IVE - CORE · 2017-12-17 · i A MORPHOLO GI CAL STUDY OF T HE SUFFI X {-IVE} AN UNDERGRADU ATE THE SIS P resented as Pa rti al Fulfillment of th e Re qu ireme nts f or the Degree

{ XIFFUS EHT FO YDUTS LACIGOLOHPROM A - EVI }

AN ETAUDARGREDNU SISEHT

stnemeriuqeR eht fo tnemllifluF laitraP sa detneserP eht rof eergeD fo artsaSanajraS

sretteL hsilgnE ni

yB

OTNANAH YDOD SAMOD

101412490 :rebmuN tnedutS

HSILGNE SRETTEL MARGORP YDUTS FO TNEMTRAPED SRETTEL HSILGNE

FO YTLUCAF SRETTEL YTISREVINU AMRAHD ATANAS

ATRAKAYGOY 102 5

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i


AN ETAUDARGREDNU SISEHT

stnemeriuqeR eht fo tnemllifluF laitraP sa detneserP eht rof eergeD fo artsaSanajraS

sretteL hsilgnE ni

yB

OTNANAH YDOD SAMOD

101412490 :rebmuN tnedutS

HSILGNE SRETTEL MARGORP YDUTS FO TNEMTRAPED SRETTEL HSILGNE

FO YTLUCAF SRETTEL YTISREVINU AMRAHD ATANAS

ATRAKAYGOY 102 5


ii

A artsaS anajraS sisehT etaudargrednU


yB

OTNANAH YDOD SAMOD 101412490 :rebmuN tnedutS

yb devorppA

ii



yB


yb devorppA

ii



yB


yb devorppA


iii


A LACIGOLOHPROM FO YDUTS { XIFFUS EHT - EVI }

yB

OTNANAHYDODSAMOD

01412490 :rebmun tnedutS 1

srenimaxE fo draoB eht erofeb dednefeD no yraurbeF 23 102 , 5

elbatpeccA deralceD dna

SRENIMAXE FO DRAOB

emaN

riahC nosrep S .X .F .rD : .A.M ,idawsi

yraterceS inayluM irS .B .A .arD : D.hP ,.A.M ,

.1 rebmeM : .muH.M ,.dP.S ,itairtiF annA

.2 rebmeM : .A.M ,.dP.M ,pilA .B .rF .rD

.3 rebmeM : .cS.M ,iratseL aiR enidranreB .rD

,atrakaygoY yraurbeF 72 102 , 5

sretteL fo ytlucaF

aS

iii



yB

OTNANAHYDODSAMOD




SRENIMAXE FO DRAOB

emaN







sretteL fo ytlucaF

aS

iii



yB

OTNANAHYDODSAMOD




SRENIMAXE FO DRAOB

emaN







sretteL fo ytlucaF

aS


vi

YTILANIGIRO FO TNEMETATS

neeb sah hcihw lairetam on sniatnoc siseht etaudargrednu siht taht yfitrec I

,taht dna ,ytisrevinu yna ta eerged rehto yna fo drawa eht rof dettimbus ylsuoiverp

siseht etaudargrednu siht ,egdelwonk tseb eht ot ylsuoiverp lairetam on sniatnoc

eht fo txet eht ni edam si ecnerefer eud erehw tpecxe nosrep rehto yna yb nettirw

.siseht etaudargrednu

,atrakaygoY 31 yraurbeF 102 , 5

otnanaHydoDsamoD


v

AYRAK ISAKILBUP NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP RABMEL HAIMLI

SIMEDAKA NAGNITNEPEK KUTNU

:amrahD atanaS satisrevinU awsisaham ayas ,ini hawab id nagnatadnatreb gnaY

amaN : otnanaHydoDsamoD

awsisahaM romoN 01412490 : 1

naakatsupreP adapek nakirebmem ayas ,nauhategnep umli nagnabmegnep imeD

satisrevinU ludujreb gnay ayas haimli ayrak amrahD atanaS

{ XIFFUS EHT FO YDUTS LACIGOLOHPROM A - EVI } nakirebmem ayas naikimed nagneD .)ada alib( nakulrepid gnay takgnarep atreseB

,napmiynem kutnu kah amrahD atanaS satisrevinU naakatsupreP adapek

tneb malad nakhilagnem nalakgnap kutneb malad aynalolegnem ,nial aidem ku

uata tenretni id aynnakisakilbupmem nad ,satabret araces nakisubirtsidnem ,atad

nupuam ayas irad niji ulrep apnat simedaka nagnitnepek kutnu nial aidem

mutnacnem patet amales ayas adapek itlayor nakirebmem iagabes ayas aman nak

.silunep

.aynranebes nagned taub ayas ini naataynrep naikimeD

atrakaygoY id taubiD

:laggnatadaP 31 rbeF rau i 5102

,nakataynem gnaY

( otnanaHydoDsamoD )


iv

nwod kool ton retteb d’uoY“ i ”gniylf peek ot tnaw uoy f

- GNIK .B .B -


iiv

,stnerap devoleb ym roF orotnayruSgnugAsenahoY

itnayajiWanahirTahpesoYailisiS


iiiv

STNEMEGDELWONKCA

eht morf em detroppus dah ohw lla rof siseht ym etacided ot ekil dluow I

I ,tsriF .siseht ym dehsinif I litnu gninnigeb tsetaerg ym sserpxe ot ekil dluow

suseJ ot edutitarg nevig neeb taht ecarg eht lla rof tsirhC .em ot

tbedni ma I ot edutitarg de rosivda siseht ym , .dP.M,pilA .B .rF .rD .A.M ,

eht rof eht gnirud noitcerroc dna ecnadiug ,ecivda osla I .siseht ym etorw I ssecorp

eht rof knaht ot ekil dluow I ecnis ecneitap dna egdelwonk ,emit koot naht erom

retsemes eno hsinif ot ym etaudargrednu .siseht

oc ym ot edutitarg peed ym evig dluow I - ,rosivda cimedaca dna rosivda

aiR enidranreB .rD iratseL .cS.M , noitcerroc dna noitseggus eht em gnivig rof

tsrif eht ni saw I ecnis em gnidiug rof dna retteb siseht etaudargrednu ym ekam ot

.retsemes

,stnerap ym ot edutitarg ewo osla I anahirT .Y.S dna gnugA senahoY ,

ohw elbaulavni na em evig syawla us .yduts ym rof tnemegaruocne dna tropp

knaht laiceps yM ot og s ,dneirflrig ym ailataN enitsirhC retsE , rehrof

napmoc y nwod saw I nehw siseht etaudargrednu ym hsinif nac I won litnu .

.yduts ym hsinif ton dluow I ebyam ecneitap dna erac ,evol reh tuohtiW

ot seog osla edutitarg yM acitsalohcS P.SitrewohdeW .d ,

H.M .mu dna itairtiF annA P.S . muH.M,.d noitseggus eht rof lufpleh yrev si taht ni

.sekatsim lacitammarg ym gnisiver

knaht lanosrep yM .gnitirw siseht ym ni elor gib a ekat osla sdneirf yM s ot

nosleN apleS sevig syawla ohw , gilid a eb ot ecivda em ot knaht osla I .tneduts tne


xi

,srehtorb niwt eht eW neiC gnE dna iL neiC gnE , tuoba cipot a em evag ohw a

ot og osla sknaht yM .yduts lacigolohprom itajuyhaW ykziR dna treblA

ardnehaM rof rieht ynapmoc .yrarbil eht ta siseht etaudargrednu ym etorw I nehw

ot knaht ot ekil dluow I tsael ton tub tsaL akitraKydniV dna rajiPnaytseD ohw

.esnefed siseht ym rof esuom lacitpo na dna yranoitcid a em tnel

.H ydoD samoD


x

STNETNOC FO ELBAT

EGAP ELTIT ................................ ................................ .............................. i

EGAP LAVORPPA ................................ ................................ .................... ii

EGAP ECNATPECCA ................................ ................................ ............... i ii

YTILANIGIRO FO TNEMETATS ................................ ........................... iv

HAIMLI AYRAK ISAKILBUP NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP ............. v

EGAP OTTOM ................................ ................................ ........................... iv

EGAP NOITACIDED ................................ ................................ ................. iiv

TNEMEGDELWONKCA S ................................ ................................ ........ iiv i

STNETNOC FO ELBAT ................................ ................................ ............ x

ELBAT FO TSIL ................................ ................................ ........................ ix ii

TCARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ xiv

KARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ ... xv

:I RETPAHC NOITCUDORTNI ................................ ............................... 1

.A ydutS eht fo dnuorgkcaB ................................ ................................ ... 1

.B noitalumroF melborP ................................ ................................ ......... 4

.C ydutS eht fo sevitcejbO ................................ ................................ ..... 5

.D smreT fo noitinifeD ................................ ................................ ........... 5

ERUTARETIL FO WEIVER :II RETPAHC ................................ ........... 8

.A seidutS detaleR fo weiveR ................................ ................................ . 8

.B seiroehT detaleR fo weiveR ................................ ............................... 11 .1 fo yroehT ygolohproM ................................ ........................... 11 .2 fo yroehT tnemelE lanretnI droW fo ................................ ...... 31

.a emehproM fo yroehT ................................ ....................... 31

.b hpromollA fo yroehT ................................ ....................... 51


ix

.c tooR dna metS ,esaB fo yroehT ................................ ........ 61 .3 fo yroehT noitaxiffA ................................ .............................. 81 .4 fo yroehT noitazirogetaC breV ................................ ............... 91 .5 gniworroB fo yroehT ................................ ............................. 02 .6 { xiffuS eht fo weiveR - evi } ................................ ................... 12

.C krowemarF laciteroehT ................................ ................................ ..... 32

YGOLODOHTEM :III RETPAHC ................................ ........................... 52

.A bO ydutS eht fo tcej ................................ ................................ ............ 52

.B ydutS eht fo hcaorppA ................................ ................................ ....... 62

.C ydutS eht fo dohteM ................................ ................................ .......... 62 .1 noitcelloC ataD ................................ ................................ ............ 72 .2 sisylanA ataD ................................ ................................ .............. 82

SISYLANA :VI RETPAHC ................................ ................................ ....... 03

.A { xiffuS eht fo esaB ehT - evi } ................................ ............................ 13 .1 ehT esaB eht fo yrogetaC lacixeL ................................ .......... 13

.a esaB breV ehT ................................ ................................ . 33

.b esaB nuoN ehT ................................ ................................ 43 .2 ehT { xiffuS eht fo noitubirtsiD - evi } ................................ ...... 53

.a P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /t/ emenoh ................................ ... 63

.b P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /s/ emenoh ................................ . 83

.c P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /d/ emenoh ................................ .. 93

.d P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /z/ emenoh ................................ .. 04

.e P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /v/ emenoh ................................ .. 04 .f P htiw gnidnE esab ehT /b/ emenoh ................................ .. 14

.3 ehT { xiffuS eht fo noitidnoC lacixeL - evi } ............................ 24 .a gnidnelB ................................ ................................ .......... 24 .b ygolanA ................................ ................................ ........... 34 .c gniworroB ................................ ................................ ........ 34

.B { xiffuS eht fo hpromollA ehT - evi } ................................ ................... 84 .1 { hpromollA ehT - }evita ................................ ......................... 94

.a { hpromollA eht fo noitidnoC lacigolonohP - }evita ........... 94 .i P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /m/ emenoh ......................... 94 .ii P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /r/ emenoh ........................... 05 .iii P htiw gnidnE esaB ehT /k/ emenoh ........................... 15 .vi /n/ emenohP htiw gnidnE esaB ehT ........................... 15 .v / emenohP htiw gnidnE esaB ehT a�/ ........................ 25 .iv sesaC lanoitpecxE ................................ ..................... 25


iix

.b { hpromollA eht fo noitidnoC lacigolohproM - }evita ........ 35 .2 { hpromollA ehT - }eviti ................................ .......................... 45

.a lA eht fo noitidnoC lacigolohproM { hpromol -i it ev } ......... 45 .C { xiffuS eht fo gninaeM ehT - evi } ................................ ...................... 65

.1 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } ot gnitaleR ................ 75

.2 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } ot gnidneT ................. 95

.3 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } gnisuaC ..................... 06

.4 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } yb deziretcarahC ....... 16

.5 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } ot elbA gnieB ............ 26

.6 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } gnisserpxE ................ 36

.7 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } ot ydaeR .................... 46

.8 { xiffuS ehT - evi gninaeM eht gnivaH } dednetnI sa ................ 56

.9 esaC lanoitpecxE ................................ ................................ ... 56

:V RETPAHC NOISULCNOC ................................ ................................ .. 76

YHPARGOILBIB ................................ ................................ ....................... 07

SECIDNEPPA ................................ ................................ ............................. 27

:1 xidneppA /t/ ni gnidnE sesaB htiw sdroW ................................ ........... 27

:2 xidneppA /s/ ni gnidnE sesaB htiw sdroW ................................ ............ 77

:3 xidneppA /d/ ni gnidnE sesaB htiw sdroW ................................ ........... 87

:4 xidneppA sdrownaoL ................................ ................................ .......... 87

:5 xidneppA nitaL fo noitacifidoM htiw sdroW drownaoL s { dna - evi } .... 18


iiix

LI FO TS SELBAT

elbaT { xiffuS eht fo noitubirtsiD ehT .1 - evi atad cinorhcnys no desab } ................

{ xiffuS hsilgnE eht fo ygolomytE ehT 2 elbaT - evi } ................................ ..............

elbaT { hpromollA eht fo noitubirtsiD ehT .3 - }evita ................................ .............

elbaT { xiffuS eht fo noitacifissalC gninaeM .4 - evi } ................................ .............

elbaT lacigolohproM .5 gninaeM eht fo ssecorP ot gnitaleR ................................ ..

elbaT .6 lacigolohproM gninaeM eht fo ssecorP ot gnidneT ................................ ..

elbaT .7 lacigolohproM gninaeM eht fo ssecorP gnisuaC ................................ ......

elbaT .8 lacigolohproM ssecorP gninaeM eht fo yb deziretcarahC ........................

elbaT .9 lacigolohproM P gninaeM eht fo ssecor ot elbA gnieB ..............................

.01 elbaT lacigolohproM gninaeM eht fo ssecorP gnisserpxE ................................

elbaT 11 . lacigolohproM gninaeM eht fo ssecorP ot ydaeR ................................ ....

elbaT 21 . lacigolohproM gninaeM eht fo ssecorP dednetnI sa ................................

elbaT 31 esaC lanoitpecxE . ................................ ................................ ....................

53

44

94

75

75

95

16

16

26

46

56

56

66


vix

TCARTSBA

.ydoD samoD ,otnanaH { xiffuS eht fo ydutS lacigolohproM A - }evi . ,sretteL fo ytlucaF ,sretteL hsilgnE fo tnemetrapeD :atrakaygoY amrahD atanaS

.5102 ,ytisrevinU hcihw egaugnal a sa nwonk si egaugnal hsilgnE si ni evitcudorp yrev

xiffa evitcudorp eht fo enO .noitaxiffa se { xiffus eht si hsilgnE ni - xiffus sihT .}evisi ro gnitirw ni dnuof ylnommoc eht taht tcaf eht ot euD .gnikaeps siht fo yduts

tcudnoc rehcraeser eht ,detimil llits si xiffus de eht fo yduts lacigolohprom eht xiffus {- .}evi ,yduts eht fo epocs eht timil ot redro nI ylno sevitcejbo eerht era

a tahW )1( :swollof sa snoitalumrof melborp ni detalumrof era yehT .dessucsid er{ xiffus eht gniviecer sesab eht - { xiffus eht fo shpromolla eht era tahW )2( ?}evi -

{ xiffus eht fo gninaem eht era tahW )3( ?}evi - ?}evi era yduts eht fo atad ehT tnereffid owt eht morf nekat detnirp ,seiranoitcid

yranoitciD naciremA drofxO weN ehT dna )5002( rerolpxE weN s’retsbeWyranoitciD cidepolcycnE tob no desaB .)6002( era ereht seiranoitcid h

mixorppa 14 yleta 5 gniviecer sdrow { xiffus eht - deifissalc rehcraeser ehT .}evi eht atad of ht e { xiffus eht htiw sdrow - }evi otni dna cinorhcnys cinorhcaid emos ecnissdrow sdrow naol nitaL eht sa deredisnoc hT . 062 tuoba era ere drow s dezirogetac

itacifissalc tsrif otni 51 dna no 5 .noitacifissalc dnoces otnisdrow T .snoisulcnoc gniwollof eht ta sevirra hcraeser ehT esab eh xiffus eht fo s{- ra }evi yltsom e brev emos dna s nuon s noitubirtsid eht no desaB . eht fo esab eht,

{ xiffus - si }evi ./b/ dna ,/v/ ,/d/ ,/s/ ,/t/ :semenohp eht htiw dedne eht ni stluser ehTera sisylana cinorhcaid w eht fo emos { xiffus eht htiw sdro - yltceridera }evi

b aL morf deworro nit hcnerF dna yb deifidom , nitaL { xiffus eht dna sdrow naol -evi } dna denioc .ygolana dna gnidnelb fo ssecorp eht yb cinorhcnys no desaB

{ hpromolla eht ,sisylana - sehcatta }evita ,/r/ ,/m/ emenohp htiw gnidne esab eht ota/ dna ,/k/ ,/z/ ,/n/ � ./ nI eht yltcerid deworrob era sdrow emos ,sisylana cinorhcaid

nitaL morf hcnerF morf muidem eht hguorht ro { hpromolla ehT . - }eviti nac ylno { htiw sdrow fo secnerrucco ehT .sisylana cinorhcaid gnisu dezylana eb -

yb desuac era }eviti ohprom fo noitidnoc lacigol eht p tsa elpicitrap mrof eht fobrev nitaL . lareneg ehT { xiffus eht fo gninaem - ot gnitaler‘ si }evi – ehT .‘ lanoitidda { xiffus eht fo gninaem - era }evi ot gnidnet‘ – gnisuac‘ ,‘ – ,‘

yb deziretcarahc‘ – ot elba gnieb‘ ,‘ – gnisserpxe‘ ,‘ – ot ydaer‘ ,‘ – dednetni‘ dna ‘sa - .‘ { xiffus ehT - evi ot dehcatta nehw gninaem tnereffid a sah semitemos }

.sesab ralucitrap


vx

KARTSBA

.ydoD samoD ,otnanaH golohproM A { xiffuS eht fo ydutS laci - }evi . amrahD atanaS ,sretteL fo ytlucaF ,sretteL hsilgnE fo tnemetrapeD :atrakaygoY

.5102 ,ytisrevinU rasad atak nakgnubaggnem malad fitkudorp tagnas lanekid sirggnI asahaB

pukuc gnay nahubmi utas halaS .nahubmi nagned fitkudorp sirggnI asahab idhka halada ari { n - evi uata nasilunep malad nakumetid gnires tubesret narihkA .}

kacrep irahes napa – halmuj aynsatabreT .irah naijak et gnorodnem ini narihka gnatnenep silunem kutnu itil ispirks igolofrom iduts gnatnet irad { narihka - evi .}

kipot 3 idajnem isatabid sahabid gnay iduts napukaC nasahab kipoT . nasahab tubesret naksumurid asumur malad hakapA )1( :tukireb iagabes halasam n atak

rasad { narihka irad - evi { narihka irad fromola hakapA )2( ?} - evi ?} hakapA )3(narihka irad itra {- vi e .?}

D nasumur asilanagnem mala – itilenep tubesret halasam nasumur :inkay ,adebreb gnay atad rebmus aud nakanuggnem naciremA drofxO weN ehT

yranoitciD )5002( nad yranoitciD cidepolcycnE rerolpxE weN s’retsbeW .)6002(dret tubesret sumak aud nakrasadreB tapa 14 5 { narihka gnudnagnem gnay atak - nakopmolekid tubesret ataD .}evi audidajnem ,isakifisalk utiay nad kinorknis

kinorkaid tapadreT . atad 062 ek nakirogetakid gnay malad nad amatrep isakifisalk51 5 atad gnay ek nakirogetakid malad ek isakifisalk .aud

ulaleM awhablisahnakumetidnaitilenepi atak rasad reb { narihka - halada }evi.adneb atak aparebeb nad ajrek atak aynisubirtsid nakrasadreB atak rasad irad

{ narihka - halada }evi narihkareb gnay atak nagned ,/v/ ,/d/ ,/s/ ,/t/ :menof nad ./b/adap rasadreB lisah silana a kinorkaid aparebeb atak { narihkanagned - evi }

asahabiradgnusgnalparesid nitaL sicnarPnad , napares atak nagnedisakifidomid { narihka nad nitaL asahab - nad ,}evi kutnebid edotem iulalem gnidnelb nad

molA .igolana { fro - adap takignem }evita atak rasad ihkareb gnay nagned narmenof a/ nad /k/ ,/z/ ,/n/ ,/r/ ,/m/ : � ./ P atak aparebeb kinorkaid asilana ada

reb { narihka - evi .nitaL asahab irad namajnip atak nakapurem } { fromolA - }evitiidnok anerak lubmit nakutneb adap igolofrom is ajrek atak audek asahab adap

{ narihka itrA .nitaL - nagned nagnubuhreb‘ halada mumu araces }evi - uti nialeS .‘narihka {- evi } nial itra iklimem aguj ek gnurednec‘ :tukireb iagabes –‘ ,

besid‘ helo nakba – irad nakgnologid‘ ,‘ – upmam‘ ,‘ – nakiserpkegnem‘ ,‘ – pais‘ ‘tnu ku – s nakanacnerid‘ nad ‘ iagabe –‘ . { narihkA - evi aparebeb ikilimem aguj }

adebreb gnay itra akij .utnetret atak adap takiret


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

According to Akmajian, Adrian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmers, and

Robert M. Harnish (2001: 11) word is one of the most fundamental units of linguistic

structure. It plays an important role in the human ability to use a language. Human

being uses a language as a tool for communication. Since a language has a system in

order to use and has many variations, it becomes a field of a study called as

linguistics study. A branch of linguistics that deals with words structure is termed as

morphology. English is being an interesting object in morphology as it has many

kinds of complex words. Aronoff and Fudeman (2011: 260) say “a Complex word is

a morphological form that consists of more than one morpheme”. The example is

English morphosyntactic words, such as: singular-plural noun and present-past verb.

These pairs of word of claim-claimed, say-said and tell-told are used depend on

grammatical context and all of them have lexical categories as verb. However, the

past form of each pair words has a different shape. Another example of the complex

word is a polymorphemic word. English has many bases that can be attached to

affixes. The word, establish for example, when it is attached to suffix {-ment} the

process will create a new word, establishment. This process of affixation changes the


2

meaning and the part of speech. Establish marks as a verb changes into establishment

marks as a noun. The suffix {-ment} also influences the meaning of the base or the

root, according to Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006: 563)

establish means “to begin or create”. After attached to the suffix {-ment}, the

meaning based on Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006:563) is

“the act of establishing”. The process of the meaning change from establish to

establishment indicates the suffix {-ment} implies the meaning “the act of –“.

Furthermore, the word or the base, establishment can be added by prefix {dis-}. This

suffix contributes the negative meaning to the base disestablishment. The word

establish is known as a root, while {dis-} and {-ment} are affixes. The base

disestablishment might be added by the other affixes that obviously will influence the

meaning, for instance, the word antidisestablishmentarianism (Fromkin, Victoria,

Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyam, 2003: 62)

The process of attaching a base to an affix is named as affixation. It is one of

the morphological processes to create new words in language. The other processes are

clipping, e.g. doc, blends, e.g. brunch, conversion, e.g. ink, acronym, e.g. U.S.A,

suppletion, e.g. good, better, and best, backformation e.g. edit and compounding, e.g.

green house. However, affixation is the most productive one. This process has existed

since the period of Old English. Nonetheless, the influence of Latin and French

colonization gives the impact to the Old English. A lot of Latin and French words

entered directly and replaced the Old English word. From the period of Old English


3

to the Modern English, this language has been changing extensively. On the other

words, Old English is difficult to be recognized since the vocabulary of Modern

English contains many loan words from other languages, especially Latin. Several

affixes from Old English period that still exist in Modern English are {-dom}, {-ful},

{-ness}, and {-ward}.

The affixes can be categorized into prefixes, infixes, and suffixes according to

the position to which the affixes are attached. A prefix attaches to the front of the root

or the base. It is termed as infix when an affix occurs within the root or the base.

While it attaches to the end of the root or the base, it is called as suffix. Based on the

function affixes are divided into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.

Inflectional affixes are related to syntax while derivational are related to lexeme.

Inflectional affixes occur as the requirement of grammar whereas derivational are

used to coined new word.

This thesis deals with one of derivational suffixes, namely the suffix {-ive}.

This suffix has a function as derivational suffix since it produces the new adjectival

word. O‟Grady and de Guzman (2010: 124) state the root of suffix {-ive} has lexical

category as a verb. However, there are some exceptional cases, such as: secretive.

The word secretive is constructed by the root secret and the suffix {-ive}. This word

has a noun lexical category as a root which means the suffix {-ive} does not only

attach to the verb base. Thus, the base of suffix {-ive} will be examined in a deeper

analysis in this thesis. Another case is on the word, affirmative. It can be broken


4

down into the base affirm and the suffix {-ative}. According to Aronoff, et al (2011:

15) “forms with the same meaning but different sound shapes may be instances of the

same morpheme if their distribution is not overlap”. The word, affirmative indicates

that the suffix {-ive} may have other variant which in morphology termed as

allomorph. This condition triggers the researcher to analyze the allomorph of the

suffix {-ive}. The other problem is in the meaning of the suffix {-ive}. As a

morpheme, the suffix {-ive} has a contribution in changing the meaning of the base.

Based on Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary, the meaning of the

suffix {-ive} is “tending to do something specified (2006: 885)”. However, many of

the words contain the suffix {-ive} do not denote that meaning. The word, instinctive

for instance, does not mean „*tending to do instinct‟. According to The New Oxford

American Dictionary (2005: 923) instinctive means “relating to instinct”. Akmajian,

et al (2001: 49) state “The meaning of many complex word are not merely

composites of the meaning their parts”.

This study aims to attain a deeper understanding of the words containing the

suffix {-ive}. It will lead the learner to acquiring the spelling and the meaning. On the

other hand this study also enriches vocabulary to the leaners.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the introduction, the problem for this research can be formulated as

follows:

1. What are the bases receiving the suffix {-ive}?


5

2. What are the allomorphs of the suffix {-ive}?

3. What are the meaning of the suffix {-ive}?

C. Objectives of Study

In general, the purpose of the study is to find out the suffixation of the suffix

{-ive} based on the distribution, its forms and the impact of suffixation, and its

meaning. Hence, this thesis has three objectives of the study. The first objective is to

identify the base in the words that receive the suffix {-ive}. In the way of analyzing

the base, it will be classified based on their part of speech, distribution, and historical

background. The second objective is to analyze the allomorphs of the suffix {-ive}

based on the phonological and morphological conditioned. The third objective is to

identify the meaning of the suffix {-ive}.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to direct this thesis to the objectives, it is important to comprehend the

concept in this study which is defined as follows:

Morphology is “the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch

of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure and how they formed”

(Aronof et all, 2011:2). This study means to examine the structure of the word

containing suffix {-ive}. Thus the concept of morphology is important as the basic

knowledge in analyzing the problem discussed in this study.


6

Morpheme is “the smallest difference in the shape of a word that correlates with

the smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure”

(Katamba, 1993: 24). On the other word, a morpheme is a smallest unit which always

has a meaning.

Morph is “a physical form representing some morpheme in a language”

(Katamba, 1993:24). On the other words, a morph is the realization of the morpheme.

Allomorph is “one of the variant pronunciations of a morpheme, among which

the choice is determined by the phonological, grammatical or lexical context.”

(Carstairs, 2002:141). In the concise word, an allomorph is the variant of the morph

which represents the same morpheme.

Affix is “a morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme

or morphemes such as a root or stem or base” (Katamba, 1993: 44). An affix cannot

stand independently. It must attaches to free morpheme. Therefore, an affix is called

as bound morpheme. The word, reconsider, for example, the affix {re-} cannot stand

alone as a word even though it has its own meaning. An affix which is after the root

or stem or base is known as suffix. Gleason (1961: 59) defines suffix as “A

morpheme added to the end of the base to form a new word.”

Base is “any unit to which any kind of affixes can be attached.” The affixes

attached to a base maybe either inflectional affixes, which are used for syntactic or

grammatical reason or derivational affixes which alter the meaning or the word class


7

of the base (Katamba. 1993:45). A base can be a free morpheme or a root. This

concept needs to be mentioned while as a bound morpheme the suffix {-ive} needs a

base to attach. Furthermore, the complex word, such as: reproductive, the suffix

{-ive} does not attach to the root but from the base reproduce.


8

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two parts, namely review of related studies and

review of related theories. The review of related studies discusses the similar studies

which have done by previous researchers related to the topic of this thesis. On the

other hand, the review of related theories discusses on the theories that are applicable

to the topic of this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

There are three studies done by other researchers on the similar topic with this

study. Those studies are reviewed in this part. They are taken from Perangin–angin‟s,

Denistia‟s and Maharani‟s studies

Parangin–angin, in his study entitled “A Morphological Study of the English

Noun Suffix {-ion},” formulated three basic problems which become the objectives

of his study. The first objective is the phonetic form of the suffix {-ion}. The data

were collected from two sources; Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1974) and

The New Grolier Webster International Dictionary of English Language vol I and II

(1974). Parangin–angin concluded the suffix {-ion} has nine complex allomorphs.

Those are {-ion}, {-ation}, {-ition}, {-tion}, {-cation}, {-action}, {-ution}, {-iation}


9

and {-sion}. After identifying the allomorphs, he applies two approaches in analyzing

the problem, which are synchronic and diachronic approach. The allomorph {-ion} is

phonologically predictable. Thus, it is analyzed using synchronic approach. The

allomorph {-ion} has the process of palatalization. The palatalize sounds are

voiceless alveolar /t/ and /s/ become fricative sibilant /ʃ/, and voiced alveolar /d/ and

/z/ become voiced fricative sibilant /ʒ/. In the second objective, Parangin–Angin

(2000: 69) states “the lexical meaning of the suffix {-ion} which are found from the

dictionary, are „action‟, „state‟ or „condition‟ „product‟ or „result‟ and „something

producing a result‟”. The suffix {-ion} is the most productive suffix in English.

Hence, it contains many meanings. Since the suffix {-ion} is the derivational suffix, it

modifies the lexical category from verb base into noun. On the third objective

Parangin–angin says the distribution of suffix {-ion} can be categorized as affixation,

compound word and back formation.

Another study is the thesis done by Denistia, entitled “The Distribution of

Agentive Nominalizer of the Suffixes {- er}, {- ist} and {-an}”. This study is related

to previous thesis, which discuses on the meaning introduced by the suffixes {-er},

{-ist} and {-an} and the distribution of the allomorphs of suffixes {-er} and {-an}.

The data are taken from the difference source of Parangin–angin thesis. She uses

Hornby Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000) as source of the data. She

finds out three allomorphs of the suffix, which are {-er}, {-or}, {-eer} /ɪər/ and {-ier}

/ɪər/. Meanwhile, the allomorphs of the suffix {-an} are {-ian} /ʃn/, {-ian} /ɪən/, and


10

{-ean} /ɪən/. The meaning introduced by the suffixes {-er}, {-ist} and {-an} generally

is „a person who is X‟. In this study she presents the detail of the meaning of each

suffix. She states that the meaning is influenced by the lexical category of stem

attached by those suffixes. The suffixes {-er} and {-ist} can attach to particular verb,

noun and adjective stem. On the other hand, the suffix {-an} only can attach to verb

stem.

The other study is from Maharani, entitled “A Study of the Meaning and

Allomorphs of the English Suffix {-cy}”. This study discusses the base received by

the suffix {-cy}, the meaning of the suffix {-cy} and the morphophonemic process

undergoes in the affixation of the suffix {-cy}. It is Longman Dictionary of

Contemporary English (2009) and Webster’s New World College Dictionary (2005)

that is used as the source of the data. As the result, the suffix {-cy} is derivational

noun producing suffix that mostly attaches to adjective bases, though, it also attaches

to noun and verb bases. The most common meaning occurs in the suffix {-cy} is

„quality, condition, state, or fact or being‟ and „position, rank, or office‟, as well as

other less common meanings „the act or process of‟, „people who are X‟ and

„movement in the manner of X‟. The morphophonemic processes undergo in the

suffix {-cy} are the vowel and schwa insertion, vowel and consonant deletion, vowel

and consonant change, vowel reduction, and stress shift.

This present study has three objectives of the study. On the beginning it will

start on the analysis of base of the suffix {-ive}. This examination will include the


11

root of the suffix {-ive} and the base that can be combined with suffix {-ive}.

Synchronic and diachronic approaches will be used in analyzing data. The synchronic

approach is applied to analyze what kind of distribution of the base of the suffix

{-ive} has. The diachronic approach is used to examine the etymology of words

having the suffix {-ive}. By recognizing the distribution of base the suffix {-ive}, the

analysis of allomorphs can be conducted. Afterwards, the analysis will continue in-

depth on the meaning carrying in the suffix {-ive}. This study is closely related to the

previous thesis. First, using synchronic and diachronic approaches in analyzing the

base is similar with what is done by Parangin–angin‟s study on answering first

problem formulation. Second, the analysis of the allomorph is also discussed in the

Parangin–Angin‟s thesis. Third, either this present study or those three studies discuss

on the meaning of derivational affixes. This present study is meant to develop the

morphological analysis. It will enrich the study in the field of morphology since the

suffix {-ive} has never been analyzed before.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Morphology

Bauer (2003: 335) states the term of morphology etymologically comes from

the Greek morphe means „form‟ and –ology means „study‟. Two field of studies

applying this term. It is used in the biological term and the linguistics term. The

definition of each term should be detached since it has the different object of the

study. Matthew says (1991: 3) “as the biological term it is older by at least thirty


12

years”. Morphology in the branch of biology means the study of the form and the

structure of organism thorough the evolution the species, whereas as the subfield

of linguistic morphology means the study of the form and structure of word.

Further definition of this term is mentioned by Aronoff, et al (2011: 2)

”morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the

branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they

formed”.

As cited before the study of morphology obviously will discuss on word. The

term word is very familiar, though for people who do not study linguistics. The

usage of word is very important as the tool of human being for communication.

However, in defining the term of word itself is still bias. Katamba (1993:17)

mentions “what we mean by „word‟ is not always clear, difficulties in clarifying

the nature of the word is used in a variety of senses which usually are not clearly

distinguished”.

According to Aitchison (1978: 66) the word implies three functions in

linguistics; as a lexical item, a syntactic item and a phonological item. A lexical

item means a word as phonetic group which is related in some way to a unit of

meaning, for example: break. It is a word that has a meaning „being damage’. A

syntactic item means a word as a group of sound that implies syntactic

environment. The word break has two different shapes in past and past participle,

broke and broken. Those two shapes have the same meaning but each shape is

used in the different environment. Moreover, the shape break, broke or broken


13

carries the part of speech as a verb. A phonological item means a word as a

sequence of phoneme. As an example break is a word that is constructed by a

group of phonemes /breɪk/. In morphology, the act of the analysis is dealing with

word. This is why a morphological study is integrated with other branches of

linguistics such as syntax, phonology and semantic.

2. Internal Element of Words

a. Morpheme

In English many words can easily be segmented to a smaller component.

The words printer, reader and editor for example, they can be split into print-er,

read-er and edit-or. It is indeed that word contains an internal structure. O‟Grady,

et al (1989: 133) says “Word has an internal structure consisting of smaller units

organized with respect to each in particular way”. The words above have the verb

root, print, read, and edit. It is shown that the ending –er or –or influence the

lexical category and the meaning. The smaller unit of word which influence the

function and meaning is called as morpheme. Aronoff, et al states (2011: 2),

“morpheme is often defined as the smallest linguistic pieces with a grammatical

function”. The words print, read and edit cannot be split into a smaller unit. It

means that each word only consists of a single morpheme. This word is also

called as a simple word. Meanwhile, a complex word is a word that has more than

one morpheme. In this case printer, reader, and editor consist of two morphemes;

therefore, it can be called as complex words. The notion of morpheme is different


14

from a syllable. A syllable is phonological segment which is made up of a

syllabic nucleus. Unlike a morpheme, a syllable does not involve with the

meaning. “Morpheme may consist of one or several whole syllables, part of

syllable, or, in fact any combination of phoneme without regard to their status as

syllable” (Gleason, 1961:53). The word, printer consists of three morphemes;

print,-er,-s. Though, it only consists of two syllables. The segment –s is also a

morpheme which represents a single sound since it influences the meaning of the

base printer. Conversely, it is not a syllable because it does not have a nucleus.

A morpheme can be categorized to free morpheme and bound morpheme. A

morpheme such a simple word is called free morpheme since it can stand alone as

an independent word. It also can be a root. Katamba (1993: 41) states “Many

words contain root standing on its own. The root which is capable of standing

independently is called a free morpheme.” The illustration is in the following

noun phrase; the girl with an umbrella. Each word is representing a free

morpheme. Afterward, a free morpheme is classified into content words and

function words. Girl and umbrella are the example of content words, whereas the,

with and an represent function words. The other type of morpheme is called

bound morpheme. By contrast, this morpheme cannot stand independently. It

must attach to a root, a stem or a free morpheme. In English bound morpheme can

be added to the beginning or the end of a root or base. The attachment of bound

morpheme also depends on the particular condition of a root or base. The


15

functions of bound morpheme are to build a new word or to show particular

syntactic meaning. There are three kind of bound morphemes: bound bases,

contracted forms and affixes. The example of a bound base is the base cran in the

word cranberry. The example of a contracted form is the word will, in the

sentence they’ll go nowhere. „ll is a contracted for of the word will. The example

of an affix is {re-} in the word rewrite. The detailed explanation of the affix is in

the theory of affixation.

b. Allomorph

The concept of an allomorph cannot be detached from the relation of a

morpheme and a morph. According to Bauer a morpheme is called as a morph

when “it represents a phonetic or orthographic form of morpheme” (1983: 15). In

some cases a morpheme can have two or more morphs which are termed as

allomorphs. The clear description on allomorph was stated by Gleason (1961: 61),

defining allomorph as “variant of a morpheme which occurs in a certain definable

environment.” Through this definition, it is understandable that the occasion of

allomorph depends on particular environment. Katamba (1993: 27) states “the

central technique used in identification of morphemes is based on the notion of

distribution; the total set of contexts in which a particular linguistic form occurs.”

The allomorphs of the same morpheme can occur if they are in complementary

distribution. This means the allomorphs almost do not occur in the same


16

condition. Due the fact that an allomorph is a variant of morpheme, it always

represents the same meaning and grammatical function.

Based on Katamba (1993: 28-31) there are four conditions in which the

allomorph occur: phonologically conditioned, grammatically conditioned,

lexically conditioned and suppletion. The phonologically conditioned means the

occurrence of allomorph is based on the phonological properties, for instance, the

prefix {in-} has the allomorphs {im-} /im/, {in-} /in/, {il-} /il/ and {in} /iŋ/ based

on the phonological conditioned. The grammatical conditioned means the

occurrence of the allomorph is caused by the grammatical context. The verbs

weep, sweep and shake, in past form become wept, swept and shook. Those verbs

are the example of grammatical conditioned. “Lexically conditioned, i.e. use of

particular allomorph may be obligatory if a certain word is present”

(Katamba.1993: 30). The plural form of ox and child are the examples of

allomorph based on lexical conditioned. An allomorph is in a condition of

suppletion when it represents the same morpheme which phonetically unrelated,

the example: good, better and best.

c. Base, Stem and Root

Before going further to the analysis of word formation, the concept of a base,

stem and root must be understood. They are common terminologies that usually

are used in morphological studies. These notions are closely similar to each other


17

now that the explanation of those terms should be discussed to avoid

misunderstanding. Bauer states “root, stem and base are all terms used in the

literature to designate that part of a word that remains when all affixes have been

removed” (1983: 20).

On the previous section, a root has been mentioned that sometimes it can be a

free morpheme. The definition of a root according to Katamba (1993: 41) is “the

irreducible core of word, with absolutely nothing else attached to it”. On the other

word, a root is a basic part that carries the major component of meaning. A root

can stand alone as a simple word so it could be a free morpheme. Bauer

(1983: 20) defines “a root is form which is not further analyzable, either in terms

of derivational or inflectional morphology.” Hence, it is possible to modify a root

by attaching with bound morphemes. The word unconditional is a complex word

which is formed by three morphemes; {un-} condition {-al}. In this environment

condition is called a root since it cannot be segmented anymore and carries the

major meaning of word unconditional.

Katamba (1993: 45) states “stem is that part of a word that is in existence

before any inflectional affixes; those affixes whose presence is required by the

syntax such as markers of singular and plural number in nouns, tense verb etc.”

Unlike a root, a stem is an analyzable. On the simple words, this term can be

defined as a shape of word that occurs after the inflectional affixes have been


18

removed. The example is in a word workers. Here work is called a root, but

worker is the stem to which the inflectional suffix {-s} attached.

A base is any unit to which affixes can be added, whether they are

derivational or inflectional affixes. This means a base can be a stem or root,

depends on the particular environment. It is called as a stem when in the context

of inflectional morphology. It also may be a root when it becomes the irreducible

core of a word. A base also can be a complex word which contains derivational

suffixes. The example is in the word untouchables. Here, touch is a root or a base.

Then touchable is base of word untouchable. Then untouchable is the stem or the

base of untouchables.

3. Affixation

Gleason (1961: 38) states that “The broadest and most comprehensive classes

of morphemes in English and the most nearly universal in the languages of the

world is roots and affixes.” An affixation is the most common way of building

new words in the language. The process is by combining a base or root or stem

with affix. The affix can be both inflectional and derivational. By looking at the

definition, obviously an affix is a bound morpheme. Another usage of affixation

except creating new words is adding some information to the base. Even though

there are several types of affixation, this study delimits into suffixation and


19

prefixation. Based on the position when affixation precedes the base, it is called

as prefixation. Conversely, when it occurs after the base, it is called suffixation.

Based on the function, affixes are differentiated into two classes. They are

inflectional and derivational affixes. The generalization is inflectional does not

change the core of lexical meaning or the lexical category of the word where it

attaches to the base, for example: the suffix {-s} in plural noun. The word cat on

which attaches with the suffix {-s} does not change either the lexical category or

the meaning. The suffix {-s} is used to add some information about the quantity

and under grammatical reason. Moreover, before and after cat is attached by the

suffix {-s}, the lexical category is a noun. The second type is derivational affixes.

Bauer (2003: 27) defines “derivation is the morphological process that results in

the formation of new lexeme.” In contrast derivational affixes characteristically

change the category and the type meaning of the form where they apply. The

inflectional affixes are applied under grammatical reason, while derivation is used

to form a new word. The verb institute is the example. It can form a noun

institution by attached with suffix {-ion}. It may form an adjective in the word

institutional, becoming a verb in word institutionalize, or deriving a noun in the

word institutionalization.

4. Theory of Verb Categorization

“A verb is that part of speech which expresses action (run, walk, steal, kill,

jump), being (am, become), or state of being (suffer, rejoice).” Harman


20

(1951: 93). Based on the existence of the object, Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and

Svartvik (1985: 14) categorize verb as intensive verb and extensive verb. An

intensive verb means it does not need an object. The other named that usually

used is intransitive verb. On the other hand, a verb which needs an object is called

an extensive verb or transitive verb. The sentence I walked around the city

yesterday. Walked is intransitive or intensive verb since it does not need an object.

Then in the sentence Marley squeezed the shirt. The word squeezed needs an

object the shirt; therefore, it is called a transitive verb.

There are two kind of extensive verbs, namely monotransitive and ditransitive

verbs. A monotransitive means a verb that only needs one object. The verb within

two arguments such as: see, move, push and pulled is a monotransitive verb. A

ditransitive tends to need two objects. In the sentence containing a verb which has

direct and indirect objects, the verb is always ditransitive. The verbs, such as:

send, give, show, and throw are some examples. Moreover, transitive and

intransitive also can relate to the meaning of verb. Harman (1951: 94) “Verbs

may be classified according to their meaning as transitive and intransitive.” In

transitive verb the action is conceived as “going across” or “passing over” from a

subject to an object. Nevertheless, intransitive verb either shows no action at all or

represents action as limited to the subject or agent. Consequently, a verb which

presents the idea is normally intransitive verb.


21

5. Borrowing

The term of borrowing in linguistics means the process to take words from

another language and make them part of its own vocabulary. This process is

common due to the fact that language is very dynamic. When people find new

item or concept from abroad, they need a term to go along with new acquisition.

Campbell (2004: 62) says “A word which originally was not part of the

vocabulary of the recipient language but was adopted from some other language

and made part of the borrowing language‟s vocabulary is named as loanwords.”

Some loanwords usually modify to fit the phonological or morphological

structure of the borrowing language. The word beer in English, become biruu

when it is borrowed to Japan.

In the earlier period, English vocabulary was similar with other Germanic

languages. However, the present-day English has a cosmopolitan vocabulary.

That means English shares a great number of words from many other languages.

Baugh and Cable (2002:10) say “more than a half of English vocabulary is

derived from Latin. Some of these borrowing have been direct, a great many

through French.”

6. Review of suffix {-ive}

The suffix {-ive} is a derivational suffix which the suffixation usually derives

verb bases into adjective words. It is one of the Latinate suffixes which are

borrowed in English. The base of the suffix {-ive} is usually a loanword.


22

Marchand (1969: 315) states “the suffix is ultimately L –ivus, a formative chiefly

deriving adjectives from the second participle of verb, as administrativus,

admissivus and captivus.” Before presence in English, the suffix {-ivus} was

borrowed by French. The form changed into {-if}. In French, the adjective {-if}

becomes {-ive} in case the adjective is in a feminine form. When it is analyzed

from the structural point of view, the words with the suffix {-ive} are equivalent

with the Latin coined suffix {-ion}, for instance: additive / addition, cognitive /

cognition, extensive / extension, and decisive / decision.

Quirk, et al (1985: 1555) asserts “occasionally the base of suffix {-ive} is a

noun like secret becomes secretive”. According to Quirk, et al (1985:1555) this

suffix also has the other form that is {-ative}, for examples: talk into talkative and

affirm becomes affirmative. However, there is another variant of the suffix {-ive}.

In the words additive, from morphological point of view this words can be

segmented into add + {-itive}. Hence, the allomorph {-itive} may also the other

variant of the suffix {-ive}. As a bound morpheme, the suffix {-ive} must have a

meaning. O‟Grady, et al (2005: 100) states the suffix {-ive} has the semantic

effect to the base as „having the property of doing‟. Consequently, the word

impressive can be interpreted „having the property of doing impress‟.

Furthermore, the detailed meaning of the suffix {-ive} according to Oxford

American Dictionary is “showing the ability to perform the activity represent by

the verb.” (2005: 690). However, Aronoff, et al (2011) say that the derivational

suffixes do not have a transparent and certain meaning.


23

C. Theoretical Framework

This study is categorized as the morphological study. Thus, there are several

linguistic theories that are used to the data analysis. This study conducts three

problems as the objectives.

The first problem formulation is to identify the base of the suffix {-ive}. The

theories of a base, root and stem are applied to the data. Afterwards the theory of

affixation is also implemented. The reasons using those theories are to break down

the words into smaller unit and to prove the bound morpheme is a derivational suffix

{-ive}. Then the theory of word by Aitchison (1978: 66) is conducted. The word is

regarded as the phonological item, syntactic item and lexical item. The data treat as

the sequence of phonemes to identify the distribution of the suffix {-ive}, syntactic

item to identify the part of speech of the words and the bases, and lexical item to

identify the morphological proses of each datum. In order to find the part of speech of

the bases, the theories of the verb categorization are also applied. On the lexical item

the theory of borrowing is also integrated to find the core of the data in other

languages.

In answering the second problem formulation the researcher applies the theory of

allomorph. This theory is used to analyze the distribution of the allomorph of the

suffix {-ive}.

In answering the third problem formulation the researcher applies the theory of

morpheme and derivational affixes. The theory of morpheme indicates that the suffix


24

{-ive} has their own meaning. The theory of derivational affixes is used because it

says that derivational affixes do not have a certain meaning.


25

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The description on the methodology is employed in conducting this study. In

this chapter, there are three main parts: the object of the study, the approach of the

study, and the method of the study. The object of the study mainly describes about

what the data are and in which they are taken from. The approach of the study

discusses the description of the approach applied on this study and why it is

presented. The method of the study describes about the method of collecting the data

and the step of analysis.

A. Object of the Study

The objects of this study are the words having the suffix {-ive}. The primary data

were taken from printed dictionaries; Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic

Dictionary (2006) and The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005).

Both of them are used since they are reliable dictionary which usually being used as

the reference for academic study. The first dictionary consists of 2212 pages. It

provides a great number of word collections and the information about the word

etymology. It also supplies the precise year on which each word first used.

Nevertheless, it does not supply the standard phonetic transcription. The other

dictionary consists of 1959 pages. It gives a large number of words collections


26

involving the etymology of each word and has the International Phonetics Alphabet

symbol with narrowed transcription. The IPA symbol is significant in order to

examine the base of the suffix {-ive}. Besides that, the consideration using two

dictionaries is to complete the data collection.

B. Approach of the Study

This present study applies a morphological approach in analyzing the form of

words having the suffix {-ive}. At first the morphological analytic approach was used

to analyze the data. This approach refers to break words down into a sequence of

morpheme. Aronoff, et al (2011: 14) state, “no matter what language we’re looking

at, we need analytic methods that are independent of the structures we are

examining”. After obtaining the morphemes, the data are examined using synchronic

and diachronic approach. A synchronic approach means to know the permissible form

of the base that can be attached by the suffix {-ive} using the present-day system.

Therefore data are analyzed based on the theories of linguistic, such as:

morphological and phonological theories. Then, the diachronic approach is also

implemented, in case the synchronic analysis does not reach satisfactory result.

C. Method of the Study

This present study applies the empirical data research as the method of study. It is

a method that the all of the data collection as the source for the data analysis. The


27

primary sources are from two dictionaries, namely Webster’s New Explorer

Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006) and The New Oxford American Dictionary Second

Edition (2005). On the method of the study, the discussion is classified into two

categories which are called as the data collection and data analysis process.

1. Data Collection

The first step that the researcher did was collecting the data of the words

receiving the suffix {-ive}. The data were collected by scanning each page The New

Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005) and list of words in Webster’s

New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006). In the first dictionary, the meaning of

some words containing the suffix {-ive} were not explained. It only provided the

derivation form. Hence, the second dictionary was used to complete the meaning of

the words in the data collection. Definitely, not all words ending with segment –ive

could be categorized as the words with the suffix {-ive}. The suffix {-ive} has a

function to make the adjectival words. The word which did not have the part of

speech as an adjective, such: incentive or forgive was eliminated. Some words ending

with the suffix {-ive} but do not have the base in English are included to the data

collection. The suffix {-ive} is productive suffix. There were 415 words having the

suffix {-ive} based on the two dictionaries mentioned above. Despite using a data

sampling method, the researcher believed that using a population method was more

appropriate. The population study gave more detailed analysis than the sample study.


28

However, in order to prevent redundancy on the analysis, the researcher presented 10

words utmost in the analysis result and discussion.

Since some words having the suffix {-ive} are borrowed from Latin. The data

collection was divided into two main categories, the data which can be analyzed by

the synchronic analysis and the data that are treated by diachronic analysis. The first

categorization means that the words with the suffix {-ive} can be analyzed with the

present-day theory. The second categorization means that in order to find the result,

the data must be examined by observing the historical background. There are 260

words categorized into synchronic analysis and 155 words into diachronic analysis.

As using the population method of the study, the researcher analyzed all the data

collection. The data are included the orthographical forms, the phonetic

transcriptions, the borrowing words, and the meanings.

2. Data Analysis

Based on the first problem formulation, the study focused on the base of suffix

{-ive}. Hence, the researcher did some following step. First, the list of bases ended

with suffix {-ive} were categorized into their lexical category. Next, a diachronic

approach was applied to analyze some bases which did not have lexical category as

adjective. This approach was used to understand the type of borrowing, the data

might be borrowed only the root or the whole -form from other languages. On the

diachronic data, the analysis is considered on the orthography form since the other


29

language has the different way to pronounce their word than English pronunciation.

After collecting the adjectival bases, the analysis of the distribution depend on the

phonetic transcription of the base. It applies the feature of last phoneme which the

suffix {-ive} can be constrained.

The second problem formulation discusses the allomorphs of the suffix {-ive}.

The allomorph occurs in a certain phonological condition or morphological condition.

Thus, at first examination is discussing the allomorph based on the phonological

condition. It is the similar with the analysis of base on phonological condition which

discussed on the feature of the last phoneme. Only if it is in complementary

distribution in phonological condition, a unit is said to be an allomorph. On the

variant which is not complementary distribution with the other, the diachronic

analysis is implemented to know the morphological condition.

The third problem discusses on the meaning of the suffix {-ive}. The first step

was to identify the meaning before and after the suffix {-ive} was attached. After

getting all the data, the generalization of the data has applied as the next step.

Afterward the final step was concluded what are the meaning of the suffix {-ive}.


30

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, three parts of the discussion are presented. The discussions are

arranged systematically based on the problem formulations. On this thesis, there are

three objectives of the study that must be analyzed; the first is the bases to which the

suffix {-ive} can be attached, the second one is what the allomorphs of the suffix

{-ive} has and what their distribution are, the third one is what the meaning of the

suffix {-ive} denotes.

In discussing the first problem formulation, some theories beside

morphological theory are needed since morphology affiliates with other field of

linguistics. The discussion also applies the phonological theories and historical

background, in aiming to provide the satisfying answer. From both The New Oxford

American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary

(2006), there are 414 words that have the suffix {-ive}. Concerning those data, the

primary analysis applies synchronic analysis. It means that the discussion is based on

the present-day system in English. Nevertheless, not all the data are suitable in

analyzing using synchronic approach so that the diachronic analysis also is also

implemented. Most of the bases of the suffix {-ive} are originated from Latin. The


31

suffix {-ive} is Latinate suffix which inherits from the Latin suffix, {-ivus}. The

diachronic analysis is placed as the second analysis after the synchronic analysis.

After discussing the bases of the suffix {-ive}, the allomorphs of this suffix

can be identified and analyzed. An allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme; it

shares the same function and the meaning. The suffix {-ive} has two other variants

which are {-ative} and {-itive}. The allomorphs of the suffix {-ive} can be identified

based on the phonological and morphological conditioned of the bases. On the

phonological conditioned, the ending phoneme of the base of each variant should be

in complementary distribution.

In analyzing the third problem formulation, the conclusion about the meaning

of the suffix {-ive} is based on the two dictionaries. At first step, the researcher look

for the meaning suffix {-ive} itself in those two dictionaries. The meaning from those

two dictionaries is used as the references before conducting further analysis.

Afterwards the analysis is conducted by comparing the root or the base before

attached to the suffix {-ive} and after they combine the suffix {-ive}. The

categorization of the meaning is classified on the next section

A. The Base of the Suffix {-ive}

1. The Lexical Category of the Base

Some experts of linguistics state differently about the bases of the suffix {-ive}

O‟Grady, et al (2005: 119) assert that the adjectives words with the suffix {-ive} are


32

derived from verb bases. Otherwise, Quirk, et al (1985: 1555) state the suffix {-ive}

can be attached to the bases of the verb and some of noun. From the data collection,

the suffix {-ive} is usually attached to the verb base, the occurrence of verb bases is

the most predominant. However, there are other part of speech which the suffix

{-ive} can be combined. Please observe the following examples:

adopt adoptive

intellect intellective

intense intensive

The sample of the words above are the bases of the suffix {-ive} taken from The

New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic

Dictionary (2006). After suffixation process, the three outcomes; adoptive,

intellective, and intensive has the part of speech as adjectives. If the analysis is

concerning the bases, each base has different part of speech. The base adopt is known

as a verb, the base intellect is known as a noun and the base intense is known has an

adjective lexical category. Hence, it can reach a tentative conclusion that the suffix

{-ive} may be attached to the verb, noun and adjective bases. However, if the

adjective base, such as: intense is treated in the diachronic analysis, the word

intensive is not built from intense + {-ive} but from the Latin borrowed word,

intensivus. Regarding the data there are only three adjective bases including the base

intense. The other words are sedate and resolute. Those two words have the same

condition with the word intense. Sedative and resolutive are generated from the Latin

loan words sedativus and resolutivus. Hence, it is important to apply diachronic

analysis in this study.


33

a. The Verb Base

The bases of the suffix {-ive} are dominated by the verb bases. The verb bases

which the suffix {-ive} can be combined are either transitive or intransitive verbs.

Nonetheless, the suffix {-ive} mostly attaches to transitive verb bases. Based on The

New Oxford American Dictionary (2005), here are the examples of transitive verbs

correct corrective

destruct destructive

contemplate contemplative

compare comparative

create creative

In order to fulfill the appropriate grammatical aspect, those verbs require objects

when they are put into a sentence. The verb destruct needs an object which can be

involved a destruction or the verb create needs an object which is the result of a

creation. In case of the verb compare, the suffixation process of {-ive} is altered. It is

unlike the suffixation of the others samples, for instance: correct + {-ive} becomes

corrective. The verb, compare + {-ive} does not turn into *comparive but becomes

comparative. This changing form of the suffix {-ive} is discussed in the analysis of

allomorph of the suffix {-ive}.

On the preceding section, it was stated that the base of the suffix {-ive} are both

transitive and intransitive verb. Regarding The New Oxford American Dictionary

(2005), several bases are noted as intransitive verb, for instance:

allude allusive

collude collusive


34

cogitate cogitative

collaborate collaborative

conduce conducive

Whereas the transitive verb must have an object, the intransitive verb does not

need an object. An intransitive verb only needs subject but, neither a direct object nor

indirect object is needed. The example is in the verb, collaborate appears in the

sentence: Microsoft and Nokia agreed to collaborate. The sentence does not require

an object in order to fulfill a good grammatical aspect.

b. The Noun Base

The bases of the suffix {-ive} also can be a noun. On this study, both on The New

Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic

Dictionary (2006), there are seven bases which are noun:

ingress ingressive

intellect intellective

recluse reclusive

reflex reflexive

secret secretive

instinct instinctive

adjunct adjunctive

The suffix {-ive} is the derivational suffix which also can attach to the noun base.

The categorizations of noun are countable and uncountable. The bases, such as:


35

intellect, secret, reflex, recluse, instinct, adjunct, are categorized as countable noun.

Only in one occasion the suffix {-ive} attaches to uncountable noun. The base,

ingress is the base which is categorized as uncountable noun. Hence, in the noun

bases, the suffix {-ive} mostly combines to countable noun.

2. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ive}

The suffix {-ive} is known as the underlying representation among the variants of

{-ive}, {-ative} and {-itive}. Regarding the data, it is the most dominant form which

occurs in 367 words having the suffix {-ive}. Therefore, this form is sited at the first

analysis. The following discussion is the analysis of the allomorph {-ative} which

appears on the 39 words. Afterwards the discussion is on the allomorph {-itive}

which appears on 8 occasion.

The table of the distribution of the suffix {-ive} taken from The New Oxford

American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary

(2006) can be seen below:

NO LAST PHONEME OF THE

BASE

OCCURANCE PERCENTAGE

1 /t/ 182 76.7%

2 /s/ 27 11.4%

3 /d/ 21 8.9%

4 /z/ 2 0.8%

5 /v/ 2 0.8%

6 /b/ 2 0.8%

236 100%

Table 1. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ive} Based on the Synchronic Data


36

a. The Base Ending with Voiceless Alveolar Stop /t/

The base ending with phoneme /t/ is the most productive among the other

phonemes. The accumulation of the bases is 182 words means that from all of the

data collection the occurrence is more than 70%. The data is dominantly by the base

ending with letters –ate. Even though in English there is suffix {-ate}, most of the

bases are regarded as roots. From The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and

Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006), these are the following

examples:

Verb Adjective

innovate innovative

duplicate duplicative

evaluate evaluative

compensate compensative

evacuate evacuative

Above are examples of the verbs considered as the root. Those words are

never truncated into smaller unit. The word innovate does not come from

*innove+{-ate}, duplicate does not build from *duplic+{-ate} or evaluate does not

originate from * evalu + {-ate}. Those words are regarded as free morpheme. On the

other hand, those words also can be called as roots. Moreover, the suffix {-ive} also

attaches to the polymorphemic bases. There are few bases known as complex word.

Several examples of polymorphemic words are:


37

Noun Verb Adjective

origin originate originative

decor decorate decorative

exploit exploitate exploitative

fix fixate fixative

Considerably, the verb bases are known as complex words since each consist

of two morphemes. The noun root, origin, decor, exploit and fix are attached to the

suffix {-ate}. Then the bases with the suffix {-ate} are combined to suffix {-ive}.

Eventually this suffixation process only occurs in 4 bases regarding all of the data.

Based on the data above it seems that the suffix {-ive} is productive when it is

combined with the root ending with –ate or /-eit/. The productiveness is determined

by the process of the suffixation in Latin. Marchand (1969: 315) says “the suffix is

ultimately L {-ivus}, a formative chiefly deriving adjectives from the second

participle of verbs.” It means that in Latin the suffix {-ivus} generally attached to

past participle verb. Regarding the data the roots with segment –ate are originated

from Latin. According to Marchand (1969: 256) “Latin participles in –atus were

adapted in Middle English. From about 1300 we find forms such as create, ordinate,

translate to render L creatus, ordinatus and translatus”. On the other words, the root

of the suffix {-ive} ending with segment –ate is a Latin loan word derived from the

past participle verb form. Thus, the productiveness of the suffix {-ive} cannot be

detached from the influence of Latin. The Latin suffix {-ivus} commonly attaches to


38

past participle verb is similar to the English suffix {-ive} which generally attaches to

verb which are Latin loan word in a past participle form.

The process of affixation in both two illustrations above do not change either

the form of the suffix {-ive} or the form of base. In some cases the bases ending with

/t/ also has the alteration of the form. The word, present when attaches to the suffix

{-ive} turns into presentative. On this case the discussion is presented in the

discussion of the allomorph {-ive}.

b. The Bases Ending with Voiceless Alveolar Fricative /s/

The suffix {-ive} also attaches to the base ending with phoneme /s/. There are 27

bases which can be attached by the suffix {-ive}. The suffixation process combines

the base and the suffix {-ive} without causing any alternation. The following example

of the bases ending with /s/ taken from The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005)

and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006) can be seen on the list

below:

regress /rɪˈɡres/ regressive /rɪˈgres.ɪv/

impress /ɪmˈpres/ impressive /ɪmˈpres.ɪv/

conduce /kənˈdυs/ conducive /kənˈdjuː.sɪv/

purpose /ˈpɜːrpəs/ purposive /ˈpɜːrpəsɪv/

expense /ɪkˈspents/ expensive /ɪkˈspent.sɪv/


39

The bases, such as: regress, impress, conduce, purpose, and expense when

attached to the suffix {-ive} become regressive, impressive, conducive, purposive,

and expensive. Regarding the suffixation of the {-ive} in the bases ending with

phoneme /s/, the base sense is exceptional since after the suffixation the shape of the

suffix {-ive} change into {-itive}. The analysis on this case is discussed in the

subchapter of allomorph of the suffix {-ive}.

c. The Bases End with Voiced Alveolar Stop /d/

The base ending with voiced alveolar stop occurs in 21 words. The suffixation

process is replacing the last consonant of the base. Below are the sample of the data

collection taken from The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s

New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006):

allude /əˈluːd/ allusive / əˈluː.sɪv/

collude /kəˈluːd/ collusive /kəˈluː.sɪv/

abrade /əˈbreɪd/ abrasive /əˈbreɪ.sɪv/

erode /ɪˈrəʊd/ erosive /ɪˈrəʊsɪv/

The bases ending with /d/, allude, collude, abrade and erode after attached to the

suffix {-ive} alter into allusive, collusive, abrasive and erosive. When the bases

ending with /d/ are received by the suffix {-ive}, the suffixation process changes the

voiced alveolar stop /d/ into voiceless alveolar fricative /s/.


40

d. The Bases Ending with Voiced Alveolar Fricative /z/

The base ending with /z/ appears in two words. The data is taken The New Oxford

American Dictionary (2005) Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary

(2006). These words are presented in the following list below:

incise /ɪnˈsaɪz/ incisive /ɪnˈsaɪz.ɪv/

effuse /ɪˈfjuːz/ effusive /ɪˈfjuːz.ɪv/

The bases, incise and effuse when they are attached to the suffix {-ive} change

into incisive and effusive. The suffixation process is adding the suffix {-ive} after the

base without any alternation in the base and the form of the suffix {-ive}.

e. The Bases End with Voiced Labiodental Fricative /v/

The bases of the suffix {-ive} ending with phoneme /v/ infrequently appear based

on the data collection. The occurrence is only in two words. The process of the

suffixation undergoes a complex suffixation process. Even though the shape of the

suffix {-ive} does not change, the alternation of the bases appear after the suffixation

process. Those two words are taken from The New Oxford American Dictionary

(2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006):

deceive /dɪˈsiːv/ deceptive /dɪˈsep.tɪv/

receive /rɪˈsiːv/ receptive /rɪˈsep.tɪv/


41

When the suffix {-ive} attaches to the base deceive and receive, there is a vowel

change from /iː/ into /e/ and adding consonants /pt/ as follows. On such condition, the

proper analysis is using the diachronic method.

In diachronic analyses the words, deceive has the origin from Latin verb decipere

and receive has the origin recipere. Those Latin verbs have the past participle as

deceptus and receptus. The English suffix {-ive} is from Latin suffix {-ivus} which

attaches to past participle verb. The discussion is lead on the changing vowel into

consonants /pt/ on the suffixation processes are caused by the historical form of the

bases. The data of the Latin words are taken from Mahoney, Kevin. np. nd.

http://www.latin-dictionary.net . November 23, 2014.

f. The Bases End with Voiced Bilabial Stop /b/

There are only two words which are considered as bases of the suffix {-ive}.

Similar with the bases end with phoneme /v/, the suffixation process of the bases end

with phoneme /b/ is complex. Those data of the bases with /b/ from taken from The

New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic

Dictionary (2006):

absorb /əbˈzɔːb/ absorptive /əbˈzɔrp.tɪv/

resorb /rəˈzɔːb/ resorptive /rəˈzɔːp.tɪv/


42

On the data above, the consonant /b/ changes into /pt/ after the suffixation

process. Such complex suffixation is properly applies diachronic method in analyzing

these data. From the data of The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005), the words

absorb and resorb have the root in Latin absorbere and resorbere. Those Latin

infinitive verbs have past participle forms, absorptus and resorptus. Since the

etymology of the words absorptive and resorptive is unknown, the forms are may be

built from the Latin past participle verb + {-ive}.

3. The Lexical Conditioned of the Suffix {-ive}

a. Blending

The words with the suffix {-ive} sometimes are not created from the process of

suffixation. Three words are made by the other morphological process which is

known as blending. O‟Grady, et al (2005: 140) state “blends are words that are

created from nonmorphemic parts of two already existing items”. These three words

generated from the process of blending are:

[contra + conceptive] contraceptive

[exterior + receptive] exteroceptive

[proprius + receptive] proscriptive

The three data above are taken from The New Oxford American Dictionary

(2005). Since it is concerning the suffix, the words having the suffix {-ive} are not on

the first item but at the second word. The process of blending in the words having the


43

suffix {-ive} is not only by combining the two words from English. On the word

proscriptive, the first item is a Latin loan word proprius means „own‟.

b. Analogy

There are two words containing the suffix {-ive} which cannot be analyzed either

based on the suffixation process or blending. Those words were produced by analogy

method.

Words with the suffix {-ive} having the analogy process according to The New

Oxford American Dictionary (2005) are seductive and submissive. The word,

seductive is created by the analogy pattern of induction – inductive. The word,

submissive is produced by the analogy of the pattern remission – remissive.

The word seductive is not composed by *seduct + {-ive} and submissive is not

constructed by *submiss + {-ive}. On the other words, these words do not apply the

suffixation process.

c. Borrowing

After conducting the diachronic method, the researcher found most of the words

with the suffix {-ive} have the Latin root. The occurrence of the Latin root was 134

words. As mentioned before the suffix {-ive} is originated from Latin suffix {-ivus}.

Before it comes to English, French adapts the suffix {-ivus} into suffix {-if} to build

a masculine adjective. The form changes into {-ive} when it is a feminine adjective.


44

On the other words, French also influences on etymology of the English suffix {-ive}.

Before they were borrowed by English, some of words receiving the Latin suffix

{-ivus} are already built up with the Latin base. The French suffix {-if} also attaches

to some Latin bases. In a few occasion, some words are originated from French and

other language. In general, many of the words passed into English directly and the

rest of the words passed through the medium of French. In order to make the

discussion on the diachronic analysis more easily to comprehend, the researcher uses

the table as follows:

N

O

Adjective

{-ive}

ENGLISH

Adjective {-if}

FRENCH

LATIN Non-

Latin

Base feminime masculine Adjective

{-ivus}

Latin

Verb

1 rebarbative rebarbative rebarbatif - - rebarber

2 facultative facultative facultatif - - faculte

3 caressive - - - - carezza

4 captive - - captivus - -

5 cognitive - - cognitivus - -

6 assumptive - - assumptivus - -

7 nutritive - - nutritivus - -

8 transitive - - transitivus - -

9 acquisitive acquisitive acquisitif acquisitivus - -

10 argumentat

ive

argumentat

ive

argumentati

f

argumentati

vus

- -

11 attentive attentive attentif attentivus - -

12 pejorative pejorative pejoratif pejorativus - -

13 adhesive adhesive adhesif - adhaerere -

14 pensive pensive pensif - pensare -

15 attributive attributive attributif - attribuere -

Table 2. The Etymology of the English Suffix {-ive}


45

As seen on the table above, there are three words which are not originated from

Latin. The two words, rebarbative and facultative have French roots, whereas

caressive originated from Italian. The English word, rebarbative is loan word from

the French feminine adjectival rebarbative. This word is the inflectional form of a

French masculine adjectival rebarbative. The root is originated from French loan

word, rebarber. The word, facultative has the French root faculte. It has the same

borrowing process like the word rebarbative. The word caressive is the only word

which is originated from Italian. This word comes from Italian loan word, carezza.

The words that have the suffix {-ive} mostly come in Latin due to the fact that the

suffix {-ive} inherits the Latinate suffix {-ivus}. The words, such as: captive,

cognitive, assumptive, nutritive and transitive are owed directly from Latin loan

words. Unless using the diachronic analysis, those words are difficult to be examined.

The words which are captive, cognitive, and nutritive are unable to find the root in

English. The lexeme *capt, *cognit and *nutrit do not exist in English. The word

assumptive is similar. Even though the root assume is available in English, the

suffixation process is complex. After suffixation, there is an epenthesis process of

consonant /pt/. This case is similar to the words, such as deceptive or receptive. Based

on the diachronic analysis, it occurs because the past participle verb in Latin. The

Latin suffix {-ivus} attaches to the past participle verb. According to Webster’s New

Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006), the word, assume has a Latin root

assumere. This is the bare verb which becomes assumptus as the past participle verb.


46

Therefore, assumptus was constrained with {-ivus} become assumptivus and it is

owed to English into assumptive.

Several words with the English suffix {-ive} also borrowed from French. As

cited on the preceding section, French influences the words with the suffix {-ive}

despite most of the base originated from Latin. On the data of the table above, it can

be seen that French only affect the Latin loan word, except the two French roots,

faculte and rebarber. The French borrows Latin loan words and modifies the suffix

{-ivus} into {-if}. In French, the words with the suffix {-if}, such as: attentif is a

masculine adjective. The suffix {-if} is changing into {-ive} when it is used to create

a feminine adjective. Hence, the masculine adjective acqusitif, argumentatif, attentif

and pejoratif become acquisitive, argumentative, attentive and pejorative in a

feminine adjective. The allomorph of the French suffix {-if} means the form {-ive},

has the same orthographical form with the English suffix {-ive}. On the other words,

the form of the English suffix {-ive} may come from the French allomorph {-ive}.

Without the diachronic analysis, the examination is likely to be difficult to

analyze. The word acquisitive may have the base acquire, but the suffixation process

from acquire into acquisitive is very complex. Another word, argumentative may be

regarded as the exceptional case if it is treated in synchronic method. The word

argumentative is constructed by the base argument with the attachment of suffix

{-ive}. However the word argument itself still can be broken down into the root

argue and the suffix {-ment}. The occurrence of the base with the combination of the


47

suffixes {-ment} + {-ive}, is likely difficult to be found in the dictionary. On the

other hand, pejorative and attentive do not the bases in English. The word *pejor or

*pejorate does not exist in English vocabulary. The word, attentive may be related to

the root attend. However, if it is regarded as the root the form should be *attensive.

Those forms are borrowed directly from Latin loan words through the medium of

French.

French also contributes in the morphological process of the suffix {-ive} in

creating the new words by combining the Latin root with the French suffix {-if}. On

the table above, in the words adhesive, pensive and attributive are not borrowed from

Latin forms *adhesivus, *pensivus and *attributivus. Those words are borrowed from

French which from the result of the suffixation of the French suffix {-if} with Latin

root.

The other method of borrowing is by modifying the Latin root with the English

suffix {-ive}. Several words that have the suffix {-ive} are modified by the Latin loan

words with the English suffix {-ive}. There are some words which have this

suffixation method. The data are taken from internet the site (Mahoney, Kevin.

http://www.latin-dictionary.net/. n.d. November 23, 2014). Those data are listed

below:

aggressus (verb) + {-ive} aggressive

degressus (verb) + {-ive} degressive

elusus (verb) + {-ive} elusive

emissus (verb) + {-ive} emissive

evasus (verb) + {-ive} evasive

excursare (verb) + {-ive} excursive


48

jussus (verb) + {-ive} jussive

pervasus (verb) + {-ive} pervasive

recursare (verb) + {-ive} recursive

tussis (noun) + {-ive} tussive

Based on the data above the Latin root is usually a verb in the form of second

participle. The words, aggressus, degressus, elusus, emissus, evasus, jussus and

pervasus are the past participle Latin verbs combined with the suffix {-ive}. Two

words, excursare and recursare are modified from the bare verb attached to the suffix

{-ive}. Then one word is noun combined with the suffix {-ive}.

B. The Allomorphs of the Suffix {-ive}

On this study there are some bases which are attached to the other variant of the

suffix {-ive}. The word, such as affirmative is derived by the base affirm and

{-ative}. Quirk, et al (1985: 1555) state the suffix {-ive} has the other variant which

is the allomorph {-ative}. However, there is another variant as in the word additive. It

is a combination of the verb add and {-itive}. According to McKean‟s The New

Oxford American Dictionary (2005: 896) the allomorph {-itive} is equivalent to

{-ative}. Therefore, the suffix {-ive} also has the other variant which is the allomorph

{-itive}. The study of the allomorphs {-ative} and {-itive} are based on the

phonological and or morphological condition of the words. The approach of the

phonological condition is a synchronic approach whereas the morphological

condition using diachronic approach.


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1. The Allomorph {-ative}

The form of {-ative} is called as the allomorph of the suffix {-ive} since it has the

same meaning which denotes „a characteristic or propensity‟ and represents the same

function forming the adjective from the verb. The allomorph {-ative} occurs in 43

words regarding the data. The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005: 99) says the

allomorph {-ative} representing the French {-atif} or the Latin form {-ativus}. On the

other words, The Latin suffix {-ivus} may also has the variant as {-ativus} since this

allomorph is originated from Latin {-ativus}. Therefore, the analyses implement both

the phonological condition and the morphological condition.

a. The Phonological Condition of the Allomorph {-ative}

NO LAST PHONEME OF

THE BASE

OCCURANCE PERCENTAGE

1 /m/ 6 37.50%

2 /r/ 5 31.25%

3 /k/ 1 6.25%

4 /n/ 3 18.75%

5 /aɪ/ 1 6.25%

16 100%

Table 3. The Distribution of the Allomorph {-ative} Based on the Synchronic Data

i. The Base Ending with Bilabial Nasal Stop /m/

The words that have allomorph {-ative} ending with bases /m/ occurs in six

words. The other data with the same characteristic are examined in the morphological

condition. Those words taken The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and


50

Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006) can be seen on the list

below:

calm /kɑːm/ calmative /kɑːmə.tɪv/

affirm /əˈfɜːm/ affirmative /əˈfɜː.mə.tɪv/

perform /pəˈfɔːm/ performative /pəˈfɔːmə.tɪv/

sum /sʌm/ summative /sʌmə.tɪv/

transform /trænsˈfɔːm/ transformative /trænsˈfɔːmə.tɪv/

reform /rɪˈfɔːm/ reformative /rɪˈfɔːmə.tɪv/

The suffixation process after the base attached to the allomorph {-ative} is adding

the /ə.tɪv/ in the end of the base without any changing.

ii. The Base Ending with Alveolar Liquid /r/

The bases having the allomorph {-ative} ending with /r/ occur in five occasion

according to The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New

Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006). Those words are:

configure /kənˈfɪg.ər / configurative /kənˈfɪg.ə r.ə.tɪv/

declare /dɪˈkleər / declarative /dɪˈkleə r.ə.tɪv/

prepare /prɪˈpeər / preparative /prɪˈpe r.ə.tɪv/

repair /rɪˈper / reparative /rɪˈper.ə.tɪv/

restore /rɪˈstɔːr / restorative /rɪˈstɒr.ə.tɪv/


51

All of the bases ending with phoneme /r/ can be identify using the phonological

condition. Those forms are derived from the English bases. The distinction of the

suffixation process is by adding the allomorph {-ative} at the end of the base. The

alternation is the vowel reduction in some words, such in /ɔː/ transform into /ɒ/ in the

words restore into restorative.

iii. The Base Ending with Velar Voiceless Stop /k/

The bases ending with velar voiceless stop /k/ has one occurrence according to

The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer

Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006).

Talk /tɔːk/ talkative /ˈtɔː.kə.tɪv/

The suffixation of the allomorph {-ative} in the base that ends with /k/ is by

adding the allomorph {-ative} after the velar voiceless stop.

iv. The Base Ending with Alveolar Nasal Stop /n/

The base ending with /n/ has three occurrences regarding all of the data. Those

words that are taken The New Oxford American Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s

New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006) can be seen on the list:

combine /kəmˈbaɪn/ combinative /kəmˈbɪnə.tɪv/

imagine /ɪˈmædʒ.ɪn/ imaginative /ɪˈmædʒ.ɪ.nə.tɪv/

determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ determinative /dɪˈtɜːmɪnə.tɪv/


52

The suffixation of the allomorph {-ative} is similar to the other previous bases

adding the allomorph {-ative} to the end of the base.

v. The Base Ending with Diphthong /aɪ/

The base ending with diphthong /aɪ/ occurs in one occasion according to The New

Oxford American Dictionary (2005). This word is listed below:

apply /əˈplaɪ/ applicative / əˈplɪˈkə.tɪv/

The suffixation process in the base that ends with diphthong /aɪ/ is by adding the

allomorph {-ative} at the last position the base. However, in this case, there are a

changing in both orthography and phonetic, the letter –y turns into –i and the

diphthong /aɪ/ into vowel /ɪ/.

vi. Exceptional Cases

Several words have the same distribution with the suffix {-ive}. The allomorph

{-ative} can attach to the bases ending with /t/, for instance: ferment+{-ative} into

fermentative, present + {-ative} into presentative, exhort+{-ative} into exhortative,

represent+{-ative} representative, connote+{-ative} into connotative and

limit+{-ative} into limitative. The allomorph {-ative} attaches to the base ending with

/d/, for instance: exude + {-ative} into exudative. The allomorph {-ative} combines

with the base ending with /z/ cause + {-ative} into causative.


53

It is uncommon phenomenon that the allomorph {-ative} attaches to the same

distribution with the suffix {-ive}. Mostly, it attaches to the base ending with /m/, /r/,

/n/, /k/, /ai/, and, whereas the suffix {-ive} attaches to the base ending with /t/, /s/, /d/,

/z/, /v/ and /b/. Due the fact that the attachment of the suffix {-ive} and {-ative} is

usually in the different environment. Those forms are can be called in complementary

distribution. Then it is appropriate that the form {-ative} is the allomorph of the

suffix {-ive}.

b. Morphological Condition of the Allomorph {-ative}

The allomorph {-ative} descends from the French form {-atif} and Latin form

{-ativus}. As many of bases of the suffix {-ive} are borrowed from Latin, the

etymology of the bases of the allomorph {-ative} also applicative in analyzing the

rest of the data. Etymologically some of the words having the allomorph {-ative} are

borrowed directly from Latin or French to English. The words, such as: continuative,

evocative, and formative are not derived from the verb root + {-ative}. Meaning to

say they are not coined from continue + {-ative}, evoke + {-ative}, form + {-ative}.

Consequently, they are owed from Latin adjectives, continuativus, evokativus, and

formativus. The word augmentative is borrowed from French augmentatif. The list

below is the examples of the borrowed words from The New Oxford American

Dictionary (2005) and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary (2006):

Latin French English

accusativus - accusative

appellativus - appellative


54

derivativus derivatif derivative

praeservativus - preservative

frequentativus frequentatif frequentative

2. The Allomorph {-itive}

The appearance of the allomorph {-itive} is only in eight occasions among the

attachment of {-ive}, {-ative} and {-itive}. The occurrence of this allomorph is the

rarest one. The distribution of the allomorph {-itive} according to the data have the

same characteristic with the bases of the suffix {-ive}. Based on the phonological

condition, the allomorph {-itive} has the bases ending with /t/, such as

compete+{-itive} becomes competitive and repeat+{-itive} becomes repetitive.

Therefore, the base of the allomorph is difficult to be analyzed using synchronic

approach. On this study the analysis of the allomorph {-itive} is based on the

morphological condition.

a. Morphological Condition of the Allomorph {-itive}

The emergence of the allomorph {-itive} could not be detached from the

influences of the Latin and French to English. Among all of the data in the allomorph

{-itive} only two words which are not borrowed from Latin or French directly. Those

words are compete and repeat. As the base ending with /t/, those words should be

attached to the suffix {-ive}. Thus, the form compete should have changed into


55

*competive and repeat into *repeative. The condition why those words appear as

competitive and repetitive is the past participle verb form in Latin. The verb compete

has the Latin core competere. While becoming past participle, it transforms into

competitus. In English the segment –us is deleted. McKean in her The New Oxford

American Dictionary (2005: 337) writes competitus as competit-. The form of

competit- + {-ive} is becoming the English verb competitive. Similar with the

transformation of competitive, the verb repeat comes from Latin infinitive verb

repetere. It changes into repetitus when it becomes the past participle. In The New

Oxford American Dictionary (2005: 1436), it is written as repetit-. The form repetit-

+ {-ive} becomes repetitive.

The rest of words receiving the allomorph {-itive} are borrowed directly from

Latin or through the medium of French. The data were taken from The New Oxford

American Dictionary (2005). Those words are given on the list below:

Latin French English

acqusitivus - acquisitive

additivus - additive

definitivus definitif/definitive definitive

dispositivus - dispositive

primitivus - primitive

sensitivus sensitif/ sensitive sensitive


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C. The Meaning of the Suffix {-ive}

This section is aimed to find the general meaning of the suffix {-ive} and its

shift meaning. Gleason (1961: 53) states that morpheme is “the smallest meaningful

unit in a language”. The suffix {-ive} is considered as the bound morpheme and it is

categorized as the derivational affix. Derivational affixes characteristically change the

category and the type meaning of the form where they are applied. Indeed, when

attaching to the base, the suffix {-ive} carries its own meaning in changing the

meaning of the base.

In the previous discussion, it is identified that the suffix {-ive} has two different

lexical categories of base. The base of the suffix {-ive} can be a verb and noun.

Notwithstanding, the difference of the part of speech in the base does not contribute

the differences on the meaning, for instance the suffix {-ive} on the words instinctive

and attractive have the same meaning. The word instinctive means „relating to

instinct‟ and the word attractive means „relating to attraction‟. Thus, this discussion

does not sub classify based on the part of speech of the base but according to the

meaning of the suffix {-ive}.

This part the analysis is focused on the lexical meaning of the words received

by the suffix {-ive}. It can be done by examined the meaning before the base attaches

to the suffix {-ive} and after the suffixation resulting a new word. Based on The New

Oxford American Dictionary (2005), the meaning of suffix {-ive} is “tending to;


57

relating to” (2005:898). Nevertheless, not all the words contain suffix {-ive} can be

categorized into those meanings. The word, executive for instance, it does not mean

„tending to execute or relating to execution‟ but from The New Oxford American

Dictionary it has the meaning „having the power to execute„ (2005:583).

NO Meaning Example

1 relating to administrative

2 tending to combinative

3 causing or resulting abortive

4 characterized by comparative

5 being able to adaptive

6 expressing or serving to affirmative

7 ready to combative

8 intended to commemorative

Table. 4 Meaning Classification of the Suffix {-ive}

1. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘relating to-’

The data predominantly have the meaning „relating to -‟. There are 68 words

categorized into this meaning. The explanation of the meaning „relating to‟ can be

seen on the table below:

Base Adjective Change of Meaning

restore restorative to bring back into existence relating to restoration

vegetate vegetative to grow in the manner of plant relating to

vegetation

administrate

administrative

to manage the use of relating to the administration

intellect intellective the capacity for rational thought relating to

intellect

instinct instinctive the way people or animal naturally behave relating

to instinct

Table 5. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘relating to-‘


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As seen on the table, the suffix {-ive} contributes in changing the meaning of

the base. The table above mainly provides verb bases since the base is generally a

verb. The suffix {-ive} transforms verb bases which expressing an action into

adjective. An adjective is used to modify a noun, means that the words having the

suffix {-ive} are used to describe a noun. The meaning of the words receiving the

suffix {-ive} does not overlap the meaning of the bases. In the other words, the

meaning is still correspondence with the meaning of the bases. The verb bases, such

as: restore, vegetate, and administrate imply an action. After the process of

suffixation their meaning transform into „relating to-‟ a noun. Since the meaning is

coherence with the base, the noun usually is the form of the verb base + the suffix

{-ion}. The suffix {-ion} is a derivational which has function to derive a verb base

into a noun. Thus, the meanings of restorative, vegetative, and administrative

respectively are relating to restoration, relating vegetation, and relating to

administrative. In the noun base such as intellective or instinctive the meaning is

only adding „relation to‟ the base. Therefore, the word, intellective is defined as

„relating to intellect or relating the capacity of rational thought‟. The word, instinctive

is defined as „relating to the way people or animal naturally behave‟

Besides that, in the preceding table there is a word received by the allomorph

{-ative}. The word restorative is derived by verb restore + {-ative}. It is presented to

prove that {-ive} and {-ative} have the same meaning. The other examples of the

words with the suffix {-ive} with the meaning „relating to‟ are:


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decorate decorative affect affective

digest digestive alliterate alliterative

assume assumptive apply applicative

2. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘tending to -’

Mc. Kean (2005:896) asserts that one of the meaning of the suffix {-ive} is

„tending to‟. The word receiving the suffix {-ive} with this meaning is quite

productive. There are 35 words having in this meaning. The occurrence also can be

found a verb and noun base. The table below contains the words with the meaning

„tending to –„:

Base Adjective Change the Meaning

combine combinative to exist together tending to combine

deceive deceptive to persuade that something false is true tending to

deceive

educate educative to provide schooling for tending to educate

secret secretive a piece of information that should not told to other

tending to keep a secret

prevent preventative to stop from happening tending to prevent

Table 6. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘tending to-‘

The table above presents both the words receiving the suffix {-ive} and the

allomorph {-ative}. Similar with the meaning „relating to‟, this meaning also

correlates with the base. By contrast, in the resulting meaning after the suffixation the

base does not require a noun but a verb. To complete the meaning of the word

receiving the suffix {-ive} is by putting the verb base after the words „tending to-„.

The meaning of the words, combinative, deceptive, educative, preventative


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respectively are „tending to combine‟, „tending to deceive‟, „tending to educate‟,

„tending to prevent‟ or „tending to exist together‟, „tending to persuade that

something false is true‟, „tending to provide schooling for‟, „tending to stop from

happening‟. Particularly, in the noun base such secretive, after the meaning „tending

to-„ it requires a verb to associate with the noun base. Thus, it has the meaning

„tending to keep a secret‟. It needs the verb keep in order to fulfill the appropriate

meaning. The following words below are the other examples of words having the

meaning „tending to-„:

abrade abrasive promote promotive

conserve conservative suggest suggestive

3. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘causing-‘

The data also indicate the suffix {-ive} denotes the meaning „causing –„. There

are 14 words receiving the suffix {-ive} relating to this meaning. The examples are

presented on the table below:


abort abortive to cause something to stop before it complete

causing abortion

destruct destructive to bring to ruin causing destruction

depress depressive to cause someone to feel sad causing depression

obstruct obstructive to block something causing obstruction

Table 7. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘causing-‘

The data collection of the meaning „causing‟ indicates that all the words have

the verb base and in the form {-ive}. The process of the changing meaning is the


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same with the meaning „relating to-„. As an adjective, the word having the suffix

{-ive} modify a noun. In this condition the noun is constructed from the verb base +

the suffix {-ion}. Consequently, the word abortive defines as „causing abortion‟.

Respectively, the words destructive, depressive, and obstructive have the meaning

„causing destruction‟, „causing depression‟, and „causing obstructive.‟

The other example of the words having the meaning „causing‟ are:

erupt eruptive adopt adoptive

disrupt disruptive addictive

4. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘characterized by –‘

Marchand (1969:315) defines the meaning of the suffix {-ive} as „characterized

by –„. Many of the words receiving the suffix {-ive} have this meaning. The

examples are presented on the form of table below:


abuse abusive to put in improper use characterized by a wrong or

improper use

compare comparative to represent as similar characterized by a

systematic comparison

repeat repetitive to say or state again characterized by repetition

add additive to join as to bring about an increase characterized

by addition

imitate imitative to produce a copy of characterized by imitation

Table 8. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘characterized by –‘

Seen on table, the words include the suffix {-ive} and its variants, the

allomorph {-ative} and {-itive}. In the example of a word with the allomorph

{-ative} is comparative and the example of a word with the allomorph {-itive} is


62

additive. The meaning of the base is assessed with „characterized by‟ after the

attachment of the suffix {-ive}. This meaning also requires the base altered into the

base + the suffix {-ion}. Therefore, the words, repetitive, additive, and imitative can

be defined as „characterized by repetition‟, „characterized by addition‟, and

„characterized by imitation‟. In the word, comparative the process is actually same

since compare + {-ion} does not become *comparation but it turns into comparison.

In the other case, abusive means “characterized by abuse‟. It caused by the form of

*abusion does not exist in English and abuse itself can be a noun.

5. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘being able to –‘

The suffix {-ive} also can be defined as „being able to-‟. There are 31 words

containing this meaning. The table below are some examples of the words with the

meaning „being able to –„


imagine imaginative to form or have a mental picture or idea being able

to imagine

decidedecisive to choose something being able to decide

produceproductive to make something into existence being able to

produce

infectinfective to pass a disease to being able to infect

Table 9. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘being able to –‘

In the word, imaginative, it is seen that this meaning also represents the

meaning of the allomorph {-ative}. The meaning of the base is assessing „being able

to-„ after the suffixation process of the suffix {-ive}. In this condition before and after


63

the base the construction of the suffix {-ive}, it is still in the form of verb. When the

meaning of the suffix {-ive} is „being able to –„ the implication is still implies an

action. The word productive, for instance, it means „being able to produce‟. The word

produce represents the base of the word productive. In this meaning the motive is to

place the meaning of the suffix {-ive} „being able to‟ before the base. Therefore, the

words imaginative, decisive and infective respectively means „being able to imagine‟,

being able to decide‟, and „being able to infect‟. The other examples of the meaning

„being able to‟ are:

apprehend apprehensive impress impressive

execute executive persuade persuasive

6. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘expressing –‘

The suffix {-ive} also can be defined as „expressing –„. Based on the data

collection this meaning is quite productive. There are approximately forty two words

having this meaning. Several data are presented in the table below:


affirm affirmative to state something as true expressing affirmation

appreciate

appreciative

to recognize that something is valuable expressing

appreciation

contemplate

contemplative

consider one particular thing in a serious way expressing

contemplation

discriminate

discriminative

to treat differently expressing discrimination

Table 10. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘expressing –‘


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The suffix {-ive} with the meaning „expressing –„ only occurs in the verb bases.

The words appear on the table above have the base as a verb. The meaning also

include the allomorph {-ative} in a word affirmative. The verbs, affirm, appreciate,

contemplate, and discriminate have their own meaning before combining with suffix

{-ive}. The result after the suffixation signifies an additional information „expressing

–„ in their meaning. This meaning also corresponds with the base. In order to

complete the meaning the verb base change noun in the form base {-ion} after the

word „expressing-„. Thus, the words, affirmative, appreciative, contemplative, and

discriminative respectively have the meaning „expressing affirmation‟, „expressing

appreciation‟, „expressing contemplation‟, and „expressing discrimination‟.

7. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘ready to - ’

The suffix {-ive} with the meaning „ready to –„ barely appears. It only occurs in

three words regarding the all the data collection. The whole words are presented on

the table below:


assault assaultive to attack someone violently ready to commit assault

combat combative to fight with ready to combat

submissive ready to conform the authority

Table 11. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘ready to - ’

Seen on the table above, the suffix {-ive} also has the meaning „ready to –„. The

word assault when it becomes assaultive denotes an additional meaning „ready to –„.

The same process happens in the word, combative. The base, combat has the meaning


65

„to fight with‟. When it is combined with the suffix {-ive} the meaning transform into

„ready to fight with„. In the word submissive, it also implies the same meaning.

Nonetheless, this word cannot be analyzed same as the other words since it is coined

from the analogy the word does not have base.

8. The Suffix {-ive} Having the Meaning ‘intended as-‘

The suffix {-ive} with the meaning „intended–„ occurs in two occasions. Those

words can be observed in the list of table below:

Base Adjective Changing the Meaning

correct corrective to make or set right intended as

correction

commemorate commemorative to call to remembrance intended as

commemoration

Table 12. Morphological Process of the Meaning ‘intended-‘

Before the process of the suffixation the base correct and commemorate have

their meaning which are „to make or set right‟ and „to call to remembrance‟. There

are additional meaning „intended as –„ after the suffix {-ive} attaches to the bases.

Meaning to say the suffix {-ive} carries their own meaning „intended as –„„ to

contribute the meaning of corrective and commemorative.

9. Exceptional Case

There are some of the data which are difficult to classify into a certain meaning.

They have the other meaning variation which out of the eight classification of the

meaning of the suffix {-ive} above. Those data are presented in the table below:


66

Base Adjective Changing the Meaning

assort assortative to distribute into group being

nonrandom mating of animal or marrying

people with similar characteristic

exhaust exhaustive to complete use up including all the

possibilities

incise incisive to cut into impressively direct and

deceive

derive derivative to obtain from specified source

formed by derivation

detect detective to discover the existence of the fact of

concerning crime and its investigation

instruct instructive to give a knowledge or provide an

information useful and informative

figure figurative to represent by representing by a

figure

talk talkative to express in speech given to talk

Table 13. The Suffix {-ive} with Different Meaning

In the word assortative, even though the meaning still correlates with the base,

there is additional meaning „mating or marrying‟. The word, talkative also provides

the meaning related to the base talk. However, the proses of meaning from talk into

talkative indicates that the suffix {-ive} as a different meaning which is „given to –„.

In the other words, exhaustive, figurative, incisive, derivative, detective, and

instructive are difficult the generalized into certain meaning since each word denotes

different meaning. On the other words, the suffix {-ive} on the data above have the

different meaning from the common meaning that have stated before.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This last chapter is about the result of the discussion from this thesis, a

morphological study of the suffix {-ive}. This study aims to analyze the three

objectives related to the suffix {-ive}. The first problem is to examine the base of the

suffix {-ive}. The second problem is to identify the allomorph the suffix {-ive}. The

third problem is to assort the variety of meaning of the suffix {-ive}.

The suffix {-ive} is a derivational suffix having the function to create a new

adjectival word. Based on the lexical category, the base of the suffix {-ive} can be a

verb or a noun. Most of the bases are verbs. There are only eight words which are

considered as nouns. Based on diachronic analysis, the suffix {-ive} is a Latinate

suffix descends from {-ivus}. The Latin suffix {-ivus} is very productive to the past

participle verb base. Only a few words have the root from other languages; French

and Italian. From the synchronic approach, the analysis also go through the

distribution of the suffix {-ive} based on phonological condition. The base of the

suffix {-ive} is dominated by the base ending with voiceless alveolar stop /t/. This is

caused by the relation of the suffix {-ive} to the Latin suffix {-ivus}. Many bases

ending with /t/ originate in a form of Latin past participle verb. The suffix {-ive} also

attaches to the bases ending with phoneme: voiceless alveolar fricative /s/, voiced


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alveolar stop /d/, bilabial nasal /m/, alveolar liquid /r/, alveolar nasal /n/, voiced

alveolar fricative /z/, voiced labiodental fricative /v/, voiceless velar stop /k/, bilabial

voiced stop /b/ and the diphthong /aɪ/. The process of the suffixation in the base /t/

and /s/ is only by adding the suffix {-ive} at the last position. On the base has ends

with /d/ the suffixation process changes the last phoneme /d/ into /s/. On the base

ending with /v/ and /b/ there are complex suffixations that could be analyzed using

diachronic approach. The examination leads the conclusion the complex suffixation is

caused by their decedent are past participle form of Latin verb. Some of the data also

can be analyzed since it does not have bases but it is directly borrowed from Latin

and French words, modified by Latin loan words with the suffix {-ive} and coined by

the process of analogy.

The allomorph of the suffix {-ive} is identified based on the phonological and

morphological approach. There are two kinds of allomorph of the suffix {-ive}; the

allomorph {-ative} and the allomorph {-itive}. Based on the phonological condition

the allomorph {-ative} is mainly in complementary distribution with the suffix

{-ive}. It usually attaches to the base ending with bilabial nasal /m/, alveolar liquid

/r/, alveolar nasal /n/, voiced alveolar fricative /z/, voiceless velar stop /k/, and the

diphthong /aɪ/. Some of the bases of the allomorph {-ative} which end with the same

phoneme with the suffix {-ive} is examined by diachronic analysis. As the result the

words receiving the allomorph {-ative} are directly borrowed from Latin and some

from French. The allomorph {-itive} appears only in eight occasions. Chiefly the


69

bases of the allomorph {-itive} are Latin loan word and Latin loan word through the

medium of French. The analysis based on diachronic approach concludes that the

occurrence of the allomorph {-itive} due to the morphological process of past

participle form of the Latin verb.

The meaning of the suffix {-ive} has some variations. The influence of the

lexical category of the base of the suffix {-ive} does not determine the classification

of the meaning. The data is analyzed by observing the meaning of the base and the

meaning of the words having the suffix {-ive}. As the result the general meaning of

the suffix {-ive} is ‘relating to –‘. The other additional meanings of the suffix {-ive}

are ‘tending to –‘, ‘causing –‘, ‘characterized by –‘, ‘being able to –‘, ‘expressing –‘,

‘ready to –‘, and ‘intended as-‘. Some of the data are considered have the different

meaning since the meaning of the base and the words with the suffix {-ive} do not

have a coherence.

Based on this thesis the researcher understands that the diachronic approach

cannot be detached in studying a morphological study. The study of word-formation

with synchronic approach is not enough since many of English words and affixes are

borrowed from the other language in the past. In the suffixation process of word, such

as: produce to productive or receive to receptive is difficult to be analyzed with the

synchronic approach.


70

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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and Essential Terminology of Linguistics. London: Richard Clay Ltd., 1982

Akmajian, Adrian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmers, and Robert M. Harnish.

Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. London: The MIT

Press, 2001.

Aronoff, Mark, and Kirsten Fudeman. What is Morphology?. Chichester: Wiley-

Blackwell, 2011.

Bauer, Laurie. Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Washington, D.C: Georgetown

University Press, 2003.

Baugh, Albert C, and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. New Jersey:

Pearson Education, Inc., 2002.

Campbell, Lyle. Historical linguistic: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh

University Press, 2004.

Denistia, Karlina.”The Distribution of the Agentive Nominalizer of the Suffixes {-

er}, {-ist} and {-an}. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma

University, 2009.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyam. An Introduction to Language.

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Gleason, H.A. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart

and Winston, Inc., 1961.

Harman, Susan Emolyn. Descriptive English Grammar. Englewood Cliffs: Pretince-

Hall, Inc., 1950.

Katamba, Francis. Morphology. New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1993.

Maharani, Puspita. “A Study of the Meaning and Allomorphs of the English Suffix {-

cy}”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2012.


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Mahoney, Kevin D. Latin Dictionary. n.p. n.d. (http://www.latin-dictionary.net).

November 23, 2014.

Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Type of Present-Day English Word-Formation:

A Synchronic-Diachronic Approach. Munchen: C.H. Beck’s Che

Verlagsbuchhandlung Munchen, 1969.

Matthews, P.H. Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

McKean, Erin. The New Oxford American Dictionary. New York: Oxford University

Press, Inc., 2005.

O’Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, and Janie Rees – Miller.

Contemporary Linguistics: an Introduction. Boston: St. Martin’s Press Inc., 2005.

Perangin–Angin, Dalan Mehuli. “A Morphological Study of the English Noun Suffix

{-ion}”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2000.

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A

Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. New York: Longman, 1985.

Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary. Springfield: Federal Street Press a

Division of Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2006.


SECIDNEPPA


72

APPENDICES

Appendix 1

Words with bases ending in /t/

NO Word Base IPA

1 accelerative accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/

2 accommodative accommodate /əˈkɑːmədeɪt/

3 accretive accrete /əˈkret/

4 acculturative acculturate /əˈkʌltʃəreɪt/

5 accumulative accumulate /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/

6 adaptive adapt /əˈdæpt/

7 addictive addict /ˈædɪkt/

8 adjudicative adjudicate /əˈdʒuːdɪkeɪt/

9 adumbrative adumbrate /ˈædəmbreɪt/

10 afflictive afflict /əˈflɪkt/

11 agglomerative agglomerate /əˈɡlɑːməreɪt/

12 agglutinative agglutinate /əˈɡluːtɪnət/

13 alliterative alliterate /əˌlɪt.əˈreɪt/

14 appointive appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/

15 appreciative appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/

16 approximative approximate /əˈprɑːksɪmət/

17 assaultive assault /əˈsɔːlt/

18 ameliorative ameliorative /əˈmiːliəreɪt/

19 assertive assert /əˈsɜːrt/

20 assimilative assimilate /əˈsɪməleɪt/

21 associative associate /əˈsoʊʃieɪt/

22 assertive assort /əˈsɔː.t/ 23 combative combat /ˈkɒm.bæt/

24 combustive combust /kəmˈbʌst/

25 commemorative commemorate /kəˈmem.ə.reɪt/ 26 conciliative conciliate /kənˈsɪl.i.eɪt/

27 connective connect /kəˈnekt/

28 constitutive constitute /ˈkɒn.stɪ.tjuːt/ 29 contrastive contrast /ˈkɒn.trɑːst/


73

30 contributive contribute /kənˈtrɪb.juːt/ 31 convective convect /kənˈvekt/

32 cooperative cooperate /kəʊˈɒp. ə r.eɪt/

33 corruptive corrupt /kəˈrʌpt/

34 counteractive counteract /ˌkaʊn.təˈrækt/

35 cumulative cumulate /ˈkjuː.mjʊ.leɪt/

36 deconstructive deconstruct /ˌdiːkənˈstrʌkt/

37 defective defect /ˈdiː.fekt/

38 degenerative degenerate /dɪˈdʒen.ə.reɪt/

39 deliberative deliberate /dɪˈlɪb. ə r.ət/

40 depreciative depreciate /dɪˈpriː.ʃi.eɪt/

41 derogative derogate /ˈderəɡeɪt/

42 detective detect /dɪˈtekt/

43 deteriorative deteriorate /dɪˈtɪə.ri.ə.reɪt/

44 detractive detract /dɪˈtrækt/

45 discriminative discriminate /dɪˈskrɪm.ɪ.neɪt/

46 disintegrative disintegrate /dɪˈsɪn.tɪ.greɪt/

47 disruptive disrupt /dɪsˈrʌpt/

48 dissociative dissociate /dɪˈsəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/

49 donative donate /də ʊ ˈneɪt/

50 elaborative elaborate /ɪˈlæb. ə r.ət/

51 elucidative elucidate /ɪˈluː.sɪ.deɪt/

52 emulative emulate /ˈem.jʊ.leɪt/

54 eruptive erupt /ɪˈrʌpt/

55 estimative estimate /ˈes.tɪ.meɪt/

56 exaggerative exaggerate /ɪgˈzædʒ.ə.reɪt/

57 excommunicati

ve

excommunicat

e /ˌek.skəˈmjuː.nɪ.keɪt/

58 execrative execrate /eksˈ kreɪt/

59 exfoliative exfoliate /eksˈfəʊ.li.eɪt/

60 exhaustive exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/

61 exonerative exonerate /ɪgˈzɒn.ə.reɪt/


74

62 explicative explicate /ˈek.splɪ.keɪt/

63 exploitive exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/

64 extortive extort /ɪkˈstɔːt/ 65 facilitative facilitate /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/ 66 federative federate /ˈfed. ə r.eɪt/

67 educative educate /ˈed.jʊ.keɪt/

68 effective effect /ɪˈfekt/

69 germinative germinate /ˈdʒɜː.mɪ.neɪt/

70 gesticulative gesticulate /dʒesˈtɪk.jʊ.leɪt/

71 illuminative illuminate /ɪˈluː.mɪ.neɪt/

72 illustrative illustrate /ˈɪl.ə.streɪt/

73 imitative imitate /ˈɪm.ɪ.teɪt/

74 impactive impact /ˈɪm.pækt/ 75 incorporative incorporate /ɪnˈkɔː.p ə r.eɪt/

76 indicative indicate /ˈɪn.dɪ.keɪt/

77 inductive induct /ɪnˈdʌkt/

78 indurative indurate /ɪnˈdjʊərət/

79 infective infect /ɪnˈfekt/

80 inflective inflect /ɪnˈflek.t/

81 inhibitive inhibit /ɪnˈhɪb.ɪt/

82 initiative initiate /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/

83 instructive instruct /ɪnˈstrʌkt/

84 integrative integrate /ˈɪn.tɪ.greɪt/

85 investigative investigate /ɪnˈves.tɪ.geɪt/

86 interpolative interpolate /ɪnˈtɜː.pə.leɪt/

87 interpretive interpret /ɪnˈtɜː.prɪt/

88 interrogative interrogate /ɪnˈter.ə.geɪt/

89 interruptive interrupt /ˌɪn.təˈrʌpt/

90 introspective introspect /ˌɪn.trəˈspek.t/

91 intuitive intuit /ɪnˈtjuː.ɪt/ 92 irritative irritate /ˈɪr.ɪ.teɪt/


75

93 irruptive irrupt /ɪˈrʌpt/

94 iterative iterate /ˈɪt. ə r.eɪt/

95 legislative legislate /ˈledʒ.ɪ.sleɪt/

96 locative locate /lə ʊ ˈkeɪt/

97 manipulative manipulate /məˈnɪp.jʊ.leɪt/

98 meditative meditate /ˈmed.ɪ.teɪt/

99 meliorative meliorate /ˈmiːliəreɪt/

100 mutative mutate /mjuːˈteɪt/

101 nominative nominate /ˈnɒm.ɪ.neɪt/

102 obliterative obliterate /əˈblɪt. ə r.eɪt/

103 obstructive obstruct /əbˈstrʌkt/

104 palliative palliate /ˈpæl.i.ə.t/

105 participative participate /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/

106 penetrative penetrate /ˈpen.ɪ.treɪt/

107 perceptive percept /ˈprəˈsept/

108 perfective perfect /pəˈfekt/

109 predicative predicate /ˈpred.ɪ.kət/

110 predictive predict /prɪˈdɪkt/

111 probative probate /ˈprəʊ.beɪt/

112 procreative procreate /ˈprəʊ.kri.eɪt/

113 prohibitive prohibit /prəˈhɪb.ɪt/

114 projective project /ˈprɒdʒ.ekt/

115 proliferative proliferate /prəˈlɪf. ə r.eɪt/

116 promotive promote /prəˈməʊt/

117 propagative propagate /ˈprɒp.ə.geɪt/

118 prospective prospect /ˈprɒs.pekt/

119 protective protect /prəˈtekt/

120 radiative radiate /ˈreɪ.di.eɪt/

121 ratiocinative ratiocinate /ˌrætiˌɒsɪˈneɪt/

122 reactive react /riˈækt/

123 reconstructive reconstruct /ˌriː.k ə nˈstrʌkt/ 124 recriminative recriminate /rɪ krɪmɪneɪt/


76

125 recreative recreate /ˌriː.kriˈeɪt/

126 recuperative recuperate /rɪˈk j uː.p ə r.eɪt/

127 reintegrative reintegrate /rɪˈɪntɪɡreɪt/

128 redistributive redistribute /ˌriː.dɪˈstrɪb.juːt/ 129 reduplicative reduplicate /ˌriːˈdjuː.plɪ.keɪt/

130 reflective reflect /rɪˈflekt/ 131 refractive refract /rɪˈfrækt/

132 regenerative regenerate /rɪˈdʒen. ə r.eɪt/

133 regulative regulate /ˈreg.jʊ.leɪt/

134 rehabilitative rehabilitate /ˌriː.həˈbɪl.ɪ.teɪt/

135 reiterative reiterate /riˈɪt. ə r.eɪt/

136 rejective reject /rɪˈdʒekt/

137 remonstrative remonstrate /ˈrem. ə n.streɪt/

138 remunerative remunerate /rɪˈmjuː.n ə r.eɪt/

139 replicative replicate /ˈrep.lɪ.keɪt/

140 resistive resist /rɪˈzɪst/

141 respective respect /rɪˈspekt/

142 restrictive restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/

143 resuscitative resuscitate /rɪˈsʌs.ɪ.teɪt/

144 retributive retribute /rɪˈtrɪb.jʊ.t/

145 rotative rotate /rə ʊ ˈteɪt/

146 ruminative ruminate /ˈruː.mɪ.neɪt/

147 segregative segregate /ˈseg.rɪ.geɪt/

148 selective select /sɪˈlekt/

149 simulative simulate /ˈsɪm.jʊ.leɪt/

150 speculative speculate /ˈspek.jʊ.leɪt/

151 sportive sport /spɔːt/ 152 stative state /steɪt/

153 stimulative stimulate /ˈstɪm.jʊ.leɪt/

154 subjective subject /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/


77

155 subordinative subordinate /səˈbɔː.dɪ.nət/

156 substitutive substitute /ˈsʌb.stɪ.tjuːt/ 157 subtractive subtract /səbˈtrækt/

158 suggestive suggest /səˈdʒest/

159 supportive support /səˈpɔːt/ 160 ulcerative ulcerate /ˈʌl.s ə r.eɪ.t/

161 vegetative vegetate /ˈvedʒ.ɪ.teɪt/

162 violative violate /ˈvaɪə.leɪt/

163 vituperative vituperate /ˈvaɪtjuː.p ə r.ə.t/

Appendix 2

Words with bases ending in /s/

NO Word Base IPA

1 abusive abuse /əˈbjuːs/

2 reductive reduce /rɪˈduːs/ 3 reproductive reproduce /ˌriːprəˈduːs/ 4 dismissive dismiss /dɪsˈmɪs/ 5 digressive digress /daɪˈɡres/ 6 retrogressive retrogress /ˌret.rəʊˈgres/

7 oppressive oppress /əˈpres/ 8 repressive repress /rɪˈpres/ 9 obsessive obsess /əbˈses/ 10 recessive recess /ˈriːses/ 11 possessive possess /pəˈzes/ 12 dispersive disperse /dɪˈspɜːrs/ 13 coercive coerce /koʊˈɜːrs/ 14 tensive tense /tens/ 15 expulsive expulse /ɪkˈspʌl.s/

16 purposive purpose /ˈpɜːrpəs/ 17 percussive percuss /pəˈkʌs/

18 repulsive repulse /rɪˈpʌls/


78

19 convulsive

convulse

/kənˈvʌls/

Appendix 3

Words with bases ending in /d/

NO Word Base IPA

1 delusive delude /dɪˈluːd/

2 occlusive occlude /əˈkluːd/

3 preclusive preclude /prɪˈkluːd/

4 seclusive seclude /sɪˈkluː.d/

5 inclusive include /ɪnˈkluː.d/

6 exusive exude /ɪgˈzjuːd/

7 protrusive protrude /prəˈtruːd/

8 implosive implode /ɪmˈpləʊd/

9 explosive explode /ɪkˈspləʊd/

10 invasive invade /ɪnˈveɪd/

11 persuasive persuade /pəˈsweɪd/

12 extensive extend /ɪkˈstend/

13 dissuasive dissuade /dɪˈsweɪd/

14 obtrusive obtrude /əbˈtruːd/

15 exclusive exclude /ɪkˈskluːd/

Appendix 4

Loan Words

NO

WORD

FRENCH LATIN FORM

feminime masculine Latin

Verb

Adjective

{-ivus}

1 ablative ablative ablative - ablativus

2 abortive - - - abortivus

3 active - - - activus

4 administrative - - - administrativus


79

5 adoptive - - - adoptivus

6 affective - - - affectivus

7 alternative - - - alternativus

8 appetitive - - - appetitivus

9 appositive - - - appositivus

10 apprehensive - - - apprehensivus

11 attractive attractive attractif - attractivus

12 collective collective collectif - collectivus

13 communicative communicative communicatif - communicativus

14 compulsive - - - compulsivus

15 concessive - - - concessivus

16 conclusive - - - conclusivus

17 conjunctive - - - conjunctivus

18 consecutive consecutive consecutif - consecutivus

19 constrictive - - - constrictivus

20 consummative - - - consumptivus

21 copulative copulative copulatif - copulativus

22 corrective corrective correctif - correctivus

23 corrosive corrosive corrosive - corrosivus

24 cursive - - - cursivus

25 decisive decisive decisive - decisivus

26 deductive - - - deductivus

27 defensive defensive defensive - defensivus

28 demonstrative demonstrative demonstrated - demonstrativus

29 denominative - - - denominativus

30 descriptive - - - descriptivus

31 desiderative - - - desiderativus

32 digestive digestive digestif - digestivus

33 diminutive diminutive diminutif - diminutivus

34 directive - - - directivus

35 discursive - - - discursivus

36 disjunctive - - - disjunctivus

37 distinctive - - - distinctivus,

38 distributive distributive distributif - distributivus

39 elective elective electif - electivus

40 evaporative - - - evaporativus

41 positive - - - positivus

42 excessive excessive excessif - excessivus

43 exclusive - - - exclusivus

44 executive - - - executivus

45 expletive - - - expletivus


80

46 expressive - - - expressivus

47 fricative - - - fricativus

48 furtive - - - furtivus

49 generative - - - generativus

50 genitive - - - genitivus

51 impulsive - - - impulsivus

52 illative - - - illativus

54 illusive - - - illusivus

55 inceptive - - - inceptivus

56 infinitive - - - infinitivus

57 intensive - - - intensivus

58 invasive - - - invasivus

59 inventive - -- - inventivus

60 laxative - - - laxativus

61 lenitive - - - lenitivus

62 locomotive - - - locomotivus

63 lucrative - - - lucrativus

64 narrative - - - narrativus

65 negative - - - Negativus

66 nuncupative - - - nuncupativus

67 objective - - - objectivus

68 ostensive - - - ostensivus

69 permissive - - - permissivus

70 prescriptive - - - praescriptivus

71 presumptive - - - presumptivus

72 privative - - - privativus

73 productive - - - productivus

74 relative relative relatif - relativus

75 punitive - - - punitivus

76 purgative - - - purgativus

77 putative - - - putativus

78 qualitative - - - qualitativus

79 quantitative - - - quantitativus

80 retentive - - - retentivus

81 sanative sanative sanativus

82 sensitive - - - sensitivus

83 subjunctive subjunctive - subjunctivus

84 subversive - - - subversivus

85 successive - - - successivus

86 superlative - - - superlativus

87 susceptive - - - susceptivus


81

88 tentative - - - tentativus

89 vocative - - - vocativus

90 votive - - - votivus

91 factitive factitive factitif - factitivus

92 sedative - - - sedativus

93 correlative - - - correlatives

94 augmentative augmentative, augmentatif augment

are

-

95 comparative - - - comparativus

96 conservative - - - conservativus,

97 continuative - - - continuativus

98 provocative - - - provocativus

99 evocative - - - evocativus

100 figurative - - - figurativus

101 formative formative formatif - formativus

102 informative - - - informativus

103 normative normative normatif norma -

104 optative - - - optativus

105 passive - - - passivus

Appendix 5

Words with Modification of Latin Loanword + the Suffix {-ive}

NO Latin Base English Word

1 admissus + {-ive} admissive

2 adsorptus + {-ive} adsorptive

3 propultus + {-ive} propulsive

4 suasus + {-ive} suasive

5 tractus + {-ive} tractive

6 emovere + {-ive} emotive


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IVE - CORE · 2017-12-17 · i A MORPHOLO GI CAL STUDY OF T HE SUFFI X {-IVE} AN UNDERGRADU ATE THE SIS P resented as Pa rti al Fulfillment of th e Re qu ireme nts f or the Degree