08η=0.36±0.09

β=(24±2)o

γ=(67±15)o

ρ=0.15±0.08η=0.36±0.09

CKM parameters:

[Beneke, Buchalla, Neubert, Sachrajda]

Constraint from B πρ CP asym. [Beneke, Neubert][Beneke, Neubert]

45

Also interesting to confront Also interesting to confront different measurements of different measurements of ββ and and γ γ with each other, e.g.: with each other, e.g.:

Belle data

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Status of sin2Status of sin2ββ Measure- Measure-mentsments

47

Many more tests for New Physics can Many more tests for New Physics can be done outside the realm of CKM be done outside the realm of CKM measurementsmeasurements

Several involve rare hadronic Several involve rare hadronic BB decaysdecays

Others make use of inclusive decaysOthers make use of inclusive decays General strategy: look for niches General strategy: look for niches

where the “SM background” is small where the “SM background” is small (importance of “null measurements”)(importance of “null measurements”)

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Theory of Exclusive Theory of Exclusive BB DecaysDecays

Much progress has been made Much progress has been made (and continues to be made) in this (and continues to be made) in this fieldfield

Great challenge to theory Great challenge to theory communitycommunity

Rigorous methods based on heavy-Rigorous methods based on heavy-quark expansions and/or flavor quark expansions and/or flavor symmetries (isospin or SU 3)symmetries (isospin or SU 3)

49

gZ

d

b u u

d

B0 π+

π -

W

b

uu

d

d

B0

π+

π -

Wt,c,u

Flavor TopologiesFlavor Topologies

Tree:

Penguin:Electroweak!

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Reality is Far More Reality is Far More ComplicatedComplicated

Until few years ago such nonleptonic decays Until few years ago such nonleptonic decays were believed to be theoretically intractablewere believed to be theoretically intractable

Recent developments:Recent developments: QCD factorizationQCD factorization pQCD pQCD [Mishima, Matsumori][Mishima, Matsumori]

Soft-Collinear Effective Theory Soft-Collinear Effective Theory [Stewart, Pirjol][Stewart, Pirjol]

Systematic treatment (Systematic treatment (ΛΛQCDQCD/m/mbb expansion) expansion)

d

b u u

d

B0 π+

π -

W

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Factorization TheoremsFactorization Theorems

QCD Factorization has now been QCD Factorization has now been proved for decays such as proved for decays such as B D B D ππ and and B KB K**γγ

At this meeting, a partial proof for At this meeting, a partial proof for decays such as decays such as B B ππππ was was presentedpresented

Dispute between QCDF and pQCD Dispute between QCDF and pQCD is beginning to be resolvedis beginning to be resolved

[Stewart][Stewart]

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The Art of Factorizaton:

In Iain’s words: In Iain’s words: “If one starts from the “If one starts from the same theory (i.e., QCD), same theory (i.e., QCD), one must end up with one must end up with the same low-energy the same low-energy effective theory.”effective theory.”

Question of Sudakov Question of Sudakov logarithms can be logarithms can be answered rigorously answered rigorously using soft-collinear using soft-collinear effective theory effective theory (SCET)(SCET) [Pirjol][Pirjol]

53

Sudakov ResummationSudakov Resummation

Use SCET to systematically resum Use SCET to systematically resum all short-distance Sudakov all short-distance Sudakov logarithms:logarithms: for physical values of the

B-meson mass, there is no sizable Sudakov suppression

E-dependence of the low-energy matrix element remains, which can only be controlled using a truly non-perturbative approach (lattice?)

αs(μ) = 1

0.75

0.5

[Lange, Neubert: [Lange, Neubert: hep-ph/0311345]hep-ph/0311345]

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Probing New Physics in Probing New Physics in Exclusive DecaysExclusive Decays

Several strategies have been discussed:Several strategies have been discussed: CP asymmetry in CP asymmetry in B B ΦKΦKss

Probing electroweak penguins in Probing electroweak penguins in B B ππKKss

CP asymmetry in CP asymmetry in B B KK**γγ Forward-backward asymmetry inForward-backward asymmetry in B B K K ll+ + l l – –

Comprehensive studies of Comprehensive studies of B B V VV V modesmodes CP studies with 3-body CP eigenstatesCP studies with 3-body CP eigenstates

Some intriguing “anomalies” exist …Some intriguing “anomalies” exist …

[Yoshikawa][Yoshikawa]

[Hou, Matsumori][Hou, Matsumori]

[Kagan, Sinha][Kagan, Sinha]

[Gershon][Gershon]

[Hou, Kolda, Okada, Wang, Mishima, Shimizu][Hou, Kolda, Okada, Wang, Mishima, Shimizu]

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Large Large B πB π00KKSS Rate Rate

07.079.0|1|)()( 20

00 P

PKBKB

R EW

S

S

Theoretical value of the ratio

is significantly smaller than in the data:

R00exp =1.18±0.17 (2.1σ)R00

exp =1.18±0.17 (2.1σ)

= +0.1 in SM

Central values: Central values: BaBar 1.13, Belle 1.24, CLEO 1.48

(3x stat. fluctuation ?)

56

Puzzling Polarization Puzzling Polarization ResultsResults

B B VVVV modes offer a variety of modes offer a variety of polarization measurementspolarization measurements

Detailed analysis shows that in SM:Detailed analysis shows that in SM: ΓΓ / Γ / Γ||||=1+O(1/m=1+O(1/mbb)) ΓΓTT/ Γ/ Γ0 0 = O(1/m= O(1/mbb

22)) While these relations are satisfied While these relations are satisfied

for for B B ρρρρ , they appear to be , they appear to be badly violated for badly violated for B B ΦKΦK**

[Kagan][Kagan]

57

Probing New Physics in Probing New Physics in Inclusive DecaysInclusive Decays

The more traditional approach, which The more traditional approach, which profits from reliable theoretical profits from reliable theoretical calculationscalculations

Several methods have been discussed, Several methods have been discussed, including:including: B XB Xs s γ γ (total rate, CP asymmetry)(total rate, CP asymmetry)

B XB Xs s ll+ + l l – – (also forward-backward asymmetry)(also forward-backward asymmetry)

B XB Xs s νν νν (tough, but exclusive to Super-B)(tough, but exclusive to Super-B)

Same modes with Same modes with XXss replaced with replaced with XXdd

[Nakao, Berryhill, Okada][Nakao, Berryhill, Okada]

58

Interpreting New Interpreting New PhysicsPhysics

The Quest to Measure The Quest to Measure New Flavor ParametersNew Flavor Parameters

59

GoalsGoals

New Physics contributions to flavor New Physics contributions to flavor physics can be parameterized in physics can be parameterized in terms of the magnitudes and CP terms of the magnitudes and CP phases of Wilson coefficients in the phases of Wilson coefficients in the low-energy effective weak low-energy effective weak HamiltonianHamiltonian

Problem: in general, there can be Problem: in general, there can be manymany such coefficients! such coefficients!

60

Ideally, we would like to probe these Ideally, we would like to probe these couplings in a surgical way, thereby couplings in a surgical way, thereby measuring the parameters of the measuring the parameters of the non-SM particlesnon-SM particles

Equally important is to study Equally important is to study patternspatterns of New Physics, which can of New Physics, which can provide hints about dynamics at very provide hints about dynamics at very high (beyond-LHC) energy scaleshigh (beyond-LHC) energy scales

61

1. CKM Measurements1. CKM Measurements

Interpretation of New Physics Interpretation of New Physics signals in CKM measurement is signals in CKM measurement is difficult (if at all possible) due to difficult (if at all possible) due to large SM backgroundlarge SM background

In presence of New Physics, In presence of New Physics, methods that are clean in the SM methods that are clean in the SM become sensitive to hadronic become sensitive to hadronic uncertaintiesuncertainties

62

E.g.: Gronau-London E.g.: Gronau-London MethodMethod

In SM, need 5 measurements to extract In SM, need 5 measurements to extract 5 parameters (5 parameters (P/TP/T, , C/TC/T, , δδP/TP/T, , δδC/TC/T, and , and γ γ ))

With New Physics, there are 6 additional With New Physics, there are 6 additional parameters and not enough observables parameters and not enough observables to fix themto fix them

Things are in fact much worse, since the Things are in fact much worse, since the 6 new parameters are linear 6 new parameters are linear combinations of New Physics parameters combinations of New Physics parameters and O(100) hadronic parameters!and O(100) hadronic parameters![M.N. @ 1[M.N. @ 1stst SLAC Super-B Workshop] SLAC Super-B Workshop]

63

The Problem, Simply Put The Problem, Simply Put ……

UT physics is hardUT physics is hard Consider how difficult is has been (and Consider how difficult is has been (and

still is) to determine the 4 parameters of still is) to determine the 4 parameters of the CKM matrix, for which there is no the CKM matrix, for which there is no backgroundbackground

With New Physics there is a SM With New Physics there is a SM background, whose subtraction in background, whose subtraction in general introduces large hadronic general introduces large hadronic uncertaintiesuncertainties

64

2. Non-CKM 2. Non-CKM MeasurementsMeasurements

In some cases, one can directly In some cases, one can directly probe certain types of New Physics probe certain types of New Physics operators (e.g., “electroweak” or operators (e.g., “electroweak” or trojan penguins)trojan penguins) B B ΦKΦKss andand B B ππKKss are examples are examples

In other cases such as In other cases such as B B V VV V or or B B KK**γ , γ , one probes specific one probes specific operators with non-standard chiralityoperators with non-standard chirality[Kagan, Sinha, Hou, Matsumori][Kagan, Sinha, Hou, Matsumori]

65

3. Inclusive Measurements3. Inclusive Measurements

Often simpler interpretation, since Often simpler interpretation, since there are small theory there are small theory uncertainties in the relations uncertainties in the relations between observables and Wilson between observables and Wilson coefficient functionscoefficient functions

Still, in general there can be many Still, in general there can be many new Wilson coefficientsnew Wilson coefficients

66

4. Patterns of New Physics 4. Patterns of New Physics (!)(!)

CKM measurements can help to distinguish CKM measurements can help to distinguish between:between: New Physics in mixing vs. New Physics in decay New Physics in mixing vs. New Physics in decay

amplitudesamplitudes New Physics in New Physics in b sb s vs. vs. b d b d FCNC processes FCNC processes

They might indicate the existence of new They might indicate the existence of new CP phases or new flavor-changing CP phases or new flavor-changing interactionsinteractions

They will help to differentiate between They will help to differentiate between models with and without minimal flavor models with and without minimal flavor violationviolation

67

Studies of exclusive hadronic decays Studies of exclusive hadronic decays can help to distinguish between:can help to distinguish between: b sb s gg, , b s (qq)b s (qq)singlet singlet , and , and

b s (qq)b s (qq)non-singlet non-singlet operators operators Dipole operators appear to be disfavored!Dipole operators appear to be disfavored!

Right-handed currentsRight-handed currents More generally, standard vs. non-More generally, standard vs. non-

standard chirality operators (left-right standard chirality operators (left-right symmetry?)symmetry?)

[Kagan, Shimizu][Kagan, Shimizu]

68

Precisely why we don’t know what to Precisely why we don’t know what to expect and what to look for, the breadth expect and what to look for, the breadth of the Super-B program will guarantee of the Super-B program will guarantee successsuccess

Discovery of new particles at the LHC Discovery of new particles at the LHC would help to interpret these finding would help to interpret these finding and guide further studiesand guide further studies

Even finding no effect in some studies Even finding no effect in some studies would provide important clueswould provide important clues

69

My ConclusionMy Conclusion

The physics case for The physics case for Super-B is compelling!Super-B is compelling!

It would be a “no-brainer” if any of the It would be a “no-brainer” if any of the present anomalies would turn out to be true present anomalies would turn out to be true

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Finally …Finally …

Thanks to Tom, Steve, Sandip and Thanks to Tom, Steve, Sandip and friends for organizing this friends for organizing this

splendid workshop!splendid workshop!