IV.E.2. Light & Glare Artificial Light Wilshire

Wilshire Grand Redevelopment Project IV.E.2 Artificial Light & Glare Draft Environmental Impact Report Page IV.E.2-1

IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS E. LIGHT & GLARE

2. ARTIFICAL LIGHT & GLARE

This Section includes an analysis of the artificial light and glare that would be cast by the Project and cumulative artificial light and glare cast by existing development, other related development that may occur in the future near the Project Site, and the Project.

The information in this Section is summarized from the following reports, which can be found in Appendix IV.E to this EIR:

• Wilshire Grand Redevelopment Project Integrated Electronic Display Analysis and Recommendation of Mitigation Measures, prepared by The Lighting Design Alliance, May 2010.

Note to reader: This Section is assembled differently from the other sections in this EIR. All of the tables and figures referenced in this Section are included at the end of the Section.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

a. Introduction

i. Artificial Light

ii. Glare

b. Existing Conditions

i. Artificial Light

ii. Glare

c. Existing Regulations

2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

a. Thresholds of Significance

i. Artificial Light

ii. Glare

b. Project Design Features

i. Construction Lighting

ii. Building Interior and Exterior Lighting

iii. Signage

City of Los Angeles July 2010


iv. Glare

c. Project Impacts

i. Project Activities

ii. Project Impacts

(1) Impacts at the Eastern Boundary

(a) Construction

(b) Interior and Exterior Lighting

(c) Signage

(d) Glare

(2) Impacts on the Southern Boundary

(a) Construction


(c) Signage

(d) Glare

(3) Impacts of the Western Boundary

(a) Construction


(c) Signage

(d) Glare

(4) Impacts of the Northern Boundary

(a) Construction


(c) Signage

(d) Glare

d. Land Use Equivalency Program

e. Design Flexibility Program

3. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS



4. PROJECT DESIGN FEATURES AND MITIGATION MEASURES

5. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE AFTER MITIGATION



1. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

a. Introduction

i. Artificial Light

The term “artificial light” in this analysis refers to man-made evening and nighttime light. Artificial light sources are generally of two types, including: (1) point sources of light which include unshielded light sources (e.g., lenses or lamp reflectors); and (2) illuminated surfaces which may include light reflected off of the ground, walls, or trees. According to the L.A. CEQA Thresholds Guide, light-sensitive uses are those that light has the potential to interfere with certain functions, including vision, sleep, privacy, and general enjoyment of the natural nighttime vicinity.1 Residential uses are considered light-sensitive because they are typically occupied during the evening hours, and are occupied by persons who have expectations of privacy. Artificial light sources can be potentially invasive and interfere with residential privacy by intruding into an individual’s living environment, disrupting evening views, and potentially changing neighborhood character. According to the L.A. CEQA Thresholds Guide, additional light-sensitive land uses may include, but are not limited to, board and care facilities, commercial or institutional uses that require minimal nighttime illumination for proper function, physical comfort, or commerce and natural areas.2

Artificial light impacts are of two types: (1) aesthetics; and (2) exposure. Light aesthetics refers to the viewer’s general aesthetic perception of light sources and their environment and focuses on the visual changes which take place as seen by an individual. Light exposure refers to the quantity of light, or light intensity, emitted by light sources and received by an individual. Light aesthetics and light exposure are each evaluated using different criteria, as described later in this Section.

Light aesthetics are evaluated based on the following criteria:

• Changes in sky glow (the general white-to-orange glow that emanates from large expanses of lit area, such as cities). Substantial (i.e., highly noticeable) increases in sky glow could impact nighttime aesthetics by reducing the clarity of the night sky;

• Proximity to light sources (i.e., a lit area within close proximity to a certain location would have a greater impact upon that location than a lit area further away); and

• Changes in large areas from unlit to lit conditions.

1 L.A. CEQA Threshold Guide, page A.4-1.

2 L.A. CEQA Threshold Guide, page A.4-1.



ii. Glare

Glare is a lighting condition that causes an observer to experience visual discomfort as a result of high brightness. Glare is common throughout the City of Los Angeles (the “City”) and urbanized areas in general and can be caused by either: (1) the reflection of the sun off reflective surfaces during the day (i.e., daytime glare); or (2) the reflection of artificial light sources (i.e., automobile headlights, special events lighting) off reflective surfaces at night (i.e., nighttime glare).

The generation of substantial amounts of daytime glare is dependent on two factors: (1) the presence of mid- to high-rise buildings, signs, or thematic elements that include reflective building materials (i.e., glass, metals) which provide the opportunity for the reflection of sunlight;3 and (2) the location of such uses in highly visible areas. “Highly visible areas” include areas where all of the following apply: (1) the glare source is within close proximity to a glare-sensitive use; (2) the glare-sensitive use has a direct and unobstructed line-of-site of the glare source; and (3) the glare source is located north, east, or west, but not south, of the glare-sensitive use. Due to the latitude of Los Angeles County, the sun does not shine on glare sources from due north. In other words, when the sun reaches its highest point in the sky for the year (on the summer solstice), it is not located in a position where it would shine on the north faces of buildings or other sources of glare. Since the sun must shine on a reflective surface to be reflected back as glare, glare-sensitive uses in Los Angeles are not impacted by glare sources that are located to the south of the glare-sensitive use.

The generation of substantial amounts of nighttime glare is dependent on the same factors as is the generation of daytime glare (i.e., buildings, signs, or thematic elements that include reflective materials and location of such uses in highly visible areas). Lighting may also result in nighttime glare. Nighttime glare can be generated in any direction, so long as the glare sources, e.g., reflective buildings, and glare-sensitive uses are within close proximity (several hundred feet) to one another. As no adopted City policies exist regarding the measurement of reflective glare impacts, the determination of significance is generally subjective and relative to existing conditions. Adopted policies regarding contrasting light foot-candles (light intensity), however, can be applicable to bright signage in residential areas.

b. Existing Conditions

i. Artificial Light

High levels of nighttime lighting currently exist in the downtown Los Angeles area, generated in part by vehicle headlights, streetlights, illuminated signage on restaurants, hotels, and other commercial buildings, building facades, and in part by interior and exterior lighting emanating from high-rises and landscaping lighting. Artificial light impacts are largely a function of proximity. The Project Site is

3 Mid to high-rise structures which include reflective building materials are necessary for the generation of

substantial amounts of daytime glare because only large surface areas can reflect the sun for any extended period of time. This is due to the fact that, from the perspective of an observer on earth, the sun is constantly moving, making reflective glare transitory. The larger the surface, the longer the sun can hit this surface, and the longer reflective glare can be generated.



located within an urban environment, so that light emanating from any one source contributes to rather than is solely responsible for lighting impacts on a particular use. Since development surrounding the Project Site is already impacted by lighting from existing development within the area, new light sources must occupy a highly visible amount of the field of view of light-sensitive uses to have any notable effect.

The Project Site is currently developed with the 16-story Wilshire Grand Hotel and Centre and is surrounded by mid- to high-rise commercial office towers in all directions. As such, the Project area, including the Project Site, already provides substantially high levels of ambient nighttime lighting.

The areas immediately to the north, east, south, and west of the Project Site are also characterized by high ambient lighting levels typical of urban areas. In addition, the surrounding mid- to-high-rise commercial office buildings contain multiple ambient light sources, including interior office uses, exterior security lighting, and signage. Additionally, along 7th Street, at the southern edge of the Project Site, along Wilshire Boulevard, at the northern edge of the Project Site, and Figueroa Street, at the eastern edge of the Project Site, a high level of artificial light sources currently exists that is typical of major streets in Southern California. Lighting along these thoroughfares includes street lights, illuminated signage, interior/exterior building lights, outdoor activity lights, parking lot lights, security lights, and vehicle headlights. Relatively high levels of ambient light also characterize these areas. Office uses are not considered light sensitive since they are generally not in use during the evening hours, although many of these uses maintain interior and landscape lighting during the late hours for the purpose of maintenance and security.

In the vicinity of the Project Site, sensitive uses to nighttime light and glare include: residential uses to the north which include the Piero; to the east which include the Pegasus, the Roosevelt, and 655 South Hope Street; to the south which include the Gas Co. Lofts, the Market Lofts, the Skyline Condominiums, the South Park Lofts, the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising (FIDM) apartment building, 717 Olympic, and the Concerto (currently under construction); and to the west which include the Medici, the TENTEN, the Glo apartments, the 1100 Wilshire residential building, the San Lucas apartments, and the Flat. In addition, in the vicinity of the Project Site, sensitive uses to nighttime light and glare include: private club and hotel uses to the north which include the Jonathan Club; to the east which include the Westin Bonaventure Hotel, the Standard Hotel, and the California Club; and to the south which includes the Sheraton Hotel.

These uses experience high levels of ambient lighting typical of the downtown area. Because of distance and intervening development, these areas do not directly experience light levels generated from the existing uses on the Project Site, but do perceive the ambient glow that is generated by the Project Site and surrounding uses, including the mid- to high-rise towers located in the Project area.

ii. Glare

Sources of glare in the Project area include building windows, light-colored building surfaces and cement parking lots, metal surfaces, and car windshields. Sensitive receptors relative to daytime glare from reflected sunlight include motorists traveling on the adjacent roadways and adjacent office uses. At the Project Site, the primary source of glare is associated with Wilshire Grand Hotel and Centre façade,



which includes windows on each of the 16-stories. The drop-off/valet area, which is at street level and is visible from Wilshire Boulevard, is a source of reflective light, occurring from windshield glass and other reflective surfaces on parked automobiles, during certain hours of the day.

c. Existing Regulations

Chapter IX, Article 3, Section 93.0117 of the City of Los Angeles Municipal Code (LAMC) provides that no person shall construct, establish, create, or maintain any stationary exterior light source that may cause the following locations to either be illuminated by more than two footcandles of lighting intensity or receive direct glare from the light source:

1) Any exterior glazed window or sliding glass door on any other property containing a residential unit or units.

2) Any elevated habitable porch, deck, or balcony on any other property containing a residential unit or units.

3) Any ground surface intended for uses such as recreation, barbecue, or lawn areas on any other property containing a residential unit or units.

In addition, the City of Los Angeles Bureau of Street Lighting maintains a list of general street lighting issues which would be applicable to the Project, addressing the need for determination of roadway and sidewalk illumination levels in accordance with Illuminating Engineers Society (IES) standards and adopted City standards; the necessity for equipment testing and approval of the Bureau of Street Lighting; mandatory street tree placement at least 20 feet from existing or proposed streetlights; and the minimization of glare and light impacts on private off-site property.

Building permits must be obtained from the Department of Building and Safety for any proposed signs, and electrical permits must be obtained for signs illuminated by electrical lighting. Specific LAMC requirements and restrictions are dependent on signage type, design, construction, materials, and potential for hazard to traffic.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

a. Thresholds of Significance

i. Artificial Light

The L.A. CEQA Thresholds Guide states that a determination of significance relative to nighttime illumination shall be made on a case-by-case basis, considering the following factors:

• The change in ambient illumination levels as a result of project sources; and

• The extent to which project lighting would spill off the project site and effect adjacent light-sensitive areas.



Based on these factors, the Project would have a significant impact if:

• The Project includes high brightness- illuminated surfaces that are directly visible outside of the Project Site from residential properties or routinely usable outdoor spaces associated with commercial or institutional uses such as outdoor eating areas;

• The Project results in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions (i.e., going from a large, unlit, or dimly lit portions of the Project Site to an urbanized lit condition);

• Project lighting interferes with the performance of an off-site activity; or

• The Project includes lighting sources that generate light intensity levels of 2.0 footcandles or more at any residential property line outside of the Project Site.

ii. Glare

The L.A. CEQA Thresholds Guide does not expressly address the issue of daytime or nighttime glare. As noted previously, glare is a lighting condition that causes an observer to experience visual discomfort as a result of high brightness. This discomfort would be significant if the glare were experienced by an observer located at fixed point for an extended period of time. For purposes of this EIR, the following thresholds have been utilized:

• Daytime glare impacts would be significant if future mid- to high-rise on-site buildings, signage or thematic elements that incorporate substantial amounts of reflective building materials occur in areas that are highly visible to off-site glare-sensitive uses.

• Nighttime glare impacts would be significant if future on-site buildings, signage or thematic elements which incorporate reflective building materials occur in close proximity to both glare sensitive uses and motor vehicle traffic or are illuminated by high brightness special effects or event lighting associated with Project.

b. Project Design Features

i. Construction Lighting

• All lighting related to construction activities shall be shielded or directed to restrict any direct illumination onto property located outside of the Project Site boundaries that is improved with light-sensitive uses.

• Construction hours shall generally be 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Monday through Friday and 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Saturday.



ii. Building Interior and Exterior Lighting

• Exterior lighting included within the Project shall incorporate fixtures and light sources that focus light on-site to minimize light trespass.

• Project lighting shall comply with LAMC Section 93.0117. As such, Project lighting shall not cause more than 2.0 footcandles of lighting intensity or direct glare from the light source at any residential property. This project design feature shall preclude exceedance of the significance threshold listed previously regarding lighting sources that generate light intensity levels of 2.0 footcandles or more at the property line of a residential use. Therefore, impacts of all Project lighting would be less than significant with respect to this specific threshold.

iii. Signage

The system of signs and identity elements for the Project is intended to contribute to a lively, colorful, artistic, and exciting pedestrian atmosphere along the major arterials linking the Los Angeles Sports and Entertainment District and Convention Center to the Financial Core. Signage regulations set forth in the Signage Supplemental Use District (Wilshire Grand SUD) would establish criteria for both opportunities and constraints of new identity elements of the Project. The Wilshire Grand SUD would set forth requirements governing the allowable sign types, locations, maximum size or coverage, hours of operation, and type of animation or controlled refresh for new signage. Project signage could include large-scale animated and static signs designed to convey a business, product, service, profession, commodity, activity, event, person, institution, brand, or any other commercial or noncommercial message, including Changeable Copy Signs (to be utilized for a scrolling news ribbon) and Integral Electronic Display Signs. Architectural lighting could also comprise any part of the signage program.

(1) Permitted and Prohibited Signs

The Wilshire Grand SUD lists permitted sign types, which include: all signs currently permitted by Section 14.4.2 of the LAMC, Changeable Copy Signs, Integral Electronic Display Signs, Pillar Signs, Pedestrian Signs, and Projected Image Signs. The Wilshire Grand SUD prohibits the following signs: Supergraphics, Billboards; Can Signs; Captive Balloon Signs; Illuminated Canopy Signs; Internally Illuminated Awnings; Luminous vacuum-formed letters; Conventional plastic-faced box, canister, or cabinet signs; Formed plastic-faced boxes or injection-molded plastic signs; Inflatable Devices; Odor-producing Signs or any other prohibited sign pursuant to LAMC Section 14.4.4 B.7; Pole Signs; and Sandwich board signs.

(2) Sign Sub-District

The Wilshire Grand SUD establishes two Sign Sub-Districts. The following are the specific signage requirements for each of these Sign Sub-Districts:



• Sub-District A: This district generally encompasses the portion of the Project that faces Figueroa Street, Wilshire Boulevard, 7th Street, the intersections of Figueroa Street and Wilshire Boulevard and Figueroa Street and 7th Street.

• Sub-District B: This district generally encompasses the portion of the Project along Francisco Street and the intersections of Francisco Street and Wilshire Boulevard and Francisco Street and 7th Street.

(3) Sign Levels

For sign regulation purposes, the Wilshire Grand SUD area is divided into four Vertical Sign Zones or Levels. The purpose of the Sign Levels is to address different sign viewing distances, including pedestrian views from street level, pedestrian views from a distance, views from surrounding areas, and views from vehicles. The Sign Levels are applicable to Permitted Signs in the Wilshire Grand SUD and include the following:

• Level 1: Applicable to all signs located at street level, defined as 0 to 35 feet above grade;

• Level 2: Applicable to all signs located between street level and the roof line of the podium, defined as 36 feet to 150 feet above grade (but not to exceed beyond the level of the roofline of the podium);

• Level 3: Applicable to all signs located above the roof line of the podium or 151 feet above grade, whichever is lower, up to Level 4; and

• Level 4: Applicable to all signs located in the top 10 percent of each building over 170 feet in height above grade.

(4) Sign Animation and Controlled Refresh

There are nine different types of animation, controlled refresh, or static signs (see Table II-5, Types of Animation in Section II. Project Description). The nine types are: Unrestricted Animation; Scroll Animation; Limited Animation I and II; Controlled Refresh I, II, and III; Light Color Animation; and Static signage. New signage in the Wilshire Grand SUD is restricted to each of these types of animation and controlled refresh as shown in Tables II-6 (Sub-District A Sign Regulations) and II-7 (Sub-District B Sign Regulations), (refer to Section II [Project Description]).

Further, all signage proposed under the Project would demonstrate compliance with the applicable provisions of the Outdoor Advertising Act (California Business and Professions Code, Section 5200 et seq), which requires a permit from the California Department of Transportation for the placement of an advertising display within 660 feet from the edge of an interstate highway right-of-way. In addition, LADOT would also be consulted with the adoption of the Wilshire Grand SUD.

Furthermore, pursuant to Section 93.0117 of the LAMC, no stationary exterior light source shall be arranged and illuminated in such a manner as to produce a light intensity of greater than two footcandles



above ambient lighting, as measured at the property line of the nearest residentially zoned property. Upon completion of the Project, a measurement of the lighting levels emitted by the new signage would be taken upon installation and activation to confirm that the light intensity is no more than two footcandles, as measured from surrounding residential uses.

In order to provide a conservative signage analysis pertaining specifically to daytime and nighttime light and glare impacts, as this would be the time when impacts would reach their maximum, renderings have been included. These renderings are shown in Figures IV.E.2-1 (Eastern Viewpoint: Figueroa Street) through IV.E.2-9 (Western Viewpoint: 7th Street). These renderings include:

• Eastern Viewpoint Figueroa Street;

• Southern Viewpoint: 7th Street;

• Distant Southern Viewpoint: Edward R. Roybal; and

• Western Viewpoint: 7th Street.

(5) Sign Classification and Regulations

Tables II-6 (Sub-District A Sign Regulations) and II-7 (Sub-District B Sign Regulations) set forth the signage classification and regulations by Vertical Sign Zone for Sub-District A and B, respectively (refer to Section II, Project Description).

(6) Permitted Sign Coverage and Size

Except as otherwise regulated by the Wilshire Grand SUD, maximum coverage for Levels 1 and 4 would be regulated by LAMC size limitations. The maximum coverage for permitted signs within Levels 2 and 3 of the Wilshire Grand SUD is a percentage of the building façade area, which is the general surface of any exterior wall of a building, not including cornices, bay windows, projections, indentations, or other architectural features or articulation of the exterior surface. The permitted maximum coverages are 80 percent for Level 2, and 60 percent for Level 3, as shown in Tables II-6 (Sub-District A Sign Regulations) and II-7 (Sub-District B Sign Regulations), (refer to Section II [Project Description]).

(7) Sign Hours of Operation

Signs shall be limited in their hours of animation or controlled refresh as shown in Tables II-6 (Sub-District A Sign Regulations) and II-7 (Sub-District B Sign Regulations), (refer to Section II [Project Description]). Light Color Animation and Static signs shall not be limited in their hours of operation.

ii. Glare

• All buildings, parking structures, and signage within the Project Site would be prohibited from using highly reflective building materials such as mirrored glass in exterior façades. Examples of commonly used non-reflective building materials include cement, plaster, concrete, metal, and non-mirrored glass, and would likely include additional materials as technology advances in the future.



• By design, signage does not include large areas of reflective elements, because it would detract from the visibility of the signage. Furthermore, Project buildings would not include large areas of reflective surfaces that could reflect light from such signage into surrounding areas. No high brightness special effects lighting with brightness levels that would exceed the lighting levels of permitted signage would be associated with the Project. On-site buildings, signage or thematic elements would not incorporate reflective building materials or provide a source of auto headlight-related glare in close proximity to glare sensitive uses.

b. Project Impacts

i. Project Activities

The Project proposes a new development on the site currently occupied by the Wilshire Grand Hotel and Centre, a hotel and office building with accessory retail and restaurant uses and subterranean parking. The Project would include the demolition of the existing structure, including existing subterranean parking, vacation of Francisco Street, and redevelopment of the Project Site with a maximum of 560 hotel rooms and/or condo-hotel units, 100 residential dwelling units, 1,500,000 square feet of office uses, and 275,000 square feet of amenity areas including, but not limited to, project-serving retail and restaurant uses, conference and meeting rooms, ballrooms, spa, fitness center, and other ancillary hotel, residential, and office areas. The Project would also include an outdoor plaza at the corner of 7th Street and Figueroa Street. Lobbies, elevators, and amenities for the residential dwelling units may be shared or may be provided separate from the other proposed uses. The types of lighting associated with the proposed uses would include interior lighting, exterior lighting for purposes of pedestrian safety and security, and signage. With the exception of signage lighting, which may include architectural lighting, other lighting associated with the Project would be designed to illuminate specific areas of the Project Site, and although the lighting would be visible from off-site locations and would contribute to the overall ambient glow of the Project Site and immediately surrounding areas, lighting from on-site uses would be designed so as not spill directly onto other light-sensitive areas (see project design features, described previously).

Construction could include nighttime activities involving the use of on-site lighting during demolition, excavation, framing, and building construction. Lighting would include floodlights focused on the work area that would be shielded to focus the light on-site and preclude light trespass onto adjoining properties. The principal effect of nighttime construction lighting would be to increase the overall ambient glow emanating from the Project Site. This analysis assumes that construction hours would generally be from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Monday through Friday and 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Saturday. Additionally, the Project includes a signage plan to allow for installation of signage and lighting of the Project, as described previously, and in Section II (Project Description) of this EIR.

ii. Project Impacts

The Project as described previously would have the potential to alter lighting patterns in the area of the Project Site. Impacts on specific light-sensitive receptors, specifically surrounding residential, hotel, and private club uses or routinely usable outdoor spaces associated with commercial or institutional uses, are addressed below.



(1) Impacts at the Eastern Boundary

Intermittent views of the Project Site would be available from the following light-sensitive uses: the 13-story Pegasus residential building, the 15-story Roosevelt residential building, the 17-story 655 Hope Street residential building, the 12-story Standard Hotel, the eight-story California Club, and the 35-story Westin Bonaventure Hotel. Typically only one side of each of these light-sensitive uses faces the Project Site and furthermore, many, if not all of the residential units (located within a residential use) facing the Project Site, would be blocked from having direct views of the Project Site by intervening structures. In addition to the ambient glow generated by light sources within the Project Site and surrounding areas, views of the 24-story Figueroa Towers Building, the six-story 835 Wilshire Boulevard, the 20-story 811 Wilshire Building, the 18-story Pacific Financial Building, the 62-story Aon Tower at 707 Wilshire, the eight-story 770 Wilshire Building, the 16-story 800 Wilshire Building, the 12-story Fine Arts Building, and an approximate eight-story commercial/office use on the southwest corner of Lebanon Street and Wilshire Boulevard, including interior areas and exterior building lighting and signage, are visible from this area. The locations of these buildings are shown in Figure IV.E.2-10 (Surrounding Areas for Analysis). There are no additional surrounding sensitive uses located within the immediate Project area that would be adversely affected.

(a) Construction

Nighttime construction activities would add to the already high existing ambient light levels that are currently characteristic of the Project Site and immediately surrounding areas. Because of the existing light levels, Project construction lighting would not represent a substantial change in artificial light conditions. Nighttime lighting sources during construction would consist of floodlights that would be focused on the work area to minimize light trespass. Moreover, views of light sources emanating from the Project Site from the Pegasus residential building, the Roosevelt residential building, the 655 Hope Street residential building, the Standard Hotel, the California Club, and the Westin Bonaventure Hotel are currently buffered by existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area. As such, Project construction lighting would not result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other affected light-sensitive uses and would not result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions or interfere with off-site activities. Therefore, impacts related to construction lighting would be less than significant at these locations.


The Project would add new hotel rooms and/or condo-hotel units, residential dwelling units, office uses, and project-serving retail and restaurant uses that would include similar lighting effects as provided from the existing use, which is already visible from the Pegasus residential building, the Roosevelt residential building, the 655 Hope Street residential building, the Standard Hotel, the California Club, and the Westin Bonaventure Hotel. Interior and exterior lights on the Project Site would not shine directly onto these light-sensitive uses, and would not result in light trespass. The perception of this lighting source would be similar to that already provided by the existing on-site hotel use and surrounding mid- to high-rise buildings. Further, such new lighting would not differ substantially in brightness compared to existing light sources. Although additional lighting sources associated with the Project could add to the ambient



glow of the Project Site and immediately surrounding uses, this area is already characterized by high ambient light levels. Therefore, a change in brightness and light trespass would not occur, and Project contributions to increased ambient glow would not likely be perceptible from the Pegasus residential building, the Roosevelt residential building, the 655 Hope Street residential building, the Standard Hotel, the California Club, and the Westin Bonaventure Hotel. Moreover, views of Project light sources within these light-sensitive uses are currently buffered by existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area. The light-sensitive residential uses are buffered by the following mid- to high-rise buildings: the 16-story 800 Wilshire Building, the 12-story Fine Arts Building, the 20-story 811 Wilshire Building, and the 18-story Pacific Financial Building. Furthermore, light-sensitive residential uses are sufficiently distant that artificial light exposure from the Project would be minimal. Additionally, light sources associated with the Project would dissipate over distance. As such, Project lighting would not result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other light-sensitive uses, would not result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions, and would not interfere with off-site activities. Therefore, impacts related to Project interior and exterior light sources would be less than significant at these locations.

(c) Signage

As shown in Figure IV.E.2-1 (Eastern Viewpoint Figueroa Street), with respect to Project signage, the Wilshire Grand SUD would permit signage that would not be directly visible from the Pegasus residential building, the Roosevelt residential building, the 655 Hope Street residential building, the Standard Hotel, the California Club, and the Westin Bonaventure Hotel. Sign Sub-District A would be visible from these light-sensitive uses. In addition to information and code-required signage, Sign Sub-District A, would permit building and tenant identification signs. Permitted signage in Sign Sub-District A are signs at a height of up to 35 feet above ground level, which is defined as Sign Level 1. Sign Level 1 would permit an animated ticker/scrolling news ribbon with a maximum vertical dimension of 10 feet.4 Sign Level 1 would also permit various animated signage (i.e., Scroll Animation, Unrestricted Animation Signs, Controlled Refresh II Signs, Light Color Animation Signs, and Limited Animation I Signs).5 Signage

4 Scroll Animation: A type of animation for signs where text message changes regularly, either by modifying

individual letters or by modifying the sign face electronically, including scrolling news ribbon or electronic message boards where text moves or rolls up, down, or across the sign.

5 Unrestricted Animation: The least restrictive level of animation for signs that contain images, text, parts, or illumination which flash, change, move, stream, scroll, blink, or otherwise are in motion. This is full motion display.

Controlled Refresh II: Restriction for any type of sign that contains images, text, parts, or illumination which flash, change, move, blink, or otherwise refresh in whole or in part at a maximum rate of one refresh event per 6 hours (i.e,. must stay static for a minimum of 6 hours before refreshing). Each refresh event shall be an instant transition.

Light Color Animation: Changes in color in whole or in part without changing images or text are exempt from other Animation restrictions. Each color effect displayed on a sign may change by gradient transition between colors once every 30 minutes.

Limited Animation II: A type of restricted animation for signs that contain images, text, parts, or illumination to flash, change, move, blink, or otherwise refresh in whole or in part at a maximum rate of one animated event per 3 hours (i.e., must stay static for a minimum of 3 hours before refreshing). Each animated effect displayed



covering up to 80 percent of each street frontage would be permitted between 35 feet above grade and 150 feet above grade, which is defined as Sign Level 2. Sign Level 2 would permit various animated signage (i.e., Unrestricted Animation Signs, Limited Animation I and II Signs, Controlled Refresh I and II Signs, and Light Color Animation Signs).6 In addition, signage of up to 60 percent of the building façade would be permitted at 150 feet above grade and up to 10 percent of the building height below the roof, which is defined as Sign Level 3. Restricted animated signs (i.e., Limited Animation I Signs, Controlled Refresh I and II Signs, and Light Color Animation Signs) are permitted in Sign Level 3. The top 10 percent of the building height, which is defined as Sign Level 4, would have coverage regulated by LAMC size limitations. Sign Level 4 would permit restricted animated signs (i.e., Limited Animation I Signs, Controlled Refresh II Signs, and Light Color Animation). However, signage would be incidentally visible from these light-sensitive uses due to existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area. Integral electronic displays (animated and static), which could be illuminated, would also be permitted.

The field of view and views of the Project Site are limited by intervening development. Views of animated signage within Sign Level 1 would become increasingly intermittent as the elevation of the signage decreases because of the effects of intervening structures. As such, Project signage would not result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other affected light-sensitive uses and would not result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions or interfere with off-site activities. Impacts of lower-level Project signage at Sign Level 1 would be less than significant from these locations.

Views of Sign Levels 2, 3, and 4 would not be directly visible from the Pegasus residential building, the Roosevelt residential building, the 655 Hope Street residential building, the Standard Hotel, the California Club, and the Westin Bonaventure Hotel due to existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area. The light-sensitive residential uses are buffered by the following mid- to high-rise buildings: the 16-story 800 Wilshire Building, the 12-story Fine Arts Building, the 20-story 811 Wilshire Building, and the 18-story Pacific Financial Building. However, the Integral Electronic Display signs permitted under the Project would introduce a new source of light, which could potentially affect nighttime views beyond the immediate area. As discussed previously, to address this issue, the Project has placed regulations on timing, brightness, ground/interior spillage, light disbursement, and angle of movement. The combination of restrictions on the quantity and location of electronic, animated, and illuminated signage would reduce adverse effects to surrounding uses by limiting the intensity of light permitted to emit from the Project Site. These restrictions are identified in the mitigation measures listed later in this Section. It should be

on an Integral Electronic Display Sign shall change by an irregular pixilated pattern cascade with non-adjoining pixels incrementally changing over a period of 1 hour.

6 Limited Animation I: A type of restricted animation for signs that contain images, text, parts, or illumination which flash, change, move, blink, or otherwise refresh in whole or in part at a maximum rate of one animated event per 2 minutes (i.e., must stay static for a minimum of 2 minutes before refreshing). Each animated effect shall change by transitional effect including but not limited to an irregular pixilated pattern cascade with non-adjoining pixels incrementally changing over a period of 2 minutes.

Controlled Refresh I: Restriction for any type of sign that contains images, text, parts, or illumination which flash, change, move, blink, or otherwise refresh in whole or in part at a maximum of one refresh event per 8 seconds (i.e., must stay static for a minimum of 8 seconds before refreshing). Each refresh event shall be an instant transition.



noted that due to the nature of Integral Electronic Display lighting and limitation on angles of light disbursement, the angle of viewing would be limited. However, this upper level signage would add to the ambient glow of the area and could represent a substantial change in brightness levels as seen from these light sensitive uses. As such, this aspect of Project signage would result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other affected light-sensitive uses and would result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions, and could interfere with off-site activities. This would result in a significant impact.

(d) Glare

The existing sources of daytime glare on the Project Site (i.e., façade windows, light-colored cars, car mirrors, and windshields) would be replaced with less reflective surfaces of building facades and windows, which have a transitory glare condition from certain perspectives during the day. All buildings, parking structures, and signage within the Project Site would be prohibited from the using highly reflective building materials such as mirrored glass in exterior façades. Examples of commonly used non-reflective building materials include cement, plaster, concrete, metal, and non-mirrored glass, and would likely include additional materials as technology advances in the future. By design, signage does not include large areas of reflective elements, because they would detract from the visibility of the signage. As such, the Project would not include mid- to high-rise on-site buildings, signage, or thematic elements that incorporate substantial amounts of reflective building materials in areas that are highly visible to off-site glare-sensitive uses. Furthermore, surrounding mid- to high-rise buildings would largely block direct views of the Project Site. It should also be noted that Wilshire Boulevard experiences a great deal of existing afternoon shading, thereby minimizing the potential for glare. Therefore, Project impacts related to daytime glare would be less than significant.

As noted previously, the Wilshire Grand SUD would permit brightly lit and animated signage. By design, signage does not include large areas of reflective elements, because they would detract from the visibility of the signage. Furthermore, Project buildings would not include large areas of reflective surfaces that could reflect light from such signage into surrounding areas. Entrances and exits to parking structures would be located so as to screen automobile headlights from cars using the Project Site from shining into light-sensitive uses. No high brightness special-effects lighting with brightness levels that would exceed the lighting levels of permitted signage would be associated with the Project. On-site buildings, signage or thematic elements would not incorporate reflective building materials or provide a source of auto headlight-related glare in close proximity to glare sensitive uses. Overall, the additional glare introduced to the Project Site would be similar to that of adjacent land uses. With implementation of the mitigation measures identified later in this Section, impacts related to nighttime glare would be less than significant.

(2) Impacts on the Southern Boundary

Intermittent views of the Project Site would be available from the following light-sensitive uses: the 13-story Gas Co. Lofts residential building, the six-story Market Lofts residential building, the 14-story Skyline Condominiums Lofts residential building, the eight-story South Park Lofts residential building, the FIDM apartment building, the 26-story 717 Olympic residential building, the 28-story Concerto residential building (currently under construction), and the 25-story Sheraton Hotel. As previously



discussed, typically only one side of each of these light-sensitive uses faces the Project Site and furthermore, many, if not all of the residential units (located within a residential use) facing the Project Site, would be blocked from having direct views of the Project Site. In addition to the ambient glow generated by light sources within the Project Site and surrounding areas, views of the 12-story 818 Plaza Building, the 33-story MCI Center office building and Macy’s Plaza, the 12-story 800 Figueroa Street office building, and the 23-story 888 Tower office building, including interior areas and exterior building lighting and signage, are visible from this area. The locations of these buildings are shown in Figure IV.E.2-10 (Surrounding Areas for Analysis). There are no additional surrounding sensitive uses located within the immediate Project area that would be adversely affected.

(a) Construction

Nighttime construction activities would add to the already high existing ambient light levels that are currently characteristic of the Project Site and immediately surrounding areas. Because of the existing light levels, Project construction lighting would not represent a substantial change in artificial light conditions. Nighttime lighting sources during construction would consist of floodlights that would be focused on the work area to minimize light trespass. Moreover, views of light sources emanating from the Project Site from the Gas Co. Lofts residential building, the Market Lofts residential building, the Skyline Condominiums Lofts residential building, the South Park Lofts residential building, the FIDM apartment building, the 717 Olympic residential building, the Concerto residential building, and the Sheraton Hotel are currently buffered by existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area, which results in a limited views of light sources. As such, Project construction lighting would not result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other affected light-sensitive uses and would not result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions or interfere with off-site activities. Therefore, impacts related to construction lighting would be less than significant at these locations.


The Project would add new hotel rooms and/or condo-hotel units, residential dwelling units, office uses, and project-serving retail and restaurant uses that would include similar lighting effects as provided from the existing use, which is partially visible from the Gas Co. Lofts residential building, the Market Lofts residential building, the Skyline Condominiums Lofts residential building, the South Park Lofts residential building, the FIDM apartment building, the 717 Olympic residential building, the Concerto residential building, and the Sheraton Hotel. Interior and exterior lights on the Project Site would not shine directly onto these light-sensitive uses and would not result in light trespass. The perception of this lighting source would be similar to that already provided by the existing on-site hotel use and surrounding mid- to high-rise buildings. Further, such new lighting would not differ substantially in brightness compared to existing light sources. As shown in Figure IV.E.2-8 (Distant Southern Viewpoint: Edward R. Roybal Learning Center, Interior Building Lights), although additional lighting sources associated with the Project would add to the ambient glow of the Project Site and immediately surrounding uses, this area is already characterized by high ambient light levels. Therefore, a change in brightness and light trespass would not occur, and Project contributions to increased ambient glow would not likely be perceptible from these light-sensitive uses. Moreover, views of these light sources within these light-sensitive uses



are currently buffered by existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area. The light-sensitive residential uses are buffered by the following mid- to high-rise buildings: 12-story 818 Plaza Building, 33-story MCI Center, seven-story Carrier Center office building, and the 23-story 888 Tower office building. Furthermore, light-sensitive residential uses are sufficiently distant that artificial light exposure from the Project would be minimal. Additionally, light sources associated with the Project would dissipate over distance. As such, Project lighting would not result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other light-sensitive uses, would not result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions, and would not interfere with off-site activities. Therefore, impacts related to Project interior and exterior light sources would be less than significant at this location.

(c) Signage

As shown in Figures IV.E.2-2 (Southern Viewpoint: 7th Street) through IV.E.2-7 (Distant Southern Viewpoint: Edward R. Roybal Learning Center, SUD with White Colors), with respect to Project signage, the Wilshire Grand SUD would permit signage, which could include a variety of colors, that would be visible from the Gas Co. Lofts residential building, the Market Lofts residential building, the Skyline Condominiums Lofts residential building, the South Park Lofts residential building, the FIDM apartment building, the 717 Olympic residential building, the Concerto residential building, and the Sheraton Hotel. Permitted signage in Sign Sub-District A are signs at a height of up to 35 feet above ground level, which is defined as Sign Level 1. Sign Level 1 would permit an animated ticker/scrolling news ribbon with a maximum vertical dimension of 10 feet. Sign Level 1 would also permit various animated signage (i.e., Unrestricted Animation Signs, Controlled Refresh II Signs, Light Color Animation Signs, and Limited Animation II Signs). Signage covering up to 80 percent of each street frontage would be permitted between 35 feet above grade and 150 feet above grade, which is defined as Sign Level 2. Sign Level 2 would permit various animated signage (i.e., Unrestricted Animation Signs, Limited Animation I and II Signs, Controlled Refresh I and II Signs, and Light Color Animation Signs). In addition, signage of up to 60 percent of the building façade would be permitted at 150 feet above grade and up to 10 percent of the building height below the roof, which is defined as Sign Level 3. Restricted animated signs (i.e., Limited Animation I Signs, Controlled Refresh I and II Signs, and Light Color Animation Signs) are permitted in Sign Level 3. The top 10 percent of the building height, which is defined as Sign Level 4, would have coverage regulated by LAMC size limitations. Sign Level 4 would permit restricted animated signs (i.e., Limited Animation I Signs, Controlled Refresh II Signs, and Light Color Animation). However, signage would be incidentally visible from these light-sensitive uses due to existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area. Integral electronic displays (animated and static), which could be illuminated, would also be permitted. The field of view and views of the Project Site are limited by intervening development. Views of animated signage within Sign Level 1 would become increasingly intermittent as the elevation of the signage decreases because of the effects of intervening structures. As such, Project signage would not result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other affected light-sensitive uses and would not result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions or interfere with off-site activities. Impacts of lower-level Project signage at Sign Level 1 would be less than significant from these locations.

Views of Sign Levels 2, 3, and 4 would not be directly visible from the Gas Co. Lofts residential building, the Market Lofts residential building, the Skyline Condominiums Lofts residential building, the South



Park Lofts residential building, the FIDM apartment building, the 717 Olympic residential building, the Concerto residential building, and the Sheraton Hotel due to existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area. The light-sensitive residential uses are buffered by the following mid- to high-rise buildings: 12-story 818 Plaza Building, 33-story MCI Center, seven-story Carrier Center office building, and the 23-story 888 Tower office building. However, the Integral Electronic Display signs permitted under the Project would introduce a new source of light, which could potentially affect nighttime views beyond the immediate area. As discussed previously, to address this issue, the Project has placed regulations on timing, brightness, ground/interior spillage, light disbursement, and angle of movement. The combination of restrictions on the quantity and location of electronic, animated, and illuminated signage would reduce adverse effects to residential and commercial uses by limiting the intensity of light permitted to emit from the Project Site. These restrictions are identified in the mitigation measures listed later in this Section. It should be noted that due to the nature of Integral Electronic Display lighting and limitation on angles of light disbursement, the angle of viewing would be limited. However, this upper level signage would add to the ambient glow of the area and could represent a substantial change in brightness levels as seen from these light sensitive uses. As such, this aspect of Project signage would result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other affected light-sensitive uses and would result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions, and could interfere with off-site activities. This would result in a significant impact.

(d) Glare

The existing sources of daytime glare on the Project Site (i.e., façade windows, light-colored cars, car mirrors, and windshields) would be replaced with less reflective surfaces of building facades and windows, which have a transitory glare condition from certain perspectives during the day. All buildings, parking structures, and signage within the Project Site would be prohibited from the using highly reflective building materials such as mirrored glass in exterior façades. Examples of commonly used non-reflective building materials include cement, plaster, concrete, metal, and non-mirrored glass, and would likely include additional materials as technology advances in the future. By design, signage does not include large areas of reflective elements, because they would detract from the visibility of the signage. As such, the Project would not include mid- to high-rise on-site buildings, signage, or thematic elements that incorporate substantial amounts of reflective building materials in areas that are highly visible to off-site glare-sensitive uses. Furthermore, surrounding mid- to high-rise buildings would largely block direct views of the Project Site. Therefore, Project impacts related to daytime glare would be less than significant.

As noted previously, the Wilshire Grand SUD would permit brightly lit and animated signage. By design, signage does not include large areas of reflective elements, because they would detract from the visibility of the signage. Furthermore, Project buildings would not include large areas of reflective surfaces that could reflect light from such signage into surrounding areas. Entrances and exits to parking structures would be located so as to screen automobile headlights from cars using the Project Site from shining into the Gas Co. Lofts residential building, the Market Lofts residential building, the Skyline Condominiums Lofts residential building, the South Park Lofts residential building, the FIDM apartment building, the 717 Olympic residential building, the Concerto residential building, and the Sheraton Hotel. No high brightness special effects lighting with brightness levels that would exceed the lighting levels of permitted



signage would be associated with the Project. On-site buildings, signage or thematic elements would not incorporate reflective building materials or provide a source of auto headlight-related glare in close proximity to glare-sensitive uses. Overall, the additional glare introduced to the Project Site would be similar to that of adjacent land uses. With implementation of the mitigation measures identified later in this Section, impacts related to nighttime glare would be less than significant.

(3) Impacts on the Western Boundary

Intermittent views of the Project Site would be available from the following light-sensitive uses: the four-story Medici residential buildings, the 18-story TENTEN residential building, the seven-story Glo Apartments, the 37-story 1100 Wilshire residential building, the five-story San Lucas apartment building, and the six-story Flat residential building, which are all located beyond Interstate 110 (the “Harbor Freeway”), west of the Project Site. As previously discussed, typically only one side of each of these light-sensitive uses faces the Project Site and furthermore, many, if not all of the residential units (located within a residential use) facing the Project Site, would be blocked from having direct views of the Project Site. In addition to the ambient glow generated by light sources within the Project Site and surrounding areas, views of the 21-story 1000 Wilshire Boulevard Building, the 42-story Ernst & Young Plaza Building and 7 + Fig Center, the 53-story 777 Tower and an approximately 13-story parking structure which serves the Ernst & Young Plaza Building, 7 + Fig Center, and the 777 Tower, the 39-story TCW Tower office building, the Harbor Freeway, and beyond the Harbor Freeway is the 33-story Arco Tower office building, including interior areas and exterior building lighting and signage, are visible from this area. The 755 Figueroa office building, located directly northwest of the Project Site across Figueroa Street, is currently approved for construction. The locations of these buildings are shown in Figure IV.E.2-10 (Surrounding Areas for Analysis). There are no additional surrounding light-sensitive uses, located within the immediate Project area that would be adversely affected.

(a) Construction

Nighttime construction activities would add to the already high existing ambient light levels that are currently characteristic of the Project Site and immediately surrounding areas. Because of the existing light levels, Project construction lighting would not represent a substantial change in artificial light conditions. Nighttime lighting sources during construction would consist of floodlights that would be focused on the work area to minimize light trespass. Moreover, views of light sources emanating from the Project Site from the Medici residential buildings, the TENTEN residential building, the Glo Apartments, the 1100 Wilshire residential building, the San Lucas apartment building, and the Flat residential building are currently buffered by existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area and intervening infrastructure (i.e., the Harbor Freeway). As such, Project construction lighting would not result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other affected light-sensitive uses and would not result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions or interfere with off-site activities. Therefore, impacts related to construction lighting would be less than significant at these locations.




The Project would add new hotel rooms and/or condo-hotel units, residential dwelling units, office uses, and project-serving retail and restaurant uses that would include similar lighting effects as provided from the existing use, which is already visible from the Medici residential buildings, the TENTEN residential building, the Glo Apartments, the 1100 Wilshire residential building, the San Lucas apartment building, and the Flat residential building. Interior and exterior lights on the Project Site would not shine directly onto any of these light-sensitive uses and would not result in light trespass. The perception of this lighting source would be similar to that already provided by the existing on-site hotel use, surrounding mid- to high-rise buildings, and the Harbor Freeway. Further, such new lighting would not differ substantially in brightness compared to existing light sources. Although additional lighting sources associated with the Project would add to the ambient glow of the Project Site and immediate surrounding uses, this area is already characterized by high ambient light levels. Therefore, a change in brightness and light trespass would not occur, and Project contributions to increased ambient glow would not likely be perceptible from these light-sensitive uses. Moreover, views of these light sources within these light-sensitive uses are currently buffered by existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area and intervening infrastructure (i.e., Harbor Freeway). The light-sensitive residential uses are buffered by the following mid- to high-rise buildings: 21-story 1000 Wilshire Boulevard Building, 33-story MCI Center, seven-story Carrier Center office building, and the 23-story 888 Tower office building and the 33-story Arco Tower. Furthermore, light-sensitive residential uses are sufficiently distant that artificial light exposure from the Project would be minimal. Additionally, light sources associated with the Project would dissipate over distance. As such, Project lighting would not result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other light-sensitive uses and would not result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions or interfere with off-site activities. Therefore, impacts related to Project interior and exterior light sources would be less than significant at these locations.

(c) Signage

As shown in Figure IV.E.2-9 (Western Viewpoint: 7th Street), with respect to Project signage, the Wilshire Grand SUD would permit signage that would be visible from the Medici residential buildings, the TENTEN residential building, the Glo Apartments, the 1100 Wilshire residential building, the San Lucas apartment building, and the Flat residential building. In addition to information and code-required signage, Sign Sub-Districts A and B, would permit building and tenant identification signs. Sign Sub-Districts A and B would permit, other than integral electronic displays (animated and static), signs at a height of up to 35 feet above ground level, which is defined as Sign Level 1. Sign Level 1 would permit an animated ticker/scrolling news ribbon with a maximum vertical dimension of 10 feet Sign Level 1, under both Sign Sub-Districts A and B, would permit various animated signage (i.e., Unrestricted Animation Signs, Controlled Refresh II Signs, Light Color Animation Signs, and Limited Animation II Signs). Signage covering up to 80 percent of each street frontage would be permitted between 35 feet above grade and 150 feet above grade, which is defined as Sign Level 2 under both District A and B. Sign Level 2 would permit various animated signage (i.e., Unrestricted Animation Signs, Limited Animation I and II Signs, Controlled Refresh I and II Signs, and Light Color Animation Signs). In addition, signage of up to 60 percent of the building façade would be permitted at 150 feet above grade



and up to 10 percent of the building height below the roof, which is defined as Sign Level 3 under both District A and B. Restricted animated signs, within Sign Sub-District A, (i.e., Limited Animation I Signs, Controlled Refresh I and II Signs, and Light Color Animation Signs) and Sign Sub-District B (i.e., Limited Animation II Signs, Controlled Refresh I and II Signs, and Light Color Animation Signs), would be permitted in Sign Level 3. The top 10 percent of the building height, which is defined as Sign Level 4 under both District A and B, would have coverage regulated by LAMC size limitations. Sign Level 4, within Sign Sub-District A, would permit restricted animated signs (i.e., Limited Animation I Signs, Controlled Refresh II Signs, and Light Color Animation). Sign Level 4, within Sign Sub-District B, would also permit restricted animated signs (i.e., Limited Animation II Signs, Controlled Refresh II Signs, and Light Color Animation). However, signage would be incidentally visible from these light-sensitive uses due to existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area. Integral electronic displays (animated and static), which could be illuminated, would also be permitted.

The field of view and views of the Project Site are limited by intervening development. Views of animated signage within Sign Level 1 would become increasingly intermittent as the elevation of the signage decreases because of the effects of intervening structures. As such, Project signage would not result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other affected light-sensitive uses and would not result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions or interfere with off-site activities. Impacts of lower level Project signage at Sign Level 1 for both Districts A and B would be less than significant from these locations.

Views of Sign Levels 2, 3, and 4 would be directly visible from the Medici residential buildings and the TENTEN residential building. Views of Sign Levels 2, 3, and 4 would not be directly visible from the Glo Apartments, the 1100 Wilshire residential building, the San Lucas apartment building, and the Flat residential building due to existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area and intervening infrastructure (i.e., the Harbor Freeway). The light-sensitive residential uses are buffered by the following mid- to high-rise buildings: 21-story 1000 Wilshire Boulevard Building, 33-story MCI Center, seven-story Carrier Center office building, and the 23-story 888 Tower office building and the 33-story Arco Tower. However, the Integral Electronic Display signs permitted under the Project would introduce a new source of light, which could potentially affect nighttime views beyond the immediate area. As discussed previously, to address this issue, the Project has placed regulations on timing, brightness, ground/interior spillage, light disbursement, and angle of movement. The combination of restrictions on the quantity and location of electronic, animated, and illuminated signage would reduce adverse effects to residential and commercial uses by limiting the intensity of light permitted to emit from the Project Site. These restrictions are identified in the mitigation measures listed later in this Section. It should be noted that due to the nature of Integral Electronic Display lighting and limitation on angles of light disbursement, the angle of viewing would be limited. However, this upper level signage would add to the ambient glow of the area and could represent a substantial change in brightness levels as seen from these light sensitive uses. As such, this aspect of Project signage would result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other affected light-sensitive uses and would result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions, and could interfere with off-site activities. This would result in a significant impact.



(d) Glare

The existing sources of daytime glare on the Project Site (i.e., façade windows, light-colored cars, car mirrors, and windshields) would be replaced with less reflective surfaces of building facades and windows, which have a transitory glare condition from certain perspectives during the day. All buildings, parking structures, and signage within the Project Site would be prohibited from the using highly reflective building materials such as mirrored glass in exterior façades. Examples of commonly used non-reflective building materials include cement, plaster, concrete, metal, and non-mirrored glass, and would likely include additional materials as technology advances in the future. By design, signage does not include large areas of reflective elements, because they would detract from the visibility of the signage. As such, the Project would not include mid- to high-rise on-site buildings, signage, or thematic elements that incorporate substantial amounts of reflective building materials in areas that are highly visible to off-site glare-sensitive uses. Furthermore, surrounding mid- to high-rise buildings would largely block direct views of the Project Site. It should also be noted that 7th Street experiences a great deal of existing morning shading, thereby minimizing the potential for glare. Therefore, Project impacts related to daytime glare would be less than significant.

As noted previously, the Wilshire Grand SUD would permit brightly lit and animated signage. By design, signage does not include large areas of reflective elements, because they would detract from the visibility of the signage. Furthermore, Project buildings would not include large areas of reflective surfaces that could reflect light from such signage into surrounding areas. No high brightness special effects lighting with brightness levels that would exceed the lighting levels of permitted signage would be associated with the Project. On-site buildings, signage or thematic elements would not incorporate reflective building materials or provide a source of auto headlight-related glare in close proximity to glare sensitive uses. Overall, the additional glare introduced to the Project Site would be similar to that of adjacent land uses. With implementation of the mitigation measures identified later in this Section, impacts related to nighttime glare would be less than significant.

(4) Impacts on the Northern Boundary

Intermittent views of the Project Site would be available from the following light-sensitive uses: the six-story Piero residential buildings, the Piero II residential building, which is currently under construction, and the 12-story Jonathan Club. As previously discussed, typically only one side of each of these light-sensitive uses faces the Project Site and furthermore, many, if not all of the residential units (located within a residential use) facing the Project Site, would be blocked from having direct views of the Project Site. In addition to the ambient glow generated by light sources within the Project Site and surrounding areas, views of the 23-story 911 Wilshire Building, the 52-story Figueroa at Wilshire Building, the 21-story Manulife Plaza, the 40-story Union Bank Plaza Building, and beyond the Harbor Freeway, is the multi-story LA Center Studios complex, and the 18-story 1055 Wilshire Boulevard office building, including interior areas and exterior building lighting and signage, are visible from this area. The locations of these buildings are shown in Figure IV.E.2-10 (Surrounding Areas for Analysis). There are no additional surrounding sensitive uses located within the immediate Project area that would be adversely affected.



(a) Construction

Nighttime construction activities would add to the already high existing ambient light levels that are currently characteristic of the Project Site and immediately surrounding areas. Because of the existing light levels, Project construction lighting would not represent a substantial change in artificial light conditions. Nighttime lighting sources during construction would consist of floodlights that would be focused on the work area to minimize light trespass. Moreover, views of light sources emanating from the Project Site from the Piero residential buildings and the Jonathan Club are currently buffered by existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area and intervening infrastructure (i.e., the Harbor Freeway). As such, Project construction lighting would not result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other affected light-sensitive uses and would not result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions or interfere with off-site activities. Therefore, impacts related to construction lighting would be less than significant at these locations.


The Project would add new hotel rooms and/or condo-hotel units, residential dwelling units, office uses, and project-serving retail and restaurant uses that would include similar lighting effects as provided from the existing use, which is already visible from these residential buildings. Interior and exterior lights on the Project Site would not shine directly onto the Piero residential buildings and the Jonathan Club and would not result in light trespass. The perception of this lighting source would be similar to that already provided by the existing on-site hotel use, surrounding mid- to high-rise buildings, and the Harbor Freeway. Further, such new lighting would not differ substantially in brightness compared to existing light sources. Although additional lighting sources associated with the Project would add to the ambient glow of the Project Site and immediate surrounding uses, this area is already characterized by high ambient light levels. Therefore, a change in brightness and light trespass would not occur, and Project contributions to increased ambient glow would not likely be perceptible from light-sensitive uses. Moreover, views of these light sources within these light-sensitive uses are currently buffered by existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area and intervening infrastructure (i.e., the Harbor Freeway). The light-sensitive residential uses are buffered by the following mid- to high-rise buildings: the 18-story 1055 Wilshire Boulevard office building and the proposed 1027 Wilshire office building project, which would include 48-stories. Furthermore, light-sensitive residential uses are sufficiently distant that artificial light exposure from the Project would be minimal. Additionally, light sources associated with the Project would dissipate over distance. As such, Project lighting would not result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other light-sensitive uses and would not result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions or interfere with off-site activities. Therefore, impacts related to Project interior and exterior light sources would be less than significant at these locations.

(c) Signage

With respect to Project signage, the Wilshire Grand SUD would permit signage that would be visible from the Piero residential buildings and the Jonathan Club. In addition to information and code-required signage, Sign Sub-Districts A and B, would permit building and tenant identification signs. Sign Sub-Districts A and B would permit, other than integral electronic displays (animated and static), signs at a



height of up to 35 feet above ground level, which is defined as Sign Level 1. Sign Level 1 would permit an animated ticker/scrolling news ribbon with a maximum vertical dimension of 10 feet. Sign Level 1, under both Sign Sub-Districts A and B, would permit various animated signage (i.e., Unrestricted Animation Signs, Controlled Refresh II Signs, Light Color Animation Signs, and Limited Animation II Signs). Signage covering up to 80 percent of each street frontage would be permitted between 35 feet above grade and 150 feet above grade, which is defined as Sign Level 2 under both District A and B. Sign Level 2 would permit various animated signage (i.e., Unrestricted Animation Signs, Limited Animation I and II Signs, Controlled Refresh I and II Signs, and Light Color Animation Signs). In addition, signage of up to 60 percent of the building façade would be permitted at 150 feet above grade and up to 10 percent of the building height below the roof, which is defined as Sign Level 3 under both District A and B. Restricted animated signs, within Sign Sub-District A, (i.e., Limited Animation I Signs, Controlled Refresh I and II Signs, and Light Color Animation Signs) and Sign Sub-District B (i.e., Limited Animation II Signs, Controlled Refresh I and II Signs, and Light Color Animation Signs), would be permitted in Sign Level 3. The top 10 percent of the building height, which is defined as Sign Level 4 under both District A and B, would have coverage regulated by LAMC size limitations. Sign Level 4, within Sign Sub-District A, would permit restricted animated signs (i.e., Limited Animation I Signs, Controlled Refresh II Signs, and Light Color Animation). Sign Level 4, within Sign Sub-District B, would also permit restricted animated signs (i.e., Limited Animation II Signs, Controlled Refresh II Signs, and Light Color Animation). However, signage would be incidentally visible from these light-sensitive uses due to existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area. Integral electronic displays (animated and static), which could be illuminated, would also be permitted.

The field of view and views of the Project Site are limited by intervening development. Views of animated signage within Sign Level 1, which is limited to an animated ticker/scrolling news ribbon with a maximum vertical dimension of 10 feet, would become increasingly intermittent as the elevation of the signage decreases because of the effects of intervening structures. As such, Project signage would not result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other affected light-sensitive uses and would not result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions or interfere with off-site activities. Impacts of lower level Project signage at Sign Level 1 for both Districts A and B would be less than significant from these locations.

Views of Sign Levels 2, 3, and 4 would not be directly visible from the Piero residential buildings and the Jonathan Club due to existing mid- to high-rise buildings in the area and intervening infrastructure (i.e., the Harbor Freeway). The light-sensitive residential uses are buffered by the following mid- to high-rise buildings: the 23-story 911 Wilshire Building, the 52-story Figueroa at Wilshire Building, the 18-story 1055 Wilshire Boulevard office building and the proposed 1027 Wilshire office building project, which would include 48-stories. However, the Integral Electronic Display signs permitted under the Project would introduce a new source of light, which could potentially affect nighttime views beyond the immediate area. As discussed previously, to address this issue, the Project has placed regulations on timing, brightness, ground/interior spillage, light disbursement, and angle of movement. The combination of restrictions on the quantity and location of electronic, animated, and illuminated signage would reduce adverse effects to residential and commercial uses by limiting the intensity of light permitted to emit from the Project Site. These restrictions are identified in the mitigation measures listed later in this Section. It



should be noted that due to the nature of Integral Electronic Display lighting and limitation on angles of light disbursement, the angle of viewing would be limited. However, this upper level signage would add to the ambient glow of the area and could represent a substantial change in brightness levels as seen from these light sensitive uses. As such, this aspect of Project signage would result in high-brightness illuminated surfaces that are directly visible from residential uses or other affected light-sensitive uses and would result in substantial changes to existing artificial light conditions, and could interfere with off-site activities. This would result in a significant impact.

(d) Glare

The existing sources of daytime glare on the Project Site (i.e., façade windows, light-colored cars, car mirrors, and windshields) would be replaced with less reflective surfaces of building facades and windows, which have a transitory glare condition from certain perspectives during the day. All buildings, parking structures, and signage within the Project Site would be prohibited from the using highly reflective building materials such as mirrored glass in exterior façades. Examples of commonly used non-reflective building materials include cement, plaster, concrete, metal, and non-mirrored glass, and would likely include additional materials as technology advances in the future. By design, signage does not include large areas of reflective elements, because they would detract from the visibility of the signage. As such, the Project would not include mid- to high-rise on-site buildings, signage, or thematic elements that incorporate substantial amounts of reflective building materials in areas that are highly visible to off-site glare-sensitive uses. Furthermore, surrounding mid- to high-rise buildings would largely block direct views of the Project Site. It should also be noted that 7th Street and Wilshire Boulevard experiences a great deal of existing morning and midday shading, thereby minimizing the potential for glare. Therefore, Project impacts related to daytime glare would be less than significant.

As noted previously, the Wilshire Grand SUD would permit brightly lit and animated signage. By design, signage does not include large areas of reflective elements, because they would detract from the visibility of the signage. Furthermore, Project buildings would not include large areas of reflective surfaces that could reflect light from such signage into surrounding areas. No high brightness special effects lighting with brightness levels that would exceed the lighting levels of permitted signage would be associated with the Project. On-site buildings, signage or thematic elements would not incorporate reflective building materials or provide a source of auto headlight-related glare in close proximity to glare sensitive uses. Overall, the additional glare introduced to the Project Site would be similar to that of adjacent land uses. With implementation of the mitigation measures identified later in this section, impacts related to nighttime glare would be less than significant.

c. Land Use Equivalency Program

As described in Section II (Project Description) the Project would include the Land Use Equivalency Program to maintain flexibility of Project uses and floor areas so that the Project could respond to the changing needs of the Southern California economy. The Land Use Equivalency Program is designed to direct how development would occur on the Project Site and allow for flexibility so that land uses could be exchanged for other permitted land uses in accordance with the Land Use Equivalency Program. The exchange of office/commercial, retail, hotel and/or residential uses would be accomplished within the



same building parameters. This exchange in the use of buildings would occur at relatively limited locations within the Project Site. There would be no substantial variation in the Project’s street configurations or relationship to the surrounding community. The development would be subject to the same design criteria (e.g., building height limits, setbacks, etc.) as the Project. Table II-2 (Land Use Equivalency Program) in Section II (Project Description), shows the change in land use under the Land Use Equivalency Program.

Development under the Land Use Equivalency Program would occupy the same development areas as the Project and the overall character of development would be essentially the same as with the Project, including the provision of the Wilshire Grand SUD. Therefore, light and glare impacts to surrounding downtown area would be the same under the Land Use Equivalency Program as with the Project. As with the case of the Project, impacts regarding artificial light and glare to the surrounding community under all Land Use Equivalency Scenarios would be less than significant.

e. Design Flexibility Program

The design of the Project as a conceptual plan allows for flexibility in the finalized building design within a determined set of parameters. The Design Flexibility Program may result in certain uses being on different parts of the Project Site than those identified in the conceptual plan. However, regardless of the placement of buildings on the Project Site, or uses within those buildings, the light and glare impacts evaluated for the Project would not be significantly altered in such a way as to result in substantially different impacts. With implementation of the mitigation measures identified later in this Section, impacts related to light and glare under the Design Flexibility Program would be less than significant.

2. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

Related projects are currently planned in close proximity to the Project Site. These related projects include office, residential, hotel, and retail land uses. Cumulatively, the related projects and background growth would continue to redevelop existing land uses and contribute to increased nighttime illumination levels in the Project area. This would be consistent with policies of the City of Los Angeles General Plan Framework and Downtown Design Guide for the area. In addition, such increased illumination levels would continue the trend established throughout the downtown area. Cumulative development would be subject to additional assessment of lighting impacts at the time of project proposal. Ambient nighttime light levels would likely increase in the Project area, which could spill over onto, illuminate, and/or visually distract neighboring residential, motel, and commercial uses and their occupants. Specifically, Related Project 92, City Corp Plaza Phase III, could provide for substantial additional development and signage along its 7th Street frontage, across from the Project Site. The existing level of ambient lighting in the Project area is high, due to the high density of development already present. The Project, in conjunction with the City Corp Plaza Phase III project, would cause a cumulative increase in the ambient light levels emanating from this area from buildings and signage. The facades of Project buildings would be clad primarily with high quality building materials and low- or non-reflective glass, which could produce transitory glare at certain times of the day. Development of additional high- and mid-rise buildings within the Project area could result in new cumulative sources of glare in conjunction with Project development. It is anticipated that, like the Project, new buildings would be clad primarily with



high quality building materials and low- or non-reflective glass. Furthermore, the effects of any new glare sources would be transitory and would not disrupt off-site activities. Mitigation of impacts on a project-by-project basis would help reduce light and glare impacts resulting from related projects, however, the cumulative impacts may be significantly unavoidable. Furthermore, it should be noted that mitigation measures are implemented on a project-by-project basis and impacts may result due to a related project disregarding implementation. Although increased light and glare in the area is consistent with the urban character of downtown, it is conservatively concluded that cumulative light and glare impacts would be significant.

4. PROJECT DESIGN FEATURES AND MITIGATION MEASURES

The Project includes the following project design features:

PDF-1: All lighting related to construction activities shall be shielded or directed to restrict any direct illumination onto property located outside of the Project Site boundaries that is improved with light-sensitive uses.

PDF-2: Construction hours shall generally be 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Monday through Friday and 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Saturday.

PDF-3: Exterior lighting included within the Project shall incorporate fixtures and light sources that focus light on-site to minimize light trespass.

PDF-4: Project lighting shall comply with LAMC Section 93.0117. As such, Project lighting shall not cause more than two footcandles of lighting intensity or direct glare from the light source at any residential property. This project design feature would preclude exceedance of the significance threshold listed previously regarding lighting sources that generate light intensity levels of 2.0 footcandles or more at the property line of a residential use.

PDF-5: All buildings, parking structures, and signage within the Project Site shall be prohibited from the using highly reflective building materials such as mirrored glass in exterior façades. Examples of commonly used non-reflective building materials include cement, plaster, concrete, metal, and non-mirrored glass, and would likely include additional materials as technology advances in the future.

PDF-6: Project buildings shall not include large areas of reflective surfaces that could reflect light from signage into surrounding areas. No high brightness special effects lighting with brightness levels that shall exceed the lighting levels of permitted signage would be associated with the Project. On-site buildings, signage or thematic elements shall not incorporate reflective building materials or provide a source of auto headlight-related glare in proximity to glare sensitive uses.

The City requires implementation of the following Standard Mitigation Measures:



MM-1: Outdoor lighting shall be designed and installed with shielding, so that the light source cannot be seen from adjacent residential uses.

MM-2: The exterior of the proposed building shall be constructed of materials such as high-performance tinted non-reflective glass and pre-cast concrete or fabricated wall surfaces.

Because the Project would result in significant impacts related to artificial light and glare, the following mitigation measures are required and shall be implemented by the Applicant or its successor:

MM-3: Prior to issuance of a building permit for the signage displays, the Applicant or its successor shall retain a lighting design expert who shall develop plans and specifications for the proposed lighting displays, establish maximum luminance levels for the displays, and review and monitor the installation and testing of the displays, in order to insure compliance with all City lighting regulations and these mitigation measures.

MM-4: The Applicant or its successor’s lighting design expert shall implement the following protocol to determine compliance with all City lighting regulations and these mitigation measures no later than 6 months after certificate of occupancy:

a) A representative testing site shall be established on or next to those light‐sensitive receptors which have the greatest exposure to signage lighting on each of the four facades of the Project.

b) A light meter mounted to a tripod at eye level, facing the Project buildings, should be calibrated and measurements should be taken to determine ambient light levels with the sign on.

c) An opaque object (a board) should be used to block out the view of the sign from the light meter, at a distance of at least 4’ away from the tripod and blocking the light meter’s view of the building. A reading should be taken to determine the ambient light levels with the sign off.

d) The difference between the two would be the amount of light the sign casts onto the sensitive receptor.

e) An alternate method to measure light levels would be to use the same tripod and same light meter, but to turn on and off the signage. This method takes more coordination, but is more accurate.

MM-5: The proposed displays (all levels) shall have a wattage draw not to exceed 12 watts/sq. ft to meet Title 24 2008 requirements.

MM-6: The proposed displays (all levels) shall be fully dimmable, and shall be controlled by a programmable timer so that luminance levels may be adjusted according to the time of day.



MM-7: The proposed displays (all levels) shall have a maximum total lumen output of no more than 20 lumens per square foot.

MM-8: The proposed displays (levels 1, 2, and 3) shall operate between the hours of dawn to 2:00 am, with the exception of the crown (level 4) of each of the Project buildings, which should be operable at all times for the purposes of building identification.

MM-9: Between the hours of sunset and 2 a.m., integral electronic displays on the North and West facades in Level 3 of Signage Subdistricts A and B shall conform to 130 candelas/m2 brightness limit. Level 4 and the south and east facades in Level 3 of Signage Subdistricts A and B shall conform to 270 candelas/m2.

MM-10: On Level 1 and Level 2 in Subdistricts A and B, all displays shall have a nighttime brightness of no greater than 1200 candelas/ m2.

MM-11: During the daytime hours, all displays (all levels) will have a brightness less than 3500 candelas/ m2 per Title 24 2008 wattage restrictions.

MM-12: The proposed displays shall transition smoothly at a consistent rate of speed from the permitted daytime brightness to the permitted nighttime brightness levels, beginning at 45 minutes prior to sunset and concluding the transition to nighttime brightness 45 minutes after sunset. Where applicable, they shall also transition smoothly at a consistent rate of speed from the permitted nighttime brightness to the permitted daytime brightness levels, beginning 45 minutes prior to sunrise and concluding the transition to daytime brightness 45 minutes after sunrise.

MM-13: All light emitting diodes used within the integral electronic display shall have a horizontal beam spread of maximum 165 degrees wide and 65 degrees vertically. With the exception of Level 4 displays, light emitting diodes shall be oriented downwards to the street, rather than up towards the sky.

MM-14: The Applicant or its successors shall submit a conceptual signage and lighting design plan to the Department of City Planning to establish lighting standards and guidelines.

5. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE AFTER MITIGATION

With implementation of the mitigation measures identified previously, impacts related to artificial light and glare as a result of the buildout of the Project would be less than significant.

Source: AC Martin and Christopher A. Joseph & Associates, 2009.

Signage Off: View looking northwest towards the Project Site while traveling north on Figueroa Street.

Signage On: View looking northwest towards the Project Site while traveling north on Figueroa Street with proposed signage program.

Figure IV.E.2-1Eastern Viewpoint Figueroa Street

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Signage On: View looking west towards the Project Site while traveling west on 7th Street with proposed signage program.

Figure IV.E.2-2Southern Viewpoint: 7th Street

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Figure IV.E.2-3Distant Southern Viewpoint: Edward R. Roybal Learning Center

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Vantage Point 5: View looking south from Edward Roybal Learning Center toward the Downtown area with proposed signage program.


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Signage Off: View looking northeast towards the Project Site while traveling east on 7th Street.

Signage On: View looking northeast towards the Project Site while traveling east on 7th Street with proposed signage program.

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Documents

IV.E.2. Light & Glare Artificial Light Wilshire