JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE VOL. 6 Landscape MANAGEMENT · jakarta green building user guide vol. 6 ... jakarta green building user guide vol. 6 landscape management ... 2006;

JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE

VOL. 6

Landscape MANAGEMENT

The Government of the Province ofJakarta Capital Special Territory

In cooperation with: IFC in partnership with:

c o d e R e q u i R e m e n t s

Land and Water management (LW) LW01 minimum Green open area LW02 permeable materials for Walkways LW03 Rainwater collection system

supporting Facilities (sF) sF01 Bicycle parking and shower

solid and Liquid Waste (sL) sL01 solid/Liquid Waste management system

implementation of construction activities (ca) ca01 Washing Bay for construction Vehicles ca02 noise Restrictions ca03 Bath/toilets for Workers ca04 safety net around Building

conservation of Water during construction (cW) cW01 temporary absorption Wells cW02 Water Reservoir cW03 dewatering plan

management of Hazardous Waste from construction (HW) HW01 Hazardous Waste management

The calculation should be done using the calculator

available on this website

http://greenbuilding.web.id

Checklist for all code requirements lists the required

documents is also available on this website

http://greenbuilding.web.id

table of contents

JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE

VOL. 6

Landscape MANAGEMENT

I S S U E S & C O D E B E N E f I T S

C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T01

02

intRoduction

appendix

uRBan Heat isLand

aiR quaLity & poLLution

HaBitat FoR ecosystem

socio-cuLtuRe, aestHetics, & Human HeaLtH

WateR RunoFF

soFtscape

Zoning

Vertical Greenery

Green Roof

Watering

HaRdscape

Previous (or Permeable) Materials

6

7

9

9

9

11

12

12

15

19

20

20

2

25

5

11

4

D E S I G N p R I N C I p L E S03

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Comparison of Green Open Space (m2/person)

in asian Cities1

f I G U R E . 0 1

Urban green open spaces are essential for social, economic and

environmental development of cities. despite being blessed with rich soil and mild tropical climate that supports vegetation, Jakarta’s per capita green area is only 2.3 m2, which is one of the lowest among major asian cities as shown in the graph below.

Jakarta’s green open space has alarmingly decreased over the past 50

years. This is reflected in rapidly reducing green open space targets in

the government’s masterplans from 37% (1965-85) to 14% (2005-10).

LandscapeManagement:An Introduction

1 Siemens asian Green City Index, 2012.

0 40 100 16020 80 14060 120 180

Kolkata

Bangkok

Manila

Tokyo

Karachi

new delhi

Seoul

Bangalore

Taipei

Beijing

nanjing

average

Kuala lumpur

Singapore

Hong Kong

Guangzhou

Osaka

Hanoi

Shanghai

Wuhan

Yokohama

Mumbai

Jakarta

38.6

1.8

3.3

4.5

10.6

17

18.8

23.4

41

49.6

88.4

108.4

43.9

66.2

105.3

166.3

4.5

11.2

18.1

20.9

37.4

6.6

2.3

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Green Open Space in Jakarta

f I G U R E . 0 2

Green Open Space

Built Up Space

Masterplan Targets actual

2030Target

In accordance with the national law2, the Jakarta government has set itself

a target of achieving 30% green open space by 2030. While a part of this

will be achieved through creation of parks and green belts, a significant

increase in privately owned green open spaces is also needed. The

new green building code addresses this issue by mandating a minimum

green open area for new construction. The code also requires the use of

permeable paving materials to decrease site water run-off.

2 law 26/2007 on Spatial Planning and development, which requires each Indonesian city to allocate at least 30% of its territory to become green open space, 20% out of which must take form as public domain.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

01965 - 1985 1985 - 2005 2005 - 2010 2013

37%

11%14%

26%

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01code requirement

1

2

3

code Requirement 1Minimum natural vegetated area (landscape area, including

green roof and vertical greenery) for new construction

should be as follows:

code Requirement 2All exterior walkways on site should use permeable

materials.

code Requirement 3All buildings must have rainwater collection storage

system (tanks, absorption wells, and absorption pools)

with a volume (m3) equal to 0.05 m x ground floor area.

Absorption wells are not required for sites with the

following conditions:

• Ifthedepthofgroundwateris<=1.5minwetseason;

and/or

• Soilwithpermeability<2cm/hour.

R e F e R R I n G T O a R T I C l e 2 1 . 1

R e F e R R I n G T O a R T I C l e 2 1 . 5

R e F e R R I n G T O a R T I C l e 2 2 . 2 3

n U M B e R O F F l O O R S a B O V e G R O U n d

M I n I M U M n a T U R a l V e G e T a T e d a R e a (% of ground floor area)

less than or equal to 5 floors

Between 6 and 9 floors

More than 9 floors

15%

30%

45%

Please note that this requirement is repeated and

described in more detail in the “Water

Efficiency User Guide”

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due to the rapidly decreasing green cover, the quality of life in Jakarta has deteriorated over the past few decades.

C U R R e n T S C e n a R I Oe x P e C T e d I M P a C T O F G R e e n B U I l d I n G C O d e

limited green open spaces for social gathering interaction and physical recreational activities.

High concentrations of buildings and hardscape such as concrete has caused an increase in Jakarta’s average temperature, resulting in increased air conditioning of buildings.

Concentration of CO2 and other pollutants has increased, causing health issues and productivity losses.

Regional ecosystems have been adversely impacted due to loss of habitat and migratory paths for birds and animals in urban areas.

Reduced area for rainfall absorption into ground, causing erosion, drop in ground aquifer levels and river flooding.

Increased open spaces on private properties for social interaction.

Reduction in average temperature due to increased vegetation.

Reduction in air pollution due to increased vegetation and decreased energy use in buildings.

Urban ecosystems will be partially restored due to increased vegetation.

Increased permeable hardscape area will increase ground water absorption and reduce run-off into rivers.

02 issues & code benefits

The following section describes some of these issues and impacts in

more detail.

Although difficult to quantify, the economic benefits of these code

requirements are expected to be huge. Similar initiatives in Australia have

shown environmental and property value cost benefits at $3.81 for every

$1.00 spent on tree planting and management.3

3 national Heart Foundation of australia, ely M. Building the case for the role of landscaping in urban street design (unpublished). 2012.

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Typical Urban Heat Island effect4

average High Temperatures in and around Jakarta

(1994-2004)5

f I G U R E . 0 3

f I G U R E . 0 4

4 Healthy Urban Habitat, Responding to the urban heat island: optimizing the implementation of green infrastructure. (http://healthyurbanhabitat.com.au/responding-to-the-urban-heat-island-optimising-the-implementation-of-green-infrastructure/)

5 BMG Balai Wilayah II Jakarta, 2006; BMG Bogor, 2006.

oc

33

32

31

30

29

36

35

34

33

32

31

30

29

28

rural suburban residential

commercial city urban residential

park suburban residential

rural farmland

This phenomenon can result in a temperature rise of up to 4oC in urban

areas, and has been largely attributed to the high concentration of artificial

materials such as concrete. Trees are very efficient in controlling the

microclimate by absorbing as much as 80% of the solar radiation falling

on them, thus reducing the heat build-up on the ground. Leaves and soil

release water vapor, which upon evaporation cools the air and surface

temperatures. In contrast, concrete and other man made materials radiate

back most of the absorbed heat, thus causing concentrations of heat.

Urban heat island is the term used for concentration of higher

temperature in cities as compared to surrounding areas.

u R B a n H e a t i s L a n d

area

Tem

per

atu

re (

oC

)

north Jakarta east Jakarta Central Jakarta South JakartaWest Jakarta Bogor

1994

1998

20021996

2000

2004

1995

1999

20031997

2001

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6 Berry & Colls, 1990; Clarke & Faoro, 1966; Reid & Steyn, 1997; Takagi, Gyokusen, & Saito, 1998.

7 Jakarta environmental Management agency, World Bank and The Wall Street Journal.8 World Health Organization. (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/)

Besides temperature, urban areas can also have a greater concentration

of pollutants as compared to surrounding areas. Some studies provide

evidence that CO2 concentrations in urban areas can be 5-80 ppm above

adjacent rural areas where extensive plants are growing6.

Air pollution levels have generally followed the GDp growth trends in

Jakarta for the past decade. As shown above the concentration of pM10

(particulate matter smaller 10 microns) is much higher than the WHO Air

Quality Guideline. prolonged exposure to pM10 can cause cardiovascular

and respiratory diseases, as well as of lung cancer. The mortality in cities

with high levels of pollution exceeds that observed in relatively cleaner

cities by 15-20%.8

As seen above, measured maximum air temperature in all regions of

Jakarta have been rising, in some cases by as much as 2oC in less than

10 years. Also interesting to note is the big temperature difference

between Jakarta and Bogor. Despite being close to Jakarta, Bogor’s

maximum temperatures were lower by about 3oC mainly due to its

higher green cover.

As the ambient air temperature in Jakarta has increased, the desired

indoor air temperature has generally gone down, thus drastically

increasing the air conditioning load in its buildings.

Increasing the green open spaces in new building sites will play an

important role in dissipating the Jakarta’s heat island effect, which

will decrease its building cooling requirements. Energy simulation for

six typical building types in Jakarta have shown that 2%-11% of the

total energy consumption can be cut down by just 1oC reduction of

temperature difference between inside and outside.

a i R q u a L i t y & p o L L u t i o n

GdP Growthand air Pollution in Jakarta7

f I G U R E . 0 5

WHO nO2 limit

nitrogen dioxide (nO2)

WHO PM10 limit

PM10

80

60

40

20

0

8

6

4

2

0

Mic

rog

ram

s p

er c

ub

ic

met

er o

f ai

r

an

nu

al Gro

wth

(%)

2006 20092008 20112005 2007 2010

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Introduction of additional trees has been shown to reduce air pollution

and its adverse health impacts. In United Kingdom, presence of trees has

been estimated to save between five and seven deaths and between four

and six hospital admissions per year due to reduced pollution of sulfur

dioxide and pM109. Modeling for London estimates that 25% tree cover

removes 90.4 metric tons of pM10 pollution per year, which equates to a

reduction of two deaths and two hospital stays per year10.

Numerous studies showing health benefits of having gardens in health

facilities have been published11. Results from one such study (presented

below) show the improvement in general perception among patients who

spend time in hospital gardens.

9 Powe, n.a., and Willis, K.G. 2004. Mortality and morbidity benefits of air pollution (SO2 and PM10) absorption attributable to woodland in Britain. J. environ. Manage.

10 Tiwary, a et al.2009. an integrated tool to assess the role of new plantings in PM10 capture and the human health benefits: a case study in london. environ. Poll. 157.

11 Ulrich, Roger, Health Benefits of Gardens in Hospitals, 2002. (http://www.greenplantsforgreenbuildings.org/attachments/contentmanagers/25/HealthSettingsUlrich.pdf)

12 Sustainable Urban landscape Information Series, Healing Garden. (http://www.sustland.umn.edu/design/healinggardens.html)

Benefit of Human Interaction with

Vegetation12

f I G U R E . 0 6

patients perception after spending time in the Garden

component of Garden that Helps patients Feel Better

More relaxed

Trees, Plants, nature

Refreshed

Smells, Sounds, Fresh air

able to think

Place to be alone

Religious connection

Practical Features

Feel better

Views, Texture

Change of mood

%

%

0 4020 60 9010 50 8030 70 100

0 4020 60 9010 50 8030 70 100

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Development of cities causes a disruption of animal and plant habitat

and ecosystem. Some of this balance can be brought back in cities by

having parks and connected corridors. Development of modern Singapore

caused similar disruptions, resulting in the loss of 95% of the city’s

original natural forests. However, over the past 20 years, the city’s green

cover has been increased from 36% to 47%, despite a doubling of its

population. Impact of this initiative has been quite visible. About 500

new species of flora and fauna, like the green tree snail and the long-

legged fly, have been spotted again or have been seen for the first time,

including 100 species new to science.13

Green open spaces are an expression of local culture, social interaction,

recreation, and education. Building properties with sufficient green

open spaces are considered more visually appealing and can sometimes

increase the property value too.

The low proportion of green open spaces in Jakarta has increased the

rainwater run-off into the rivers. This is one of the major reasons for

flooding of rivers on an almost annual basis. High run-off also prevents

replenishment of underground aquifers, thus causing sinking of some

parts of the city. By providing sufficient green open spaces, the chances

of river flooding can be reduced and aquifer depletion can be slowed or

even reversed.

13 an Urban Jungle for the 21st Century. (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/29/business/global/an-urban-jungle-for-the-21st-century.html)

14 Ir. anggia Murni IalI GP.

H a B i t a t F o R e c o s y s t e m

s o c i o -c u L t u R e ,

a e s t H e t i c s & H u m a n H e a L t H

W a t e R R u n o F F

Green Open Space as a Place for Relaxation and Recreation14f I G U R E . 0 7

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Comparison of Water Runoff Coefficients

of Various landscape Materials

f I G U R E . 0 8

asphaltGravel

Grass on 1-3% SlopeBrick

Sand

Grass on >10% Slope

Porous asphalt

loam Soil

Grass on 3-10% SlopeClay Soil

Grass on Flat landShrubs

Trees

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

95

40

85

75

6560

50

25

3540

45

25

10

Water runoff coefficients shown in the figure above show the significant

difference in the amount of rainwater that is not typically absorbed by

hardscape (asphalt, brick etc.) and softscape (grass etc.). A reasonable

option for areas where hardscape is needed is permeable material such

as porous asphalt and concrete that allows some water to percolate

through to the ground below.

More details on the water run-off and

aquifer are found in the Water Efficiency

user guide.

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A detailed list of vegetation commonly

used in urban landscape is in Appendix A.

03 design principles

this section provides some design principles for complying with the code requirements given above and also describes some best practices that exceed the requirements.

Landscape elements are usually classified as softscape or hardscape.

Softscape typically includes flowers, plants, shrubs, trees, flower beds

and similar live, horticultural elements. Hardscape in contrast, consists

of inanimate objects of a landscape such as roads, walkways, pavers,

stones, rocks, etc.

Efficient softscape includes some or all of these elements:

indigenous plant species: that do not consume too much water.

Groundcover: plants whose height is no more than 0.5 meters, which

bind the soil together and prevent soil erosion. Grass turf does not usually

provide the environmental microclimatic benefits of larger shrubs and

trees, while requiring much higher maintenance. Turf should only be used

in areas where they are required for active use, such as a playground, or

a walking area. for all other softscape areas, shrubs and trees should be

considered.

shrubs: plants with heights less than 50 cm are considered as Bushes,

whereas shrubs have a height of between 0.5-3 m. These plants often

serve as barriers to erosion and noise.

palms: these tree species from tropical climates typically have a tall,

straight, unbranched stem, with a low canopy density, thus making them

less effective in blocking and absorbing solar radiation. If at all used, palm

trees should be mixed with trees of larger canopies.

Bamboo: Similar to palms, bamboos have small canopies and therefore

cannot block much solar radiation. However, they grow fast and can act as

sound, light or pollution screens.

shade trees: are generally with a height more than 6m with a wide and

dense canopy of about 10 m width in a fully grown tree. Shade trees

should be used wherever possible to get optimum microclimatic benefits.

01.02.

03.

04.

05.

06.

S O f T S C A p E1 .

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Zoning refers to grouping vegetation of similar water requirements for

efficient irrigation system. This provides greater efficiency in irrigation and

landscape maintenance.

Vertical garden incorporates plants on the external façade of the building.

It could be done through climbing plants with self-clinging roots growing

directly on coarse building surfaces, cascading plants in roof planters, or

through specialized vertical planter boxes.

A Singapore study, using an air temperature prediction model STEVE,

(Screening Tool for Estate Environment Evaluation), shows that air

temperature in the high density urban areas can be reduced significantly

due to use of vertical gardens.

z o n i n G

V e R t i c a L G R e e n e R y

Types of Vertical Greenery

Impact of Vertical Gardens on air Temperature15

f I G U R E . 0 9

f I G U R E . 1 0

G R e e n W a l l

G R e e n F a C a d e S

With Pots With Rewind Wall

Modular Trails

Grid System

Wire-rope net System

l I V I n G W a l l

landscape Wall

Vegetated Mat Wall

Modular living Wall

minimum estate air temperature without vertical greenery systems

minimum estate air temperature with 100% vertical greenery systems coverage

15 nyuk Hien, Wong. evaluation of Vertical Greenery system. national University of Singapore.

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16 Budiman Hendropurnomo, IaI, FRaIa.17 Ir. anggia Murni IalI GP.

Vertical Greenery at esa Sampoerna Center Building,

Surabaya. PT duta Cermat Mandiri (dCM)16

f I G U R E . 1 1

Types of Vertical Garden17

f I G U R E . 1 2

modular trellis Grid system Wire Rope net system

Landscape Wall Vegetated mat Wall modular Living Wall

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Some examples of vertical greenery are shown in following pictures.

Vertical Greenery by Support System18

Vertical Greenery using a Cassette System19

Vertical Greenery using a Planter System20

f I G U R E . 1 3

f I G U R E . 1 4

f I G U R E . 1 5

18 duta Cermat Mandiri.19 nurina Vidya.20 nurina Vidya.

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Vertical Greenery using a Climber with Planterbox21

examples of Greenery on Terraces and Roofs22

f I G U R E . 1 6

f I G U R E . 1 7

21 Tropica Greeneries.22 nurina Vidya & agus Hariyadi

more information on design and installation of vertical greenery can be found in:Singapore Building Construction authority’s Vertical Greenery Guide (http://www.skyrisegreenery.com/images/uploads/publications/A_Concise_Guide_to_Safe_Practices_for_Vertical_Greenery.pdf)

Green roof is an engineered roofing system that includes vegetation

planted on roofs or terraces, usually in a growing medium above a

waterproof membrane.

G R e e n R o o F

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Green roofs can be classified as “extensive” or “intensive”, based on the

plant type and method used.

I n T e n S I V e G R e e n R O O F e x T e n S I V e G R e e n R O O F

typical vegetation

planting medium depth

additional weight

maintenance

Roof usability

Grasses, shrubs, and trees

Up to 1500 mm

Up to 500 kg/m2

High maintenance

Grasses, groundcover

Up to 150 mm

Up to 150 kg/m2

low maintenance

no activities

Typical Cross Section Built-in-place Green Roof

Typical Cross Section Modular Green Roof

an intensive green roof (left) and an extensive

green roof on the top of a multi-storey car park in

Singapore23

f I G U R E . 1 8

f I G U R E . 1 9

f I G U R E . 2 0

Green roof plants

Green roof plants

Insulation board

Insulation board

Metal decking

Metal decking

drain core/root barrier composite

Roofing membrane

non combustile “no vegetation”zone (18 inches wide at perimeter)

Concrete pavers at perimeter

Growth media retainer

engineered growth media

Green roof modules

23 Harris, elise, Urban agriculture to Increase Food Production in Singapore, 2009. (http://radicalurbanecology.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/urban-agriculture-to-increase-food-production-in-singapore-elise-harris.pdf)

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potential benefits of Green roofs include:

• Rainwater retention: Green roofs retain rainwater, thus reducing run-

off into storm water drains

• Reduction in heat island effect: Green roofs can lower air temperature

in its surroundings through evaporation from soil and plant surfaces.

• increased biodiversity: Green roofs, along with vertical greenery can

partially restore the habitat and migratory paths for birds and insects.

Studies have shown that butterflies can go as high as 20 floors to

access green spaces.

• usable recreation area: Accessible Green roofs provide additional

usable area for recreation and relaxation, which sometimes increases

property value as well.

• Food production: Growing vegetables and herbs on green roofs and

vertical gardens can provide fresh produce to the building occupants at

low costs, even in dense urban areas. If occupants are involved in urban

farming, it can provide social benefits as well.

• Reduced cooling load: Green roofs can significantly reduce roof

surface temperatures through shading, increased surface reflectance

and evaporative cooling effect of plants. A US study showed a 21oC

reduction in maximum average temperature on the Green roof (54oC) as

compared to a conventional roof (33oC), which could reduce cooling load

from 1%-25%, depending on building characteristics24. Obviously, the

potential benefits are higher for buildings that have more area available

for green roofs.

Some of the challenges with Green roofs are:

• Higher first costs: There might be additional costs for constructing

green roofs, to account for the extra load and water proofing

requirements. In addition, there are costs for plants, soil, drainage

system etc. Green roof costs from Singapore (figure below) show an

average USD 100/m2 additional cost for continuous extensive roof and

USD 240/m2 for intensive roof.

additional Cost of Common Green Roofs

in Singapore25

f I G U R E . 2 1

24 Sonne, Jeffrey, evaluating Green Roof energy Performance, 2006, american Society of Heating, Refrigerating and air-conditioning engineers (aSHRae). (http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/pdf/FSEC-CR-1659-06.pdf)

25 Mithraratne, nalanie, Greenroofs in Singapore: How Green are They?, Proceedings of SB13 Singapore Conference, 2012. (http://rpsonline.com.sg/rps2prod/sb13/pdf/131.pdf)

Continuous extensive

Intensive

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

life

Cyc

le C

ost

(U

Sd

/m2 )

Year 0 Year 10Year 5 Year 15 Year 20

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• increased maintenance: It is estimated that around 20% of plants on

intensive green roofs and 10% of the plants on extensive green roof

need to be replaced annually. fertilising, weeding and pruning on Green

roofs need to be done on a regular basis. Modular roofs require the

most maintenance effort, due to the limited useful life of planting trays.

Therefore, maintenance tends to be a significant cost and effort for

green roofs.

• Low roof area availability: Due to the high density and land prices,

most new construction in Jakarta is high-rise. After the mechanical

equipment and water tanks are placed on the roof, typically only a

small part of the roof is available to have a green roof. More green

roof area could be made available by placing the mechanical equipment

somewhere else, and by designing the building to have terraces and

roofs at multiple levels.

more information on design and installation of Green roofs can be found in:Singapore Building Construction authority’s Rooftop Greenery Guide (http://www.skyrisegreenery.com/images/uploads/publications/A_Concise_Guide_to_Safe_Practices_for_Rooftop_Greenery.pdf)

lifetime energy of Common Green Roofs in

Singapore26

f I G U R E . 2 2

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

life

Cyc

le e

ner

gy

(GI/1

000m

2 )

100mm Continuous Green Roof 70mm Modular Green Roof 70mm Intensive Green Roof

Initial ConstructionMaintenance

end-of-life disposal

26 Mithraratne, nalanie, Greenroofs in Singapore: How Green are They?, Proceedings of SB13 Singapore Conference, 2012. (http://rpsonline.com.sg/rps2prod/sb13/pdf/131.pdf)

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Irrigation water consumption can be reduced through some of these

options:

automatic irrigationAutomatic irrigation uses system controllers such as rain sensors that

prevent sprinkler systems from turning on during and immediately after

rainfall, or soil moisture sensors that activate sprinklers only when soil

moisture levels drop below pre-programmed levels.

drip irrigationDrip irrigation is made up of flexible polyethylene pipe, usually installed on

the surface of the ground and covered by mulch, with small drip emitters

that are either plugged into holes punched in the tubing or molded directly

into it. Drip irrigation could be controlled by a manual or an automatic

control valve.

Direct application of water into the soil results in little runoff, no spray

drift, and consequently no wasted water or safety problems. Drip

systems are nearly 100% efficient, delivering all the water to the root

zone of the plants in an even pattern throughout the area. fewer weeds

grow in the surrounding soil as it is not irrigated. Installation costs are

comparable to (or lower than) those of a sprinkler system, and operational

water consumption cost is also lower. Drip irrigation systems should be

carefully design and maintained to prevent blockage and breakage.

W a t e R i n G

Soil Moisture Sensors

drip Irrigation System27

f I G U R E . 2 3

f I G U R E . 2 4

Minimum soil depth line

Soil

Sensor pads

Appendix B compares the various types of sprinklers and drip

irrigation systems in more detail.

27 Gardena. Water Your Garden the Smart Way - Save Time and Money (http://www.gardena.com/za/garden-life/garden-magazine/water-your-garden-the-smart-way-save-time-and-money/)

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alternative Water sourcesTo further reduce water consumption, alternative sources of irrigation

such as greywater, reclaimed water, and collected rainwater should be

considered.

Greywater is untreated household waste water from bath room sinks,

showers, bathtubs, and clothes washing machines, whereas reclaimed water

is waste water that has been treated to levels suitable for nonpotable uses.

Use of reclaimed water, rainwater and greywater can substantially reduce

water consumption in most buildings.

more information on high efficiency irrigation systems is available in: efficient Irrigation for Water Conservation Guideline by Queensland Water Commission, australia (http://www.dews.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/33635/efficient-irrigation-guideline.pdf)

This issue is covered in more detail in the Water Management

and Efficiency section of the guidelines.

Efficient hardscape includes some or all these elements:

pervious (or permeable) materials allow water to percolate into the

ground. Impervious hardscapes exacerbate many environmental problems

such as heat island effect, downstream erosion, soil pollution, and water

pollution. They cause stormwater runoff to overwhelm and contaminate

municipal sewer systems, resulting in increased costs for wastewater

management and other municipal services. The results are also damaging

to the natural environment.

There are many types of pervious pavement and construction methods

available in the market to replace asphalt or solid concrete. Generic

pervious materials are listed below.

H A R D S C A p E2 .

p e R V i o u s ( o R

p e R m e a B L e ) m a t e R i a L s

T A B L E . 0 1M a T e R I a l U S e

porous Grass or turf

Gravel Grass

clay Brick

concrete pavers

porous cement concrete

stone

plastic (polyethylene) pavers

porous asphalt concrete

Pedestrian and light vehicular traffic; usually made of plastic geocell material or a perforated concrete grid; while infill is of soil media.

Flexible; functions well in extreme conditions (shrinks and swells easily); often made from recycled materials.

Pedestrian walkways, plazas.

Pedestrian walkways (may sustain traffic loads, but requires careful snow removal procedures).

Parking lots.

Walkways, plazas.

Parking lots, pathways, emergency lanes.

Parking lots, highway shoulders, walkways.

Previous Construction Materials

03.

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for vehicular and pedestrian pavements, pervious concrete, porous

asphalt, and permeable interlocking concrete pavement are feasible

choices.

porous asphalt and other pervious materials cost 10-40% more

than standard asphalt on a unit area basis. This is primarily from the

installation of a filter layer and porous stone bed that is usually deeper

than conventional hardscape bases. However, pervious surfaces

decrease or eliminate the need for detention ponds and significantly

reduce water run-off.

pervious concretepervious concrete is a durable, high porosity concrete that allows water

and air to pass through it. A 25 to 30 cm thick subgrade aggregate base

holds the water until it can soak into the soil.

porous asphalt pavementfast and easy to construct, these are similar to pervious concrete. Water

drains through the porous asphalt and into the stone sub-base and then

infiltrates into the soil. In contrast to pervious concrete, however, the

stone sub-base for porous asphalt is often 45 to 90 cm deep.

01.

02.

Cross Section and Photograph of Pervious

Concrete Construction

Cross Section of Porous asphalt Installation

f I G U R E . 2 5

f I G U R E . 2 6

Previous concretetyp. 5 to 8 in (125 to 200 mm) thick

Stone subbase—thickness varies with design

Optional geotextile on bottom and sides of open-graded base


Soil subgrade

Porous asphalt(75 mm thick)

Bedding course(50 mm thick)

In stone for overflow drainage


Soil subgrade

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permeable interlocking concrete pavementpermeable Interlocking Concrete pavement (pICp) is similar to both

pervious concrete and porous asphalt in infiltration rate, but differs in

that the pavement surface is composed of concrete pavers separated by

0.3 to 1.25 cm wide joints filled with aggregate. The pavers themselves

are not pervious, but the joints between the pavers are, which accounts

for the high infiltration rates. The sub-base stone serves as a reservoir

for water that has filtered through the aggregate-filled joints.

03.

Cross Section of a Permeable Interlocking

Concrete Pavement Installation

f I G U R E . 2 7

Concrete Pavement with aggregate in the

Gaps28

f I G U R E . 2 8

28 Jatmika Suryabrata.

Soil subgrade



4 in (100 mm) thick stone open-grade base

Bedding course 1.5 to 2 in (40 to 50 mm) thick

Concrete pavements min. 3.5 in (80 mm) thick

Curb/edge restraint with cutouts for overflow drainage

aggregate in openings

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Vegetated paving systemVegetated paving system typically used in driveways and other areas

so that water soaks in and is used by plants rather than going into the

gutter. These systems were designed to be used with lawn grasses, but,

can be used with other plants too.

04.

T A B L E . 0 2

COlOR & TexTURe

COSTReCYCled

COnTenT & ReUSeInSTallaTIOn

Surface Cleaning Repairs

M a I n T e n a n C e

comparison of previous paving materials29

pervious concrete pavement

permeable interlocking concrete pavement

porous asphalt

limited range

Wide range

Black or shades of gray

Competitive with permeable interlocking concrete pavement.

Competitive with pervious concrete pavement and porous asphalt; life cycle cost may be lower than these 2 products in some markets.

less expensive than permeable interlocking concrete and pervious pavement.

Generally not manufactured with recycled aggregate or cement substitutes; concrete can be crushed and recycled.

Manufactured units can accomodate cement substitutes; paver can be crushed and reycled.

Generally not manufactured with recycled asphalt or recycled aggregate be crushed and recycled; pavement can be crushed and reycled.

Cast in place; requires formwork; requires seven-day curing period.

Manufactured unit of uniform size, no formwork required, can be mechanically installed, can be use immediately after installation.

Requires no formwork; temperature of the mix is critical to project success; requires 24-hour curing period.

Vacuum-sweep and pressure-wash to remove sediment ad surface debris.

Vacuum-sweep to remove sediment ad surface debris.

Vacuum-sweep and pressure-wash to remove sediment ad surface debris.

damage or highly clogged areas can be cut out and replaced; repaired area needs to cure before use; repaired area will not match original material.

Unit and agregate can be removed, repaired, and replaced; repaired area will match surrounding area.

limited repair potential;can patch with impervious material; repair will not match original material.

29 Interlocking concrete pavement Institute. (www.icp1.org)

Vegetated Paving System

f I G U R E . 2 9

Grass

Topsoil

Turfwave

leveling Sand

Gravel

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High Reflectance Hardscape materialsHigh reflectance hardscape materials are paving materials with high solar

reflectance (albedo), such as light colored concrete. These materials absorb

less solar radiation, thus remaining cooler. Since they do not absorb much

heat, they can be used for reducing urban heat island effect.

more information on “cool pavements” is available in the publication:Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies; Cool Pavements by US environmental Protection agency (http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/resources/pdf/CoolPavesCompendium.pdf)

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appendix

L E G E N D

P l a n T C a R e R e Q U I R e M e n T S

P l a n T U S e / C H a R a C T e R I S T I C

P a l M C H a R a C T e R I S T I C

P l a n T H a B I T S

Requireslots of Water

Fan-shaped leaves

Ornamental Foliage

Climbers

Requires Moderate Water

Feather-shaped leaves

Ornamental Flowers

Ferns & allies

Palms

Requireslittle Water

Bipinnateleaves

Fragrant Plant Shrubs

PrefersFull Shade

Simpleleaves

drought Tolerant

Suitable for Seaside Planting

WaysideTree/Palm

aquatic Plant

Bonsai

Indoor Plant

attracts Butterflies

attractsBirds

Cycads

TreesPrefersFull Sun

Cluster

PrefersSemi Shade

Single Trunk

no Trunk

A p p E N D I x A .

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Fruits & Vegetables

Herbs & Spices

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A p p E N D I x A . (continued)

no. BOTanICal naMe

COMMOn naMe

lOCal naMe FaMIlY SOURCeIMaGe

1.

2.

Samanea saman

Mimusops elengi

Rain Tree, Pukul lima, Monkey-Pod Tree, east Indian Walnut

Tanjong Tree, Mengkulah, Mengkulang, Spanish Cherry

Trembesi, Ki Hujan, Saman

Tanjung

Fabaceae (leguminosae)

Private collection

http://arainbrothersnursery.com/images/pictures/full-images/Trees/Mimusops%20elengi,%20Molsiri.bmp

T R e e S

4.

6.

3.

5.

Swietenia mahogany

Khaya senegalensis

Cordia sebestena

Tabebuia argentea

Tanjong Tree, Mengkulah, Mengkulang, Spanish Cherry

Senegal Khaya, Senegal Mahogany

Geiger tree, Sebestens

Mahoni

Khaya

Jati emas

Tabebuia Kuning

Meliaceae

Meliaceae

Private collection

Private collection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_in_new_leaves_I_IMG_6222.jpg

http://www.oramsnurseries.com.au/khaya_senegalensis_africianMahogany.jpg

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no. BOTanICal naMe

COMMOn naMe


8.

9.

Spathodea campanulata

Polyalthia longifolia

african Tulip Tree, Flame of the forest

Cemetery tree, asoka Tree, mempisang

Kecrutan

Glodokan tiang

Private collection

T R e e S

11.

7.

10.

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Filicium decipiens

Bauhinia x blakeana

Rose of India, Queens Crape Myrtle

Fern tree

Hong Kong Bauhinia, Hong Kong Orchid Tree, Butterfly Tree

Bungur

Kiarai payung

Bunga Kupu-Kupu

Meliaceae

Private collection

Private collection

http://zoneten.com/_borders/Filicium%20decipiens.jpg

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no. BOTanICal naMe

COMMOn naMe


14.

15.

Erythrina crista-galli

Hibiscus tiliceaues

dadap Merah

Waru

Private collection

T R e e S

1.

2.

Livistona chinensis

Roystonea regia

Chinensis fan palm, Chinese fountain palm

Cuban royal palm, Florida royal palm, royal palm

Palm sinensis

Palm raja

aracaceae

Private collection

Private collection

P a l M S

13.

12.

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Callistemon citrinus Crimson Bottlebrush, lemon Bottlebrush, Bottlebrush Tree

Yellow Flame, Copper Pod, Rusty Shield Bearer, Batai laut

Yellow Flame

Sikat Botol

Private collection

http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/.a/6a00d8341c630a53ef013480477f22970c-pi

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1.

2.

3.

Bougainvillea sp

Codiaeum sp

Ixora sp

Bugenvil

Puring

Soka

Private collection

Private collection

Private collection


no. BOTanICal naMe

COMMOn naMe


4.

5.

Acalypha macrophylla

Excoecaria cochinchinensis variegata

Teh-tehan

Sambang darah variegata

Fabaceae (leguminosae)

Private collection

Private collection

S H R U B S

7.

6.

Caesalpinia pulcherrima

Nerium oleander pink

Kembang merak

Oleander Private collection

Private collection

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no. BOTanICal naMe

COMMOn naMe


11.

12.

Syzigium oleana

Osmoxylum lineare

Pucuk merah

aralia

Private collection

Private collection

13. Gardenia jasminoides Kaca piring

Private collection

S H R U B S

9.

10.

8.

Ruellia malacosperma

Cordyline sp

Canna sp

Ruelia

Hanjuang

Kana Private collection

Private collection

Private collection

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14.

16.

17.

15.

Hibiscus rosasinensis

Scindapsus aureus

Pseuderanthemum reticulatum

Rhoeo discolor

Kembang sepatu

Sirih belanda

Melati jepang

adam hawa

Private collection

Private collection

Private collection

Private collection


no. BOTanICal naMe

COMMOn naMe


18. Philodendron sp Pilo Private collection

S H R U B S

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A p p E N D I x B .

eFFICIenT IRRIGaTIOn SYSTeM eMITTeRS

exaMPle PaRTICIPaTIOn RaTe

OUTPUT RanGe

exaMPle eMITTeR

exaMPleHow to achieve target 200 (litres per person per day) if all of weekley outdoor water use allocation is used for watering garden or lawn.

Persons per household

2 (700 l) 4 (1400 l)

2 litres/hour to 8 litres/ hour; or 0.03 litres/min to 0.13 litres/min

25 litres/hour to 150 litres/ hour; or 0.4 litres/min to 2.5 litres/min

4 litres/min to 8 litres/min

0.66 litres/metres/min to 1.16 litres/metres/min; or 33 litres/minute to 58 litres/minute for 50 metres

87 emitters for one hour

112 emitters for 15 minutes


50 metres for 20 minutes






174 emitters for one hour








8 litres/hour

25 litres/hour

4 litres/minute

1.6 litres/hour at 40 cm spacing

75 litres/hour

6 litres/minute

6 litres/minute

125 litres/hour

8 litres/minute

10 mm per hour if spaced 80 cm apart

10 mm per 50 minutes if spaced 2 m apart


10 mm per 15 minutes for 50 metres



10 mm per 15 minutes for 50 metres



d R I P P e R S

M I C R O S P R a Y e R

F I x e d S P a R Y e R (Including Pop-up Sprinkles and Gear drives)

d R I P - l I n e P R e S S U R e C O M P e n S a T e d (50 metres)

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A p p E N D I x B . (continued)

eFFICIenT SPRInKleR

OUTPUT RanGe

exaMPle exaMPleHow to achieve target 200 efficient watering of garden and lawn (weekley)

1.18 litres/minute to 6.4 litres/minute

2 x 30 minute periods per week @ 7 litres/minute will use 420 litres.

2 x 30 minute periods per week @ 9 litres/minute will use 540 litres.

7 litres/minute

Dinas PengawasanDan Penertiban bangunanPemerintah Provinsi DKi JaKarta

Jalan Taman Jati Baru no. 1 Jakarta Barat t. (62-21) 856 342f. (62-21) 856 732

www.dppb.jakarta.go.id

Documents

JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE VOL. 6 Landscape MANAGEMENT · jakarta green building user guide vol. 6 ... jakarta green building user guide vol. 6 landscape management ... 2006;