1

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ek- dk;kZy; izeq[k]

a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ¼loZ½

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vkiys dk;kZy;kr@laLFksr@vkLFkkiusoj vkfnoklh gyck tekrhps vf/kdkjh@ deZpkjh dk;Zjr vlwu 'kklukP;k /kksj.kkuwlkj R;kaph tkr iMrkG.kh gksr vlsy fdaok tkr iMrkG.kh gksmqu R;akuk dks"Vh tkrhps Bjfo.;akr vkys vlsy- tkrh iMrkG.khewGs vkfnoklh gyck tekrhps vf/kdkjh@ deZpkjh ekufld }ankr lkiMys vlwu R;keqGs R;kaP;k 'kkfjjhd o vkfFkZd fLFkrhoj foijhr ifj.kke >kyk vkgs] gksr vkgs- 'kkldh; fu;ekuwlkj R;kaP;k fo#/n vko';d dk;Zokgh vo'; djkoh] ijarw fprkXuh fnY;kuarj nksu fefuVs ekSu jkgwu e`rdkl J/nkatyh vihZr dj.;kph vkiyh i/nr vkgs- v';kp nksu fefuVkpk vYiosG dks"Vh Bjfo.;akr vkysY;k] cksxl Bjfo.;akr vkysY;k fdaok voS/k Bjfo.;kar vkysY;k vkfnoklh gyck vf/kdkjh@deZpkÚ;kl nsmqu lkRou@cksGo.k djkos] fg vkxzgh fouarh-

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2

History of Halba tribe belongs to Nagpur Region Maharashtra State, India.

v kfnok lh g yck t e k rh P;k yk sd k ap s mR iR rh LF k ku H k k jrkP;k e /; iz k ark rhy cL rj jkT; g k s;- e /; iz k ar o cL rj jkT;kP;k bf rg k l] v kfnok lh g yck t e k rh pk bf rg k l v kg s- l u 1 9 4 7 P;k L ok ra« ;kiwoh Z H k k jrk r v u sd jk" Vª o jkT; v f LrR ok r g k srh- ^ ^H k k jr ,d [k k st ^^ ;k iq Lrd k r ia Mh r t okg j yky u sg # ;k a uh ue w n d sy sY;k e qG H k k jrh; x .k rk af =d v kfnok lh jkT;k aiSd h ,d ] e /;iz k a rkP;k x k saMok uk H k kx k rhy v kf.k NfR rlx < jk T;k rhy cL rj ft Yg k E g .ktsp c L rj jkT ; g k s ;-

lu 1 7 7 9 i;Z a r cL r j jkT; g s i w.k Z r% L or a = o lk oZH k k Se jkT; g k srs- ;k jkT;kps v kfnok lh g yck cg q la[ ;kd o e qG ukx jhd g k srs - L ok ra «;] L ojkT ; o Lo'k k l u ;k H k k ousp s v kfnok lh g yck] cL r j jkT;k lkBh jkt kph fuoM d jk;ps] r lsp LojkT ;k ojhy v kiR rh iz lax h lSfud E g .k wu 'k = w'k h la?k "k Z d #u] iz k.k k aph v kg wrh lq/ nk n sr -

jkT; fe Gf o.;k lkBh v a rx Z r l a?k"k Z lq/ nk Og k; ps] v a rx Z r l a?k"k k Z r T ;kP;k ckt wu s g yck ukx jhd v lk;p s R ;k yk f lag k luk# < g k s.;kph la/k h fe Gk;ph- c Lr j jkT;k r lu 1 7 7 4 & 1 7 7 9 njE ;ku > kysY;k v a rx Z r l a?k"k k Zps nq" if j.k ke x .k rk af =d o L ora= H k k jr ns 'k k r v kfnok lh g yck ukx jhd v |kig h H k k sx r v kg s-

jkt k fnx iky ns opk e q yx k] jkt iky ns o lu 1 7 0 9 & 1 7 2 1 i;Z ar jk t k g k srk- jkt iky nso P;k c?k syhu v kf.k pans yhu uk okP ;k nk su jk.;k g k sR ;k- c?k s yhu jkuhd Mw u n [k huf lax v kf.k pans yhu jk.k hd Mwu ny ir ns o o iz rkif lax v 'k h e qys g k s rh- jkt k jkt iky ns oP;k e `R ;wuar j c ?k syhu jkuhu s Lo r%P;k H k k okyk x knh oj c lf oy s- R ;ke qGs nq lÚ ;k jkuhP;k e qyk auk d kg h d kG e nz k l iz k ark rhy t ; iwj jkT;k r yi w u d k<k ok ykx yk-

ok jlk g Dd kus jkt iky nso pk e qyx k jkt x knhpk ok jl g k srk] ija rw jk t k >kyk c?k syhu jk.k hpk H k k mq] d kgh d kyk o/k h ua rj nq lÚ ;k jk uhpk e qyx k nyir ns o ;kus ukx jhd k auk e n r e kx h ryh- R ;ke qGs v kfnok lh g yck t e k rhP;k ukx jhd k auh rR d kyhu j k.k hP;k H kk okf o#/n j.k iqd k jys o jk[k h ik Sf.k Ze syk jk.k hP;k H k k ok l Bk j d # u l u 1 7 3 1 e /;s ny ir ns oyk cLr jP;k jkt x knh oj clf oy s- R ;k uar j lq jG hi.k nyi r ns ops 'k k lu lu 1 7 3 1 & 1 7 7 4 ,d w.k 4 3 o "k sZ jkg hys-

jkt k nyi r nso yk lk r jk.;k g k sR ;k] R ;k rhy e k sBh jk uh d k ad sj ph jkt d we k jh g k srh- rhP;k e qykps uk o v t e s jf lag g k s rs- nq lÚ ;k jk uhpk e qyx k n;k Z o ns o g k s rk-

lu 1 7 7 1 e / ;s v kd f L e d f jR ;k ukx iw jP;k fuyw i aMh r us c Lr j jkT ;k oj v kØ e .k d sy s- ;k v kØ e .k k r fuyw i aM h rus ny ir n soph e k s B h jk.k h] v t e sjf lax kph v kbZyk v Vd d #u v k sjh lk rhy iq jh ; sF k s d Sn d sy s] ;k d Sns rp jku h e j.k ik o yh- ;k v kØ e .k kuarj jkt k ny ir nso us c Lr jph jkt /k kuh t x nyiw jyk g yf o yh o rhu o "k k Zuh l u 1 7 7 4 e /;s e j.k ik oyk-

nyi r nso P;k e `R ;wua r j e k sBk e qyx k v t e sjf la x x knhpk ok jl g k srk ija rw jkt x knh oj n;k Z o nso c lyk- fuy w iaMh rps v kØ e .k e jk B;k aps jk T; f o Lrk jkpas jkt d k j.k g k sr s] R ;k r lkF k fe Gkyh n ;k Z o nso P;k e g R okd k a{ k sph] iq<sg h e jkB;k a uh n;k Z o n so yk c jhp e nr d s yh- fuyw iaMh ru s v kØ e .k d sY;ke qGs n;k Z o nso yk jk t x knh oj c l.;kph la/k h fe Gkyh-

;k izd k jku s v t e sjf l ax us v kfnok lh g yck uk x jhd k auk e nr e kx h ry h- v kfnok lh g yck t e k rhps ukx jhd L ok ra«;] Lo 'k k lu o Lo jkT; e ku.k k j s ukx jhd g k srs- v t e s jf lax kyk

3

Mk oywu n ;k Z ons ops jkt x knh x zg .k d j.k s v kfnok lh g yck t e k rhP;k yk sd k auk ;k sX ; ok Vys ukg h- E g .k wu R ;k auh n;k Z o ns oyk ckt wyk lk#u v t e s jf lax yk jkt k c uf oys - n;k Z o nso us iGw u t ;iwj t e hu nk jh r 'k j . k ?k sryh-

ija rw n ;k Z o ns o ?k k rd h jkt d k j.k h g k srk] lu 1 7 7 7 e /;s n;k Z o ns ou s] ukx iw jP;k e jk Bk jkt kps] e nz k l iz k ark rhy t ;iwj jkt kps] jk;iw j P;k jkt kps lg d k;Z ?k s rys o c Lr j jk T;k oj v kØ e .k d sys- R ;kiw oh Z e jkBk jkT ;k auh lu 1 7 4 9 e /;s lai w.k Z x k saM jkt oVh oj rkck fe Gf oyk g k srk o b ax zt k apsg h v kxe u >ky s g k sr sp- ukx iw j jkt kP;k lSU;k r e jkBk] bax zt ] x k saM] e q Lyhe ] v jch bR ;knh lSuhd g k srs- jk;iw jP;k lSU;k r uk x k & x kslkbZ g k srs -

lu 1 7 7 7 e /;s e jkBk] bax zt ] x k slkbZ] x k sa M] v jch o t ;i wjh bR ;knh v R ;ar izf'k{ k h r v kf.k v QkV lSU;kP;k e nrhu s n ;k Z ons o iwUg k cLr jpk jkt k >kyk- n ;k Z onsoyk lH k k so rkyP;k jkT;k aph e n r v lY ;kus v ukf n d kGkik lw u Lok ra «;] L ojkT ; o Lo'k k l uk r t x ys Y;k fpe qVH k j v kfnok lh g yck ukx jhd k apk f Vd k o ykx .k k j uOg rk- r jhg h v kfnok lh g yck v t e sjf lax P;k e kx Zn'k Zu k r n;k Z o nso o R ;kP;k lg d k jh lSU;k'k h ;q/n j r jkg hys- ;k L ok ra«; la?k"k k Z r lu 1 7 7 9 e /; s v kfnok lh g yck ukx jh d k apk ijkH k o >kyk-

;q/nk r lg kd k;k ZP;k e k s cnY;k r n;k Z o nso us t ; iwjP ;k jkt k l d k s Vikn pk H k w i V~Vk f nyk- ukx k x k slkbZ auk jk;iw j e /;s t e huh fe GkY;k v kf.k ukx iwjP ;k e jkBk jkT;kyk n;k Z on so us pk SF k ck a/k wu fnyh o e k aMfyd x syk- ;k d k sV iknP;k g Dd kckc r U ;k;ky;k r izd j.kg h nk [ky >kys g k s rs R ;k r g k laiw . k Z bf rg k l ue wn v kg s-

Government of India's letter in G.O., No. 2075, Juditial, dated 20th December 1862,

which contains a history of the case up to then.

;k f ot ;kuar jg h n;k Z o ns oyk le L;k g k sr h] jkT;k rhy ukx jhd v kfnok lh g yck Lo'k k l ukps iq jk s/k s g k sr s- e jkBk] bax zt ] x k slkbZ] x k saM] t ;iw j bR ;knh ckg ; lSU ; d k;e p s cLr j jkT ;k r jkg wu n ; k Z o ns oph lq j{ k k d j.k s ' kD; u Og rs - f o jk s /k h ukx jhd k ae /;s jkg w u jkT; d j.k sg h 'kD; u Og r s- E g .k wu n;k Z o nso us v kfnok lh g y ck t e k rhP; k ukx jhd k auk na rs 'o jh nsoh le { k 'kiF k ?k s. ;k l H k kx ikM ys- v kf nok lh g yck auh na rs' o jh ns oh le { k 'kiF k ?k srY;k ua rj fuf' prp r s n;k Z o n so f o#/ n iqUg k v fu" Bk d j.k s 'kD; uO g rs-

n;k Z o ns o le F k Zd d k g h v kfnok lh g y ck o br j ukx jhd k alg ijfd ;k auk jkT;k r Lo'k k l u o uSf rd rsp s iq jLd rsZ v ls i;Z a r e ue k uh d jk;yk ok o u Og rk- E g .k wu f ojk s /k h g yck ukx jhd k auh jkT ; lk sMk os ;k lk Bh loZ rk si jh iz ;R u d j .;k ar v kys- R ;kpk ,d H k kx E g .kwu v t e sjf lax ph g R ;k d j .;k ar v kyh- n;k Z on so f o#/n la?k"k Z d sy sY;k d kg h g yck ukx jhd k auk 9 0 QqV m aphP;k fp=d qV /kc/kC ;k o# u [k kyh Qsd ys] d kg h aps Mk s Gs d k <ys - R ;k rw u ,d g yck cpk oyk- cg qnk v kfnok lh g yck t e k rhP;k ukx jhd k auk g rk sR lkg h r d j.;k lk Bh izR ;{ k k r n;k Z o nso usp R ;kyk i G k;ph la/k h f nyh v lk oh-

g yck ukx jhd k aP;k bPN s f o#/n n ;k Z ons o f o ns 'k h e n rhus jkt k >kY;ke qGs v kfn ok lh g yck Lok ra «; o Lo'k k l u fg jk owu c lys g k sr s- jkT;k r i jd h ;k apk f'k jd k o >kyk g k srk- n;k Z o ns o ukx iwj jkT;kyk e k a Myh d x syk g k srk- R ;kpc jk s cj v kfnok lh g yck uk x jhd k auh jkT; lk s Mwu t k os E g .k wu f o'k s "k iz;R u g h lq# g k srs]

v ';k ,d a n j f o ijh r if jf LF k rh r f o jk s/kd v kfn ok lh g yck ukx jhd k auk Lo ra=] L o'k k lh r] LojkT ; c Lr j lk sMk os ykx ys- R ;ke qGs v kf nok lh g yck ap s rh u iz knsf'kd x V iMy s]

4

cLr je /k hy cL rjh;k g yck] ukx iw j o NfR rl x < f oH k kx k rhy NfR rl x <h;k g yck] oÚ g kM o v e jk orh f oH k kx k rhy e jkBh;k g yck E g .kt sp g ych- c Lr j e /k w u ckg sj iMy sY;k 8 5 VDd s NfR rlx <h;k] e jkBh;k v kfnok lh g yck a uh c Lr jP;k g y ck a'k h d kg hg h laca /k B soyk ukg h- ija rw NfR rlx f <;k o e jkfB;k g yck apk ,d e sd k a 'k h fu;e h r la ca/k v kg s-

v kfnok lh g yck alkBh g k la?k"k Z E g .kt s f o' o;q/ n L o#ikps g k sr s- ;k la?k"k k Z r v kfnok lh g yck ukx jhd k aps v k;q" ; o cL rj jk T;kph v kfne d kGkik lwuph L ora= rk m/ oLF k >kyh - ;k la?k"k k Zua r j bf rg k lk r izF ke r %p cL rj jkT ; ik j ra= k r x sy s-

ikp o "k k ZP;k lr r la?k "k k Zus v kfnok lh g yck aph v kfF k Zd ckt w d e d q or >kysyh- nqx Ze ] t ax yh H k kx k rhy v kfnok lh v lY;ke qGs g y ck t e k rhP;k ukx jhd k ad Ms /k u& laiR rh 'k qU;- lH k k sorkyps e jkBk] ba x zt ] ukx k& x kslkbZ] x k saM] t ;i wj] d k ad sj] cLr j bR ;knh l oZp n;k Z ons oyk e nr d j.k k js v kfnok lh g yck ukx jhd k aps 'k = w g k sr s]

lu 1 7 7 4 & 1 7 7 9 la?k " k k Zps cL r j jkT;k o j o v kfn ok lh g yck a oj v R ;a r nq jx ke h nq"if j.k ke >kys - ;k la?k "k k Zps nq "if j .k ke e g k jk"Vª k rhy v kfnok lh g yck v |kig h H k k sx r v lw u R ;k auk ck sx l v kfnok lh lack s /k.;k r ; sr s- f of o /k d k;k Zy;k r v kfnok lh g yck a'k h g k s.k kÚ ;k O;og k jk o# u r lsp n jjk st ikg .;k r ; s.k kÚ ;k NfR r lx <h fd aok i jjkT ;k rhy f of o/k ukx jhd @e t wj ;k a P;k l k scrP;k O;og k jk o# u] r R d kyhu n;k Z o ns o f o jk s /kd v kfnok lh g yck ukx jhd k aP;k f LF k rhph d Yiuk d j rk ;s rs -

n;k Z ons ou s v kfnok lh g yck aoj v R ;kpk j d #u ns'k lk sM.;k l H k kx ikMys] R ;ke qG s v kfnok lh g yck ukx jhd f jd kE ;k g k rkus g k srs - v kfnok lh g y ck ukx jhd d q Vwac o e qykckGk alg t ax yh iz ns'k k r d q BY;kg h v k/k k j kf'k ok; fu jkfJ ri.k s i j fd ; jk T;k r 'k = qP;k n;s oj v ';k x aH k h j if j L F k h rhph d Yiukg h d jo r ukg h-

v f'kf{ k r] v kfnok lh] v ui<] t ax yh] x jhc ] f onz k sg h] v kfn ok lh g yck yk sd k auk n;k Z ons oP;k fe = jk "Vª k r d qB ysg h e kukp s d ke u Og rs fd aok lk/k h lg kuwH k wrhg h u Og rh- r l s g k s.ks 'kD; v kf.k rkd h Zd okV r ukg h- fe = jkt k n;k Z o nsop s v kfnok l h g yck ukx jhd 'k = w v lY;ke qGs v kfnok lh g yck auk t e hunkÚ ;k] lSU;k r uk sd jh fd a ok iz 'k k luk r d ke fe Gky s ukg h fd aok fe G.k k j uO g rs- n sox M] pk ank] H k aMk jk] ukx iwj bR ;knh x k sa M jkt oV l u 1 7 4 9 e /;s iq.k Zi.k s j?k wt h jkT ;kP;k rkC ;k r v kyh g k s rh] o lu 1 7 7 7 e /;s H k kslys auh n ;k Z ons oyk e nr d syh g k s rh-

v kfnok lh g yck a uk x k sa M jkt kus pk a nk ft Yg ; k r lk su ljhph e k sBh t e hunk jh o H k aMk jk ft Yg ;k r 6 Nk s V;k t e hunkÚ ;k fnY;k v ls lk ax .;k ar ;s rs- of j y b f rg k l ikg rk r s 'kD; okVr s d k;\ v kfnok lh g yck c Lr j lk sMw u f u?k kys rs Og k x k saM jkt k aph jkt oVp u Og rh- jkt oV g k s rh e jkBk jkt k aph] v kfnok lh g yck ukx jhd k auh lr r 5 o"k Z n ;k Z ons o o e jkB;k af o# /n ;q/ n d sys g k srs -

,d an j if jf LF k rh o b f rg k lk o#u v kfnok lh g yck auk t e hu nkÚ ;k fe GkY;kp ukg h] fe G.k s 'kD; u Og rs] l u 1 8 2 6 e /; s lk s ul jhpk t e hunk j pk an so 'k g k g k srk- ¼J h f jp MZ >sud h upk f j ik sVZ 1 8 2 7 -½

v kfnok lh g yck ukx jhd fu;e h r lSf ud uO g rs] Lo jkT;kps la j{ k.k d j.k k j s lke kU; ukx jhd g k srs - v kfnok lh g yck ad Ms iSlk u Og rk] R ;k auk ij jkT;k r jg k; yk ?k j u Og r s] [k k;yk

5

v Uu u Og r s] g k rkyk jk s t x k j uOg rk] e x 'k s rh d qBwu ?k s.k k j\ R ;kpcjk s cj n;k Z on so o e jk Bk jkT;k aps f o jk s/kd v l Y;k e qGs d q.k hg h R ;k auk t o G d s ys ukg h- d qGk r 'k s R ;k fnY;k ukg h-

v kfnok lh g yck jk;iw j ] H k aMk jk] v e jk o rh bR ; knh i jfd ;@'k = w aP;k jk T;k r jfg ok lkyk v kY;kus R ;k a uk t x .;k lkBh ykpk jh f Lod k jk oh ykx yh- rR d kyhu if jf LF k rh r v kfnok lh g yck auk v kfne nSo rk af' k ok; d q.k kpk v k/k k j u lY;kps fnl wu ;s rs - v ' ;k rp l u 1 8 0 3 e /;s e jkBk jkt s bax zt k a'k h ;q/ nk r ijkt h r >ky s-

lu 1 8 0 3 P;k ;q/ nk r ijkt h r >kY;ke qGs ukx iwjP;k H k k sly sa uh MsDd u] oÚ g kM bR ;knh H k wizns'k b ax zt k auk fnys o ukx iwj 'kg jk l jkt /k kuh d #u ukx iw j jkT ;kph fufe Z rh d syh v kf.k jkT;kP;k f od k lk lkBh d kiM fue h Z rh m|k sx k l iz k/k kU; fnys- mR re n T;k Zph d kiM fue h Z rh d j.;k lkBh rK f o.kd jk aph x jt g k srh] E g .k w u M sDd u] i jH k.k h] fcMP;k rK f o.kd jk a uk E g .kts ykM] lkGh] nsok ax ] i n~e 'k kyh bR ; knh auk ukx iwjk r v k.kys R ;kiSd h d kg h auk t e hunkÚ ;kg h fnY;k r- g s rK f o.kd j lk s us & pk anh v lys Y;k d kB in jkP;k j s'ke h lkM ;k E g .kts iS B.k h] 'k kyw bR ; knh r;k j d jk;ps-

t ax yk rhy Lo ra= t h ou t x .k k js v kfnok lh g yck cL rj jkT ; lk sMw u fu?k kY;k o j jk;iw j] H k aMk jk] ukx iwj] o /k k Z] v e jk orh bR ;kn h ft Yg ;k rhy Nk s V;k x k ok r jkg k;yk x sys - Nk sV;k& Nk s V;k x k ok r jkg wu v kfnok lh g yck a u h e t wjh d s yh- t kM;k& H k jM;k lwrh umq ok jh lkM;k] lw rh /k k s rj r;k j d jk;yk f 'kd ys- v kfn ok lh g yck a u k js 'ke kps] d k sL;kp s] lk sU;k& pk anhph ck WMZ j v lysy s d kiM f o.kd j h d jrk auk ikfg ys ukg h- lk s u& pk anh ?;k;yk /kug h g oa uk! fg f o.kd jh d jk;p s ykM] nsok ax . k] x <soky] lkGh-

v kfnok lh g yck me js M] i ouh] ux j/ku] e k s g kMh] ikV.k lk oax h] [k kik] v k je k sjh] e k Snk] v k a/kGx k o] jke Vsd ] v p yiwj] v k oh Z] e k s'k h Z] ijr okMk v ';k Nk s V;k 'kg jk r jfg ok lkyk g k srs - bax zt k auh ukx iwjph jkt s 'k kg h iq.k Z r% laiq" Vk r v k.kY;k oj v kf.k R ;ku a rj H k k jrk o j bax zt k apk rkck g k smqu H k k jrh;k a uk L ok ra« ;] Lo jkT;] L o' k k lukpk v F k Z d Gk;yk ykx yk- r sOg k Nk sV ;k x k ok auk lk sMw u v kfnok lh g yck jk st x k jk lkBh ukx iwj 'kg jk r v kys-

Central Provinces Gazetteers. Chhattisgarh, Feudatory States. Written By E, A. De

Brett ICS Political Agent. 1909 Volume Page No. 45 - "The Halbas (12,887 Or 4 Per

Cent.) Are Cultivators And Much Addicted To Opium." c Lr j jkT;kph e kfg rh nsrk a uk v kfnok lh g yck ukx jh d e k sB ;k ize k.k k oj v Qwps O;l uh v kg sr] v ls ue qn v kg s- ukx iwj 'kg jk r lq/nk l u 1 9 8 0 & 8 5 i;Z ar e k s B;k ize k.k k oj v kfnok lh g yck ukx jhd v Qw pk oki j d jh r g k sr s] g s e kÖ ;k i kg .;k ar v kg s- d so G v kfnok lh g yck ukx jhd p v Qwps Qk j O; luh d k v lk os\ cg qnk v kf nok lh g y ck ae /k hy L ok ra«;] L ojkT ; o L o'k k lukph H k k ouk nQ u Og k oh E g .k wu R ;k auk v Qw P;k O; lukf/k u d j.;k ar v kY;kps t k.k o rs-

e jkBh H k k"k sr f o.kd jk a u k d k s"Vh] fg a nh e / ;s d k s"Vk v kf.k rsyx w H k k"k sr lkys ok j E g .k wu lack s/k.;k r ;s rs] f o.kd jhpk O;o lk; d jh r v lY;ku s v kfnok lh g yc k lq/nk d k s" Vh E g .k wu v k sG[kys t k rk r- ykpk j o fu jkfJ r v kfno k lh g yck ukx jhd k alkBh R ;k osGh jk st x k j e g R okpk g ksrk v kf.k v |kig h f LF k rh r'k hp v k g s- rlsg h g y ck auk f of o/ k iz k ark r f of o/k uk oku s v k sG[kY;k t k r s-

d kiM O; olk;k rhy d s oG f o.kd j e t w j v l .;kcjk sc j v kfnok lh v lY;ke qGs R ;k aP ;k lke kft d ] v kfFk Zd o 'k S{ kf.kd f LF k rh r Qk j lk cn y >kyk ukg h- H k k jr Lo ra= >kY;k oj

6

v kfnok lh auk v k j{ k.k kps ykH k ns; >kys] R ;k r g h v kfnok lh g yck auk v k j{ k.k kps { k s= ca /kuk r Bsmqu l aoS/k kfud ykH k kiklwu oafp r d j.; ak r v k ys-

lu 1 9 7 6 e /;s v k j{ k.k k ojhy { k s= ca /ku d k < .;ak r v kys - f o .kd jh d j.k k js e t wj e qG g yck t e k rhpsp v l Y ;ke qGs o 'k k luk l g k l aiw.k Z bf rg k l e kfg r v lY;ku s g yck a uk v uwlwph r t e k rhp s nk[k ys f ux Ze h r d j. ;ak r ;s mqu t e k rhpk ykH k ns; d syk x syk-

lu 1 9 8 0 e /; s e k s B;k ize k.k k oj v uq'k s"k H k r h Z l lq#ok r >kyh- v kfnok lh g y ck aP;k uk ok oj br j t k rhP;k f o.kd jk auh lq/ nk v uwl wph r t e k rhpk ykH k ?k sryk- v u wlwph r t e k rhP;k nkO;kph iM rkG.k h lq# >kY;k o j e g k jk"Vª 'k k l ukP;k t k rh iM rkG.k h lfe rhu s v kfnok lh g yck auk d k s " Vh t k rhps ?k k sf"k r d sys - v kfnok lh g yck apk v ukMhi.k k] v f'kf{ k ri.k k] H k ksGs i.k k fd aok ft o u t x .;k lkBh f Lod k j ys yh ykpk jh v kf.k v Qw P;k v kg k jh f ol jys yk bf rg k l R ;k auk H k k soyk v ls f nlw u ;s rs-

iq jk sx ke h E g .k o.k kÚ ;k eg k jk"Vª jkT;k r v kfnok lh g yck a uk l aoS/k kfud loy rhik lw u oafpr Bso. ;k lkBh e g k jk" Vª 'k k lukP;k v kfnok lh f o d k l f oH k kx k rhy] t k rh iMrk G.k h lfe rh a uh v kfnok lh g yck auk d k s " Vh ?k k sf"k r d j.;kp s l= pkyf oys - l u 1 9 5 0 d k; fd aok 1 9 0 1 d k;\ fd rhg h t qus g yck v lY;kps f l /n d j.k k js] 'k k ld h; iq jk o s n smqu g h g t k jk s v kfnok lh g yck auk , sud su d k j.k s ue w n d # u d k s "Vh t k rhps ?k k sf"k r d j. ;ak r v kys v lw u v |kig h rls p lq# v kg s-

v kfnok lh g yck auk v f L rR og hu d k s "Vh t k rhpk ?k k sf"k r d j rk auk Qj sjk lfe rhpk m Yys [k d syk t k rk s- g k Q js jk lfe rhpk v g oky d k;] d lk] d qBs v kg s\ 9 9 - 9 9 VDd s v kfnok lh g yck auk Q js jk lfe rh f d aok R ;kP;k v g okykc| y d kg hg h e kfg r ukg h-

lu 1 9 8 5 e /; s e g k jk" Vª 'k k luk us iz k s- Q js jk (Dr J V Ferreira) ;k aP;k v /;{ k rs[k kyh ,dk rK lfe rhph fu;qD r d syh] ;k v g okykps uk o Government Of Maharashtra, Tribal

Development Department, Report Of The Expert Committee On The Halba /Halba

Koshti Problem In The State Of Maharashtra, 1985 v ls v kg s- iq<s cg qnk g k v g oky Milind Sharadrao Katware Appeal (Civil) 2294 of 1986 e /;s lknj d syk- e g k jk" Vª 'k k lukus loZizF ke e kfg rhpk v f/kd k j d k;nk ykx w d syk i ja rw mijk sD r v g okykph http://trti.mah.nic.in/static_pages/ResearchReportList.pdf ;k o sc fyad oj uk sa n ukg h-

v kfnok lh g yck aph R ; kP;k f o.kd jhph] R ;k aP ;k nSo rk aph] H k k"k sph] laLd ` rhph] R ;k aP ;k LF kyk arj.k kph f o Lr` r e kfg rh J h j'k s y] J h fg L yk Wi] J h fx v jl u] J h f oyh;e g aV j] ls aVªy iz k Wf oUlps x W> sV l~ 1 8 8 1 ] Q;qMhv V jh L Vs V x W>s Vl~ 1 9 0 9 ] c Lr jpk bf r g k l] t ux .kuk 1 8 8 1 ] 1 8 9 1 ] 1 9 0 1 ] 1 9 1 1 ] 19 2 1 bR ;knh e /;s mi yC /k v lwu] R ;kp c jk s cj v kfn ok lh g yck 1 0 0 & 1 5 0 o"k Z t qu s 'k k ld h; v fH kys[k iq jk os t k sMwug h ;k Qj sjk lfe rhus v lk d qB yk 'k k s/k yk oyk d h] v kt e /; izns'k o e g k jk "Vª k ryk izR ;sd v kfnok lh g yck v f L rR og hu d k s" Vh t k rhpk B jf o.; ak r ; sr v kg s- v kfnok lh g yck a uk] v f L rR og hu d k s" Vh t k rhps ?k k sf"k r d j.k k jk v g oky v uU; v lk/k k j .k e g R okpk v kgs- R ;k e qGs g k v g oky l oZ lke kU;k alkBh ba V ju sV oj e k sQr m iyC /k d # u n;k;yk g ok] t s.k sd # u ck sx l ?k k sf"k r d sy sY ;k v kfnok lh g yck aps firG t x k le k sj m?kMs iMsy v kf.k R ;k aph cn u ke h g k smqu [k k sVk jMs i.k k loZ lke kU;k auk f nlw u ;sbZy- e g k jk" Vª 'k k luk P;k Q js jk lfe rhu s v kfnok lh g y ck ac| y e kf g rh fnyh v l Y;kus d k ad sj] cL r j] na rs okM ;kP;k g yck a ukg h d Gw n ;k- g k v g oky , sf rg kf ld v kg s] R ;ke qGs

7

lacaf/k r ,D l iVZ d e s Vh rys rK bf rg k lk r v t jke j g k srhy] rk s ykH k R ;k auk fe Gkyk ikfg t s] R ;k lkBh v g oky ba Vj us Vo j Vkd k ok- r lsp ns 'k h& f ons 'k h] t kx rhd @v kar jjkf" Vª; 'k k L=Kk aukg h la 'k k s/kuk lk Bh ;k v g okykpk mi ;k s x g k sbZy-

'k k lukus l u 1 9 9 5 e / ;s f o 'k s"k e kx k l iz ox k Zps 2 VDd s v k j{ k.k ?k k s f"k r d s ys o R ;k r d k s"Vh] g y ck& d k s"Vh] g yck] x k sok jh bR ;knh a uk f o'k s "k v k j{ k.k fn ys- ;k rwu iq <s U;k;ky;hu v kns'k kuq lk j g yck ox G.;ak r v kys- [k jsp] d k s "Vh uk okph t k r v kg s d k;\

1. In the Report on the Territories of the Raja of Nagpur, by Richard Jenkins 1827,

page no. 87 - Koshtees and Momins, (Hindoo and Moosulman weavers)

Page No. 90 – The common Dhotee Johras and Sarhees, are much worn by

all classes of Hindoos and Marhattas in the Deccan. The peculiar quality of

Dhotee Johras, made in the city, and for which they are so much prized, is the

extreme fineness of the thread, which is spun exclusively by the Dhers, and finds

employment to upwards of four hundred families. The weavers are all Koshtees,

and the number of their families is estimated at about two-hundred and seveny.

The cloth manufacture was brought to its present state of excellence, by the

exertions of the late Raghojee, who, during the great famine that raged in the

Deccan after the war of 1803, induced many of the best workmen at Pytum, in the

Godavery, and Zynabad and Boorhanpore, on the Taptee, to come and settle at

Nagpore. From these men, the Nagpore weavers learnt the art of weaving the

beautiful silk and gold and silver borders,

2. Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India : R V Ruissell and Hirallal

1916 page no 581 -

Koshti, Koshta, Salewar. – The Maratha and Telugu caste of weavers of

silk and fine cotton cloth. They belong principally to the Nagpur and Chhattisgarh

Division of the Central Provinces, Koshti is the Marathi and Salewar the Telugu

name. Koshti may perhaps have something to do with kosa or tasar silk; Salewar

is said to be from the Sanskrit Salika, a weaver, and to be connected with the

common word sari, the name for a woman's cloth; while the English 'Shawl' may

8

be a derivative from the same root. The caste suppose themselves to be descended

from the famous Saint Markandi Rishi, who, they say, first wove cloth from the

fibres of the lotus flower to clothe the nakedness of the gods. In reward for this he

was married to the daughter of Surya, the sun, and received with her as dowry a

giant named Bhavani and a tiger. But the giant was disobedient, and so Markandi

killed him, and from his bones fashioned the first weaver's loom. The Tiger

remained obedient to Markandi, and the Koshtis think that he still respects them as

his descendants; so that if a Koshti should meet a tiger in the forest and say the

name of Markandi, the tiger will pass by and not molest him ; and they say that no

Koshti has ever been killed by a tiger. On their side they will not kill or injure a

tiger, and at their weddings the Bhat or genealogist brings a picture of a tiger

attached to his sacred scroll, known as Padgia, and the Koshtis worship the

picture. A Koshti will not join in a beat for tiger for the same reason ; and other

Hindus say that if he did the tiger would single him out and kill him, presumably

in revenge for his breaking the pact of peace between them. They also worship the

Singhwahini Devi, or Devi riding on a tiger, from which it may probably be

deduced that the tiger itself was formerly the deity, and has now developed into an

anthropomorphic goddess.

Subdivisions – The caste have several subdivisions of different types. The

Halbis appear to be an offshoot of the primitive Halba tribe, who have taken to weaving, the Lad Koshtis come from Gujarat, the Gadhewal from Garha or

Jubbulpore, the Deshkar and Maratha from the Maratha country, while the

Dewangan probably take their name from the old town of that name on the

Wardha river. The Patwis are dyers, and colour the silk thread which the weavers

use to border their cotton cloth. It is usually dyed red with lac. They also make

braid and sew silk thread on ornaments like the separate Patwa caste. And the

Onkule are the offspring of illegitimate unions. In Berar there is a separate

subcaste named Hatghar, which may be a branch of the Dhangar or shephered

caste. Berar also has a group known as Jain Koshtis, who may formerly have

professed the Jain religion, but are now strict sivites. The Salewars are said to be

divided into the Sutsale or thread-weavers, the Padmasale or those who originally

wove the lotus flower and the Sagunsale, a group of illegitimate descent. The

above names show that the caste is of mixed origin, containing a large Telugu

element, while a body of the primitive Halbas has been incorporated into it.

Many of the Maratha Koshtis are probably Kunbis (Cultivators) who have taken

up weaving.

3. Anthropological Survey of India published "People of India - Maharashtra 2004"

Page No. 1130 - Koshti is the Marathi term for weavers who make sarees

from silk and fine cotton cloth.

Page No. 1145 - Under the head "Koshti" there are different communities

who have adopted weaving as an occupation some of these communities are

Devangan, SutSali, Swakool Sali, Lad, Padma Shali and Halbi/Halba. The

traditional occupation of the above communities was weaving and hence they are

known as Devangan Koshti, Lad Koshti, Sut Sali Koshti and so forth.

9

Page No. 1130 - The community has several subdivisions; the Halbi

appear to be an off shoot of the primitive Halba tribe, who have taken to

weaving.

Sale, Sali—a weaving caste found chiefly in the Marathawara districts of these

Dominions. It is a functional group, comprising several heterogeneous elements drawn

from the different classes of Hindu society. These of course form distinct sub-castes and

are not admitted to a jus connubii with one another. The following sub-castes of Salis

are recognized in this territory;

1. Sukal Or Sukla Sale

2. Ahir Sale

3. Gujar Sale

4. Lakul Or Nakul Sale

5. Sukha Sale

6. Are Sale

7. Sukin Sale

8. Padma Sale

9. Chabhar Sale

10. Tikley Sale

11. Patolgar Sale

12. Jain Sale

Source - The Castes And Tribes Of H.E.H. The Nizam's Dominions, Syed Siraj Ul

Hassan 1920 Volume I Page No. 577 Sale

Bania (Merchant and moneylender) sub caste of Bania

1.Agarwala, Agarwal

2.Agrahari.

3.Ajudhiabasi, Audhia,

4.Asathi

5.Charnagri, Channagri, Samaiya.

6.Dhusar, Bhargava Dhusar.

7.Dosar, Dusra.

8.Gahoi.

9.Golapurab, Golahre.

10.Kasarwani.

11.Kasaundhan.

12.Khandelwal

13.Lad 14.Lingayat.

15.Maheshri.

16.Nema

17.Oswal

18.Parwar

19.Srimali.

20.Umre.

1 0

Bania, Lad.—this sub caste numbers about 5000 persons in the Central Provinces, being

settled in Nimar, Nagpur and all the Berar Districts. The Lad Banias came from Gujarat,

and Lad is derived from Lad-desh, the old name for Gujarat. Like other Banias they are

divided into the Bisa and Dasa groups or twenties and tens, the Dasa being of irregular

descent. Their family priests are Khedawal Brahmans, and their caste deity is Ashapuri of

Ashnai, near Petlad. Lad

Source - The Tribes And Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916

Volume 2 Page No 112 & Page No 150

Gadhewale -

The caste has a large number of subdivisions of a local or occupational nature;

among occupational names may be mentioned the Singaria or those who cultivate the

singara nut, the Nadha or those who live on the banks of streams, the Tankiwalas or

sharpeners of grindstones, the Jhlngas or prawn-catchers, the Bansias and Saraias or

anglers (from bansi or sarai, a bamboo fishing-rod), the Bandhaiyas or those who make

ropes and sacking of hemp and fibre, and the Dhurias who sell parched rice. These last

say that their original ancestors were created by Mahadeo out of a handful of dust {(ihfir)

for carrying the palanquin of Parvati when she was tired. They are probably the same

people as the Dhuris who also parch grain, and in Chhattisgarh are considered as a

separate caste. Similarly the Sonjhara Dhimars wash for gold, the calling of the separate

Sonjhara caste. The Kasdhonia Dhimars wash the sands of the sacred rivers to find the

coins which pious pilgrims frequently drop or throw into the river as an offering when

they bathe in it. The Gondia subcaste is clearly an offshoot from the Gond tribe, but a

large proportion of the whole caste in the Central Provinces is probably derived from the

Gonds or Kols, members of this latter tribe being especially proficient as palanquin-

bearers. The Suvarha subcaste is named after the suar or pig, because members of this

subcaste breed and eat the unclean animal ; they are looked down on by the others.

Similarly the Gadhewale Dhimars keep donkeys, and are despised by the other

subcastes who will not take food from them. They use donkeys for carrying loads of

wood,, and the bridegroom rides to his wedding on this animal ; and among them a

donkey is the only animal the corpse of which can be touched without conveying

pollution. The Bhanare Dhimars appear to be named after the town of Bhandara,

The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916 Volume 2

Page No 503

Gadhewal, Gadkere, Gadhive, Gadhilla. (One who keeps donkeys.From gadha,an ass.)

Garhawala, Garhewala, Garhewar - A resident of Garha, an old town near Jubbulpore

which gave its name to the Garha- Mandla dynasty, and is a centre of weaving.

The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916 Volume 1 page

362 & 364.

1 1

In Wardha the Kasars are no longer artificers, but only dealers, employing

Panchals to make the vessels which they retail in their shops. And the same is the case

with the Maratha and Deshkar subcastes in Nagpur. The Kasars are a respectable

caste, ranking next to the Sunars among the urban craftsmen.

Source - The Tribes And Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916

Volume 3 Page No 369

Padma Sale, Sale, Salewar, Channewar, Julaha, antunayakadu—a very large

and widely diffused caste of Telugu weavers, wholly distinct from the Devangas or

Carnatic weavers, and Patkar Sales, or Khatris, who hail from Gujarath and Malva, and weave silk cloths. In their original affinities they may be regarded as Dravidians, the

view being suggested by their physical characteristics and by the fact that a great number

of their exogamous sections bear totemistic names. The name Sale is of Sanskrit origin,

being a corruption of the Sanskrit word 'Salika'—a weaver, while the title 'Padma' seems

to be prefixed as a mark of distinction.

Source - The Castes And Tribes Of H.E.H. The Nizam's Dominions, Syed Siraj Ul

Hassan 1920 Volume I Page No. 536

Koshtas of Chhattisgarh have a subcaste called horiya, and possibly the Bhulias

have some connection with these. The caste sometimes call themselves Devang, and

Devang or Devangan is the name of another subcaste of Koshtis.

Source - The Tribes And Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916

Volume 2 Page No 320

Devanga, Devangalu, Devra, Jyandra, Koshti, Devanga Sale, Myatari—a

widely diffused caste of weavers found in every part of the Hyderabad Dominions.

'Devanga' is a Sanskrit word which means 'body of the gods ' and is applied to this caste

since it claims to be descended from one Devanga Rishi, who'' was created by the god

Mahadeva for the purpose of weaving clothes for gods and men. The thread was obtained

from the lotus which sprang from Vishnu's navel. Probably of Carnatic origin, the

Devangas are now found scattered all over Maharashtra and Telingana. Internal

Structure—The Devangas are divided into three subcastes : (I) Devanga, (2) Hatgar and

(3) Kodekul; the Hatgars claim social precedence over the other two divisions. 'They are

Lingayits by creed and are described in the article on Lingayats The first of these sub-

castes is broken up into three territorial groups, (1) Telugu Devangas, (2) Carnatic

Devangas and (3) Maratha Koshtis, who speak Marathi and have adopted the section names and manners of the Maratha Kunbis. Two other branches seem to have

sprung from the Devangas, oiz : (1) Kurvina Shetti or Bili Magu and (2) Kumi Sales or

Jyandra, the latter of whom do not castrate their bulls.

Source - The Castes And Tribes Of H.E.H. The Nizam's Dominions, Syed Siraj Ul

Hassan 1920 Volume I Page No. 160 Devanga

Devangs, also known as Hatkars, Jads, Koshtis or Salis, numbering 244445

(1901) including 124351 males and 120094 females are found in all parts of the

Presidenchy and Native States except Gujarat. Of this number, 103,393 were recorded

as Lingayats and 48 as Musalmans at the Census of 1901. The caste is also known

1 2

Nekar, Negar and Neyakar in the Kanarese districts and Vinkar in the Deccan. Neyakar

is a Kanarese and Vinkar is a Marathi term, meaning a weaver, Regarding the origin of

the term Hatkar, it is stated that at one time all the Hatkars were Lingayats. Several

hundred years ago, a certain Devangad Ayya persuaded some of them to wear the sacred

thread instead of the linga and to rub their brows with sandal instead of with cowdung

ashes.

Source - The Caste and Tribes of H.E.H. The Nizam's Dominions, 1920 Volume I,

Page 162

In the Poona district are found two of the above divisions, Maratha and Padma,

who neither eat together nor intermarry. The Satara Salis have five divisions, Maratha,

Padam and Nakul, Kurnaval and Patnaval. The divisions commonly found among the

Nasik Koshtis are Ahir, Bangad, Jain, Kurad, Maratha, Miskin and Sut Sali. The

Sholapur Salis are split up into six divisions, Bangad, Maratha, Padma, Sukh, Tikale and

Togati. Of these the Marathas are considered to be the highest in the social scale. They

do not eat with the others. The rest eat together but do not intermarry. In Ahmednagar

are to be met the Chambhar, Naku., Padam and Sakul Salis. Of these the Sakuls are

supposed to be the pure descendants of the founder of the caste. Lakuls are bastards.

The Sakuls do not eat with the other three divisions, who eat from them but not with one

another.

Page No. 302 – The Koshtis of Poona say that they were Brahmans.

Page No. 302 – The term Koshti is derived from the Sanskrit kosh, the cod or

cocoon of a spider, which is indicative of weaving,

Source - The Tribes and Castes of Bombay. By R.E. Enthoven, Vol-I, 1920 Page 301

Kuchibandhia, Kuuchbandhia (A maker of weaver's brushes) Synonym and

subcaste of Beldar in Chhattisgarh.

Source - The Tribes And Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916

volume 1 Page No. 381

The Beldars of Chhatisgarh are divided into the Odia or Oriya, Larhia,

Kuchbandhia, Matkuda and Karigar groups. Uriya and Larhia are local names, applied to

residents of the Uriya country and Chattisgarh respectively Odia is the name of a low

Madras caste of masons, bu whether it is a corruption of Uriya is not clear. Karigar

means a workman, and Kuchbandia is the name of a separate caste, who make loom-

combs for weavers.

Source - The Tribes And Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916

Volume 2 Page No. 217

Patwa, Patwi, Patra, Ilakeband.—The occupational caste of weavers of fancy

silk braid and thread. In 1911 the Patwas numbered nearly 6000 persons in the Central

Provinces, being returned principally from the Narsinghpur, Raipur, Saugor, Jubbulpore

and Hoshangabad Districts. About 800 were resident in Berar. The name is derived from

1 3

the Sanskrit pata, woven cloth, or Hindi pat silk. The principal sub castes of the Patwas

are the Naraina; the Kanaujia, also known as Chhipi, because they sew marriage robes ;

the Deobansi or ' descendants of a god,' who sell lac and glass bangles ; the Lakhera, who

prepare lac bangles ; the Kachera, who make glass bangles ; and others. Three of the

above groups are thus functional in character. They have also Rajput and Kayastha

subcastes, who may consist of refugees from those castes received into the Patwa

community. In the Central Provinces the Patwas and Lakheras are in many localities

considered to be the same caste, as they both deal in lac and sell articles made of it ; and

the account of the occupations of the Lakhera caste also applies largely to the Patwas.

The exogamous groups of the caste are named after villages, or titles or nicknames borne

by the reputed founder of the group. They indicate that the Patwas of the Central

Provinces are generally descended from immigrants from northern India. The Patwa

usually purchases silk and colours it himself. He makes silk strings for pyjamas and

coats, armlets and other articles. Among these are the silk threads called rakhis, used on

the Rakshabandhan festival, when the Brahmans go round in the morning tying them on

to the wrists of all Hindus as a protection against evil spirits. For this the Brahman

receives a present of one or two pice. The rakhi is made of pieces of raw silk fibre twisted

together, with a knot at one end and a loop at the other. It goes round the wrist,

Source - The Tribes And Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916

volume 4 Page No. 385

ojhy e kfg rh e /; s iq.; kps d k s" Vh g s cz kE g .k v kg sr v ls ue qn v kg s- R ; k o#u d k s " V;k aP;k loZp mit k rh cz kE g .k v lY;kps L i" V g k sr s- e g k jk"Vª jkT;k r d k s" Vh E g .k wu cz kE g .k kauk f o'k s "k e kx k l iz ox k Zpk ykH k ns .;k l v kfnok lh g yck a uk d kg hp g jd r ukg h- i ja rw Lo r% yk cz kE g .k E g .k o.k kÚ ;k f of o/k t k rh ck sx l Bjf o.;k ar v kys Y;k v kfnok lh g yck a 'k h jk s Vh& csVhpk O;og k j d jh r uOg rs \

cg qnk v kfnok lh g yck aP;k uk ok oj v k j{ k.k kph ywV ;k cz kE g .k ln`'; t k rh auh lq/ nk ?k sryk v l. ;kph 'kD; rk ukd k j rk ;s r ukg h- R ;ke qGs t k rh iM rk G.k h lq# >kY;k o j d k;Z okg h gk s.;kP;k 'kD;rs us ;k f of o/k t k rh auh v kfnok lh g yck a uk] d k s" Vhph mit k r g yck& d k s"Vh n 'k Zf oys o f o'k s "k e kx k l iz o x k ZP;k e k/;e k rwu Lo r %P;k v k j{ k.k kpk ykH k v ckf/k r B soyk -

v kfnok lh g yck l u 1 7 7 9 P;k Lo ra= rk l a?k" k k Zuarj d ke kP;k 'k k s/k k r lr r LF kyk ar jh r g k sr v kg sr- l rr LF k yak rjh r g k s.k kÚ ;k e t wjk d Ms l aiR rh ul rs] v kfnok lh g yck lke kU; f o.kd j e t w j g k s rs- fd r h o d 'k h 'k s rh ?k s.k k j\

v kfnok lh g yck aph l jk ljh 'k kf jjhd m aph lk e kU;k ais{ k k d e h v kg s] d e h maphe qGs R ;k a uk lSU;k rg h LF k ku ukg h- v kfnok lh v lY;ku s o v Qwpk [k w i oki j d s Y;ke qGs ck Sf/ nd { ke rk [k kyk oyh v kg s- R ;kp cjk sc j v kfnok lh g yck a ps d qBY;kg h ,d k H k k"k so j izH k qR o ukg h- R ;ke qGs okpu] m Ppf'k{ k.k ox Sjs izd k j v R ;ar d e h v kg s- H k k"k soj izH k qR o ul. ;kps d k j.kg h v kg s-

1 e k r`H k k"k k g ych] 2 LF k kfud H k k"k k oSnfH k Z; e jkBh] 3 'k kys; v H ;k lØ e k rhy H k k"k k iq.k sjh e jkBh]

1 4

4 e /;iz k a rkph H k k"k k fg anh] 5 mPp f'k{ k.k kd jh rk fd aok v k arj jkf" Vª; e k s B;k d aiU;k ae /; s bax zt h v k o' ;d v kg s-

e t wjkps ft o u t x .;k cjk sc j] bf rg k l e kfg r ul Y;kus e uk s /k S;Z d e h g k smqu ykpk jhus LF k ku ?k s rys v kg s- l |k rjh cg q la[ ; v kfn ok lh g yck d kiMkP ;k] fd jk.;kP;k fd aok b rj nqd kuk r 1 5 0 0 & 2 0 0 0 #i;s e fg .;ku s d ke k oj v kg sr fd aok QqV ikF k oj lk ot h H k k st uky; pkyf ork r- nk# nqd kuk le k sj pd uk] v aMs f oØ h d jrk r] js Mhe sV d ki M f'k o rk r - v kfnok lh v lY;kus Qk j NG& d i V d jrk ;s r ukg h- ;k le L;k ae qGs v kfnok lh g yck auk [k kt x h { k s= k r] m|k sx k ae /;s ok o ukg h- 'k k ld h; uk sd jh r e k s B;k ize k.k k oj v kfnok lh g yck v kg sr v ls jax f o.;k r ;s .k k js fp= [k k sVs v kg s-

cLr j jkT ;k rw u ckg sj iMY;ku ar j v kfnok lh g yck e t w j E g .k wu m nj fu ok Zg d jh r v kg sr] ukx iw j 'kg jk rh y v kfnok lh g yck cg qy okMk Z r f Q#u v kfno k lh g yck aph nS uk oLF k k ikg rk ;sbZy- rl sg h v kfnok lh g yck ap s fcznokD ; v kg s] ^^< cw d h e k; d h] e k.kwl d h bTt r ikfg t s-** R ;ke qGs cg q rk a'k v kfnok lh g yck ad M s /kula iR rh ukg h-

v kt w& ckt wP;k Nk sV;k 'kg jk rw u ukx iw j 'kg jk r v kysY ;k fpe qVH k j v kfnok lh g yck t e k rhP;k f o.kd j e t w j yk sd k auk laoS /k kfud loy rhpk ykH k fe Gw u;s E g .k wu 'k k ld h; ik rGh o# u iq jk sx ke h E g .k o.k kÚ ;k e g k jk"Vª k r v kf.k Lor a= H k k jrk r iz;R u d sys t k o sr fg ykt h jok.k h ckc ukg h d k;\ e g k jk" Vª jkT;kP; k fufe Z rh lkBh 'kfg n >k ysY;k g q rkR ;k auk d k; okVr v ls y\\

;q rh 'k k l ukus v f L rR o g hu d k s" Vh t k rh lk Bh 2 VDd s f o'k s "k e kx k l iz ox Z f ue k Z.k d sY;ke qGs v kfnok lh g yck aP;k 'k = wa uk pk ax yh p pi jkd clyh v kg s- ija rw f o 'k s"k e kx k l iz ox k ZP;k v k j{ k.k kpk o br j lo yrhpk ykH k v kfnok lh g yck d e h v kf.k oj ue qn d sy sY;k f of o/k lo .k Z t k rh auk e k sB;k ize k.k k oj g k s r v kg s- R ;ke qGs iq< s v kfn ok lh g yck auk Lo r%yk d k s"Vh E g .k ow u lq/nk v k j{ k.k fd aok b rj l oy r hpk d kg hgh ykH k g ks.k k j ukg h-

of jy bf rg k l ikg rk v kfnok lh g yck auk v kfne nS oh 'kD rhu s] v kiR rhP;k os Gh l rr e nr d syh v kg s- iq <sg h v kfnok lh g yck auk nSoh e n r fe G sy] ;k r 'k ad k ukg h-

d fyax ;q/nk rhy f ot ; kuar j v 'k k sd fca nq lk j e k S;Z H k k jrkpk ifg yk le z kV E g .k wu x .kyk t k rk s] R ;k d fyax k ;q/nk r yk [k k s v kfnok lh aP ;k d R ryhpk Bid k R ;kpk oj v kg s- le z kV v 'k k sd us ck S/ n /ke Z f L o d k#u i'pk rki O;D r d s Y;kus g k Bid k d s oG /k wl j iM yk v kg s v |kirjh fe Vy syk ukg h-

H k k jrkP;k bf rg k lkps iquysZ[k u g k sr v kg s- Lok r a«;] Lo jkT; o L o'k k lukd jh rk v R ;kpk jk l cGh iM ys Y;k f o nz k sg h v kfnok lh g yck a uk e kukps LF k ku fe Gkys - ;k l a?k"k k Z l H k k jrk rhy ukx jhd k apk ifg yk Lo ra= rk& lax z ke E g .kwu e kU; rk fe G r v lwu n;k Z o nso o R ;kps lg d k jh d yad h r >kys v kg s-

v kfnok lh g yck auk d k sac M;kph >wat Qk j v k oM rs] cL r j ¼NfR rlx <½ e /;s ;kyk 'k k l u e kU;rk v kg s- v kfn ok lh g yck aph fg v k oM uk x iwjP;k H k k slys jkt k auk e kfg r g k srh] v a nkt s lu 1 9 7 5 i;Z a r ola r iape h o nq lÚ ;k fno 'k h Nk sVk rkt ckx ;sF k hy iVk ax .k k r d k sa cM;kph] ck sd Mkph >q at hph nax y H k jk;ph- d k sac Ms] ck sd MkP;k e kyd k auk iz o s'k 'k qYd n;k os ykx k;ps] R ;k ojhy 'k;Z rh lkBh uky d k<yh t k;ph -

1 5

f o.kd jhP;k O; olk;k l mrj rh d Gk ykx Y;k o j v kfne 'kD rhu s v kfnok lh g yck aph iwUg k e nr d syh o v k j{ k. k kps { k s= ca/k u j| g k smqu d kg h e k st D;k v kfnok lh g yck apk ik sVk& ik.;kpk iz' u rkR iwj rk fu oGyk --

t k rh iMrk G.k h lfe rh d Mwu v kfn ok lh g yck a u k v f LrR og hu d k s "Vh t k rhps ?k k sf"k r d # u e g k jk"Vª 'k k l ukus f o'k s "k e kx k l iz ox k Zph fu fe Z rh d syh o 1 5 t w u 1 9 9 5 P ;k 'k k l u fu.k Z;kUo;s v kfn ok lh g yck auk f nyk L;kpk ns [k k ok fue k Z.k d syk-

;k ojg h] fpe qVH k j v kfn ok lh g yck aP;k 'k = wap s l e k/k ku >kys ukg h- R ;k a uh uf o u iz;k sx lq# d syk v kg s] d s anz 'k k luk r o b r j jkT;k r wu v kfnok lh g yck aps ize k.ki= uk s an.k hd ` r v kg sr fd aok ukg h\ rik l.;kd jh rk ukx iw j] H k aMk jk] o/ k k Z] x k safn;k] x Mfp jk syh] pa nziw j ft Yg kf/kd k jh d k;k Zy;k ad Ms ; sr v l rk r- v kfnok lh g yck a P ;k t k rh ize k.ki= kP;k uk sa nh v l ysyk jsd k WMZ miyC /k u lY;kp s l acaf/ k rk auk d Gf o. ;ak r ;s rs] lac af/k r f oH k kx kd Mwu d qBfyg h 'kg kfu'k k u d jrk] v kfnok lh g yc k auk uk sd Ú ;ke /k w u d k<. ;akph d k;Z okg h d j.;ak r ; sr s- d g j E g .kt s ft Yg kf/kd k jh d k;k Zy;kae /;s v kfnok lh g yck apk t e k rhP;k nk[kY;k lk Bh iq jk O;k lg d sysyk v t Zg h f Lod k jyk t k r ukg h-

x qyke H k k jrk r v ukfn d kGkik lwu cL r j jkT; o R ;kp s ukx jhd L ojk T;k r] Lo 'k k luk r] Lok ra «;k r t x r g k s rs - uar j b ax zt k auh lq/nk cL rj jkT;kP;k o v kfn ok lh g yck ukx jhd k aP;k Lok ra «;k r ck/k k v k.kyh ukg h- d /k h o;k s o`/n ck sx l B jf oys Y ;k v kfnok lh g yck ukx jhd k ad Mwu bax zt k auh R ;k aP;k oj v R ;kpk j d sy s r v l s d kg h , sd ys ukg h-

ija rw Lo ra= H k k j rk r v k fnok lh g yck ukx jhd k auk ck sx l v kfnok lh B jow u x qyke k ais{ k kg h okbZV okx .k wd n s.;ak r ;sr v kg s] x qyke x h jh rwu e qD rhph H k k ouk e ` rd kl v aR ;la Ld k jk lkBh Le 'k kuk oj ?k smq u t k rk a u k QVkd s Qk sM .;kpk d ` r h o#u izn'k h Z r g k srs -

iq jk sx ke h E g .k o.k kÚ ;k e g k jk"Vª jkT ;k r t k rh iMrkG.k hP;k e k/;e k rw u v R ;kpk j g k sr v kg sr- v kfnok lh g yck a uk g rk sR lkg h r d j.;k l kBh f o'k s "k d k;n sg h d sy s - v kfnok lh g yck aiz rh ;k /k k s j.k ke wGs e kx hy 3 0 o "k k Zik lwu v kfnok lh g yck aph >k s i mMkyh v lwu v U u d Mw d s ys v kg s- izR ;sd fno 'k h t s ok;yk c lrk a uk] m |k e g k jk"Vª 'k k l u fd aok H k k jr l jd k j d k s.k rk Qrok d k<r s fg p d kG t h ykx yh v lr s- ;k v R ;kpk jke qGs v usd izd k jP;k v kt k jk auh lq/ nk ?k sjy s v kg s- v kfnok lh g yck iw Ug k l u 1 7 7 4 & 1 7 7 9 P;k f LF k rh r ik sg p ys v kg sr -

x .k rk af =d ] Lo ra=] Lo jkT; v lys Y;k H k k jr ns 'k k rhy iq jk sx ke h E g .k o.k kÚ ;k e g k jk"Vª jkT;k r fpe qVH k j f o.kd j e t w j v kfn ok lh g yck apk NG d s yk x s yk] R ;k auk v f L rR og hu d k s"Vh t k rhps B jow u] d k s"Vh ;k l njk [k kyh v la[; f of o/k l o.k Z o cz kE g .k ln`'; t k rh a uk f o'k s"k e kx k l iz ox k Z r v k j{ k.k kps ykH k fnys bR ;knh ckch lg 'k k lu f o jk s/k k r v l wug h v kfnok lh g yck ukx jh d k auh v R ;ar f o "ke v kf.k d fB.k if jf LF k rh r f nol d k<ys] ;kc| y R ;k aps v fH kuan u g k s bZy o iqUg k bf rg k lk r R ;k auk e kukps LF k ku fe G sy-

ija rw] x .k rk af =d E g .k o.k kÚ ;k H kk jr ns 'k k lg e g k jk"Vª jkT ;kpk v lk bf rg k l uk sa nf oyk t k.k s la ca/k h rk a uk ;k sX ; okVr s d k;\ ;k d yad kp s H k kx hnk j d k s.k g k srhy\ f u.k Z; ?k s.k k js@n s.k k js v kf.k 'k k lu ize q[k p! d fyax k ;q/nk r v 'k k sd kP;k lSU ; kus d R ry d syh] ij ar w lsuki rh le z kV v 'k k sd v lY;ke qGs d yad R ; kP;k oj v kg s] lSU;k oj ukg h- v ';k d y ad kph 'k k lu v kf.k t k rh i MrkG.k h v f/kd kÚ ;k alg loZ la caf/k rk auk t k.k h o v kg s d k;\ t k.k h o uls y rj g k s.k s@d # u ?k s.k s v k o';d v kg s-

1 6

Papers relating to the aboriginal tribes of the Central Provinces, left in mss by the late Revd. Stephen Hislop, missionary of the free Church of Scotland, at Nagpore Edited by with nots and preface by R Temple, C.S.I., Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces. 1866. Page No. 20

Tribes connected with the Gonds. Badiyas and Halwas. The Badiyas are found in the Chiridwara District, scattered from the town of that

name to the Mahadeva Hills. They seem to be Gonds, who retain much of their original customs, but have conformed to the Hindus in language and some of their religious observances. They worship the gods of their ancestors under the shadow of the Saj tree; but they have adopted the use of idols of stone and brass, which they keep in their houses, and carry out only on the recurrence of their festivals, which are the same as those of the Gonds. Except in rare cases, they burn the bodies of their deceased relatives, and throw the ashes into an adjoining river. They observe more of the Hindu feasts than is done by the great majority of the Gonds.

The Halwas* form a pretty numerous body in the districts of Bundara and Raepore and the dependancy of Bustar. In these parts of the country they seem to occupy a position similar to that of the Badiyas to the north-west of them, though they have perhaps still more imitated the manners of the Hindus. They wish to hold a respectable place in their village, and eagerly covet the distinction of wearing a sacred thread over their shoulder. This privilege, till recently, was sold to those in Bustar by the Raja of that principality, and such may have been the beginning of the practice among those in the more civilized parts of the country. But even there they still retain the custom of offering worship to their deceased ancestors, and presenting at their tombs the usual number of earthenware horses.

Admitting the identity of their origin with that of the Gonds, among whom they at present dwell, it is difficult to explain the abandonment by these Badiyds and Halwas of their mother tongue. Their case, however, is not singular, for the Gonds of Amarkantak have also laid it aside, although it is generally spoken in the district to the west of them as far as Jubbulpore. But in this instance we can see the reason of the change. Lying in the highway between the plains of Chutteesgurh and Sohagpore, they have constant intercourse with the Hindu merchants, who pass by that route, and have thus come to be more familiar with their language than their own.

*Halwas won't kill bison or buffalo. In Soonchoor they are mixed with a preponderance of Gonds (Marreea). Halwas are mixed in Jeypur (Tuke) with Uriyas and Gonds.

v kfnok lh ukx jhd o jkt k ;k aph fn'k kH k wy d #u R ;k auk if o= nk sÚ ;k lg ¼QD r nk sjk ?k smqu d k; d j.k k j g k sr s \½ l Ue kukph f oØ h d sy h- rk s lUe ku g k s rk e k S;Z] d ' ;i] ukx bR ;knh v kMuk os /k k j.k d j. ;kP;k v f/kd k j- fg v kfnok lh aph 'k k sd k arhd k v kg s] T;k v 'k k sd kus d fyax ;q/nk r v kfnok lh aph d R ry d syh] R ;kpsp v kMuk o& e k S;Z o x k s=& d ';i H k k sG;k& H k kcM;k v kfnok lh auk f oØ h d j. ;ak r v kys- cL r je /;s e k S;Z] d ';i] ukx v kMuk okps v la [; v kfnok lh v lwu R ;k r l oZp t e k rhps v kg sr - v |kig h NfR rlx < e /k hy yk[k k s v kfnok lh a uk d qG@v kMuk o@x k s= uk g h r-

LF kyk arjh r NfR r lx <h ;k o e jkBh;k g yck ap h v Uuk lkBh nS uk v l rk auk l Ue ku d qBw u f od r ?k s.k k j] ija rw c L rjP ;k ckg s j i MY;ke qGs o loZ nwj f o [k q jY;ke qGs oSokg hd lac a/k k lkBh v kMuk okph o d qGkphgh x jt g k srh- v kfnok l h g yck aps e t wjh lk Bh lr r LF kyk ar j u lq# g k srs] R ;ke qGs x k ok ao# u v kMuk os ?k s .;k ar v kyh- H k aMkÚ ;kps t wus uk o H kuk jk g k srs] R ;k o# u H kuk jd j] H knz k orhps t w us uk o H k k and g k sr s] R ; k o#u H k k and j] jkt uk an x k o] [k Sjkx M t oGp s

1 7

uk anx k o o#u uk a nx k o d j] f lg k s jkt oGhy d ke Bk x k okps d ke Bhd j ] R ;kP;k iq<s ik V.k x k ok o#u ik V.kd j] nqx Zps nq#x d j] e k Sn; k o#u e k Sn sd j] jke Vs d o# u jke Vsd d j] ux j/k ud j] v k je k s jhd j] fH k okiwjd j] me jsM d j] pk ank E g .kt s pa nziq j rsF k hy pk an sd j] fH kf'kd j] f lf lZd j bR ; knh lg oSokfg d laca /k d jrk a uk lk s;hp s Og k os E g .k wu f of o/k t k rhP ;k uk ok o#u d kg h auh d qG uk os ?k sryh t ls d q aH k k j& d q aH k k js] fu[k k j& fu[k k j s] br jg h f of'k" V v 'k h d qGs r;k j d j. ;k ar v kys] t l s] ck jkik = s] lk s ud q lj s] ijk r s] /kd k rs] Msd kVs] fu uk os] lk s j rs] jkbZd ok j] ck sd Ms] f ue t s] g sMk mq] ua nu ok j bR ;kn h] cLr j o v k sf j lk rhy iq jhpk t oGpk laca /k v kg s E g .kt sp v kfnok lh g yck apk nf{ k.k H k k jrk'k h lac a/k v kg s- R ;ke qGs d kg h d qGkae /;s rsyx q rR o v kg s m nk- u an u ok j] jkbZd ok j - d kg h auk v |kig h d qG ukg h- c ax ykns 'k] ukx iwj ps ikV.kd jk auk v |kig h d q G ukg h- F k qx k oP;k d kg h g yck a ukg h d qG ukg h r- o# Mps d kg h g yck o#Md j g sp d qG lk ax rk r-

;ke qGs NfR rlx f<;k o e jkfB;k g y ck aph v kMuk os cL rje /kY;k g yck aP;k v kMuk ok a 'k h t qGr ulw u R ;k aP;k r la ca/k jkg hys ukg h-

rls p] iq oZt k aP;k d fcz o j e k rhps ?k k sMs p <f o r ulw u e k rhps cSy p < f ork r- ik sG;kP;k nq lÚ ;k fno 'k h ikMO;k yk ld kGh Le 'k kuk o j e s< s us rk r R ;kp c jk s cj e k rhp s cSy d fcz oj p<f oy s t k rk r - fg i/ nr ukx iw j 'kg jk rhy ck sx l B jf oy sY;k v kfn ok lh g yck aph v lw u v kt g h lq# v kg s- R ;k rw u 'k srhik l wu n wjk o Y;kps nq% [k O ;D r g k sr s-

Census of India 1901, Volume XIII-A, Central Province, Part II Imperial Tables.

Table No. XIII Page No. 246

Halba Column No. 81

Table No. X Page

No. 175 – Halbi or

Bastari including sub-

dialect Sr.

No.

District or

State Males Femals Persons Percentage column No. 33

Districts

1 Saugor - - - - -

2 Damoh - - - - -

3 Jubbalpore - - - - -

4 Mandla - - - - -

5 Seoni 225 278 503 0.5 -

6 Jubbulpore

Division 225 278 503 0.5 -

7 Narsigpur - - - - -

8 Hoshngabad - - - - -

9 Nimar 13 18 31 -

10 Betul - - - - -

11 Chhindwara - - - - -

12 Nerbudda

Division 13 18 31 - -

13 Wardha 306 287 593 0.6 612

14 Nagpur 234 246 480 0.5 195

15 Chanda 3131 3022 6153 7.7 3258

16 Bhandara 7902 9166 17068 19.6 8

1 8

17 Balaghat 610 671 1281 1.5 2

18 Nagpur

Division 12195 13380 25575 29.5 4075

19 Raipur 17889 19783 37672 43.32 3802

20 Bilaspur 7 7 14 - -

21 Sambalpur - - - - -

22 Chhattisgarh

Division 17896 19790 37686 43.33 3802

23 British

Districts 30329 33466 63795 73.35 7877

States

24 Makrai - - - - -

25 Bastar 6590 6297 12887 14.81 101302

26 Kanker 4042 4404 8446 9.71 3400

27 Nandgaon 625 749 1374 1.5

28 Khairagarh 42 44 86 - -

29 Chhuikhadan 1 - 1 - -

30 Kawardha - - - - -

31 Sakti - - - - -

32 Raigarh - - - - -

33 Sanangarh - - - - -

34 Bamra - - - - -

35 Rairakhol 5 - 5 - -

36 Sonpur 2 - 2 - -

37 Patna - - - - -

38 Kalahandi 181 185 366

39 Feudatory

States 11488 11679 23167 26.64 104702

40 Central

Provinces 41817 45145 86962 - 112579

Census of India 1901, Volume VIII-B, Berar, Part III Provincial Tables.

Table No. XIII Page No. 88-92

Halbi Row No. 92 Sr.

No.

District or

State Males Femals Persons Percentage

Districts

1 Amrawati 42 40 82 - -

2 Chandur 196 172 368 - -

Morsi 17 16 33 - -

Murtizapur 68 58 126 - -

Akola 28 39 67 - -

Akot 51 62 113 - -

Balapur 36 30 66 - -

Jalgaon 25 21 46 - -

1 9

Khamgaon - 2 2 - -

Ellichpur 775 783 1558 - -

Daryapur 74 74 148 - -

Melghat 26 26 52 - -

Chikhli - - - - -

Malkapur - - - - -

Mehkar - - - - -

Yeotmal 30 16 46 - -

Darwha 82 63 145 - -

Kelapur 26 19 45 - -

Wun - - - - -

Basim - - - - -

Mangrul 5 1 6 - -

Pusad 109 112 221 - -

1590 1534 3124 - -

Census of India 1911, Volume 10, Part 2, Central Province & Berar

Table No. XIII Page No. 137

Halba Hindu

Table No. X Page No.

77 - Dialect included

in Marathi Halbi

Males Femals Persons

Sr. No.

District or

State 302 303 Total Percentage 23

Central Province and

Berar 48836 51375 100211 141969

C.P. British Districts

and Berar 35545 37875 73420 73.3 13667

C.P.British Districts 33760 36056 89816 69.7 13479

Jubbulpore Division 428 449 877 0.9 -

1 Saugor 26 31 57 - -

2 Damoh - - - - -

3 Jubbulpore 3 1 4 - -

4 Mandla 3 4 7 - -

5 Seoni 396 413 809 0.8 -

Nerbudda Division 129 140 269 0.3 40

6 Narshingpur - - - - -

7 Hoshangabad - - - - -

8 Nimar 127 140 267 0.3 40

9 Betul 1 - 1 - -

10 Chhindwara 1 - 1 - -

Nagpur Division 7450 7521 14971 14.9 5695

11 Wardha 388 346 734 0.7 403

12 Nagpur 331 352 683 0.7 1543

13 Chanda 1222 1197 2419 2.4 3445

14 Bhandara 4891 4946 9837 9.8 302

2 0

15 Balaghat 618 680 1298 1.3 -

Chhattisgarh Division 23753 27946 51699 51.6 7746

16 Raipur 2186 2313 4499 4.5 7673

17 Bilaspur 1 - 1 - 58

18 Drug 23566 25633 49199 49.1 15

Berar 1785 1819 3604 3.6 188

19 amraoti 1066 1135 2201 2.2 89

20 Akola 211 192 403 0.4 -

21 Buldana 14 10 24 - -

22 yeotmal 494 482 976 1 99

Feudatory States 13291 13500 26791 26.7 128302

23 Makrai - - - - -

24 Bastar 7966 7884 15850 15.8 127047

25 Kanker 4276 4453 8729 8.7 1248

26 Nandgaon 1002 1110 2112 2.1 -

27 Khairagarh 36 47 83 0.1 1

28 Chhuikhadan 1 1 2 - -

29 Karwardha - - - - -

30 Sakti - - - - -

31 Raigarh - - - - 6

32 Sarangarh 9 - 9 - -

33 ChangBhakar - - - - -

34 Korea - - - - -

35 Surguja 1 5 6 - -

36 Udaipur - - - - -

37 Jashpur - - - - -

Durg Dist. 1906.

The Linguistic Survey of India, George A Grierson, 1905.

Page No. 330 - The Halbas are one of the principal tribes of the Bastar and Kanker States.

In Bastar they are chiefly found in the central part of the district, form the eastern

frontier westwards. They are also found in the north-west, on the frontier towards

Kanker, and farther into this latter State. Halbas have also settled in Bhandara, the

eastern portion of Chanda, and Raipur.

Outside the Central Provinces Halbas were returned at the Census of 1891 from

the Jeypore zamindari of Madras (1887) and from Berar (2841). In Madras they

are classed as a sub-division of the Gonds. In Berar they are weavers, and most of

them are found in Ellichpur.

Halbi, the dialect of the Halbas, has only been returned for this Survey from the

Central Provinces. A specimen has, however, been forwarded from Berar. It

differs from the other Halbi speciments, and it will therefore be separately dealt

with.

Page No. 331 – Of the 96181 speakers returned from Bastar 17387 have been reported to

speak Mahri. This dialect has, however, proved to be identical with Halbi. It is

probably the Dialect returned as Mehari in the 1891 Census Report. According to

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the same authority the Halbi of Bastar comprises several minor dialects, Adkuri,

Bastar, Chandari, Gachikolo, Mehari, Mirgani, Muria, and Sundi. No information

is available with regard to these so-called dialects.

Bastari simply means the language of Bastar, and of the 3500 speakers of Halbi

returned from Chanda 1300 have been stated to speak Bastari and not Halbi.

Mehari is a language of the low-caste Mehars or Mahars.

They inhabit the more cultivated plains around Jagdalpur, in the heart of the Halbi

district and live as cultivators.

Most of them speak a Gond dialect. The Halbas have hitherto been considered to

be a sub-division to the Gonds.

In Bhandara, on the other hand, they say that they have come from Warangal in

Hyderabad and disclaim any connection with the Gonds.

Linguistic evidence also points to the conclusion that the Halbas are an aboriginal

tribe who have adopted Hinduism and an Aryan Language.

Their dialect is a curious mixture of Oriya, Chhattisgarhi, and Marathi. In

Bhandara it has been so much influenced by the current language of the district

that it must now be classed as ordinary Marathi and not as Halbi. No speciments

have been received from Chanda and Raipur, and the remarks on Halbi grammar

which follow are, therefore bassed on the specimens forwarded from Bastar and

Kanker.

Page No. 336 – The Halbas of Bhandara now speak Marathi, and in order to avoid

splitting Halbi up and dealing with it in more than one place, it has been found

convenient to subordinate it under Marathi, though it cannot be considered as a

true Marathi dialect. With regard to the dialect of the Halbas of Berar, see below

pp. 366.

Page No. 350 – It has already been mentioned that the Mahri dialect of Bastar is, in

reality, nothing else than Halbi.

Page No. 365 – Halbas are also found in Berar. At the Census of 1891, 2841 Halbas

were enumerated in the district, and in 1901 their number has increased to 3124.

They are weavers, and most of them are found in Ellichpur.

They have not been reported to speak a sepatate dialect, and it is probable that at

least some of them use the language of their neighbours. A specimen of Halbi has,

however, been forwarded from Ellichpur, and it shows that some Halbas have a

dialect of their own. We are not, however, able to give any figures.

The Halbi dialect of Berar is not identical with that illustrated in the proceding

pages. It has much less points of analogy with Marathi and more closely agrees

with Eastern Hindi. On the other hand, it has some characteristics in which it

agrees with Gujarati Bhili.

The pronunciation is mainly the same as in ordinary Halbi. Campare, balis and

bolis, he said; balhu, I will say

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Page No. 560 – The Koshtis or silk weavers of the Central Provinces numbered 137891

in the Census of 1891. Of these some 12000 were returned for this Survey as

speaking special dialects.

An examination of the speciments received from these localities shows that there

is really no such thing as a special Koshti dialect.

Specimens for dialect of the Halbas of Berar, Ellichpur Page No. 367-368

J h fx v jlu ;k auh ue qn d sy syk e jkBh;k g ych H k k"k spk ue quk i`" B Ø - 3 6 7 & 3 6 8

d k suh& ,d e kuq l yk n k sbZ ik sÚ ;k g k srkA v k sd k fH k rj y ,d ykg kuk s ik sÚ ;k ckiyk ck syh l ckck t k s ft ux h d k s fg Llk e k syk v kOg v k s nsA e x v k su v k syk iSlk ckV nhbZ lA e x F k k sM fnole k ykg kuk s i k sÚ ;k le nk s iSlk t e k d j& ljh nw j e qyq[ke k pyh x ;k sA v kuh og k Wa m?kMk siuk u jg & ljh v kiyk s iSlk x e knh lA e x v k su l oZ iS lk [kph Z H k;k s cj rq v k s u e qy[ke k d kM iM;k sA v k su& e qM v k s [k kcyk e k s r kc H k;k sA rc v k s e qy [kd k s ,d e kuq ld ik l t k;& ljh jg suqA v k s u v k syk Mqd j pj cyk v k iy ck oje k /k kMh lA r c Mqd j t k s Qk sy [k k r g k srk v k sd cj rq v k su v kiy ik sV H k juk s v ';k s v k syk le T;k sA v k[k hu v k syk d k s.k h d k W ag ha nsbZ u ug hA e x 'k q/k cj rq v k;& ljh ck syh l] e k sjk s ckid k fd rh lkynk jyk ik sVH k j H k kd j H k sVrs v kuh e h mik'k h e jrqA e h m B& ljh v k iyk s ckid q |k t kg q W a v k[k hu v k syk c yg q W] v j s ckck e h nsod k s d g ;k s d k s ckg j v ku[k h rk s jk s lke us iki d js v kg q W aA ;s iq< rk sjk s ik sÚ ;k cycd h e k syk cs l yk x r ug hA rk s jk s ,[k k ns lkyc 'k k l jhd k s B s oA e ax m B& l jh v k s v kiyk s ckid q |k x ;k s A r c v k s n wjp v kg k brd k se k v k syk ns[k& d quk v k sd ckiyk n;k v k;hA v k[k hu v k su /k k;& d quk v k sd x jk se k g k r Vkd h l ok s v k sd k e qd k ys;h lA e x ik sÚ ;k v k syk cycyk y kX;k s] ckck n sod d g s uk s d k s ckg j ok s rk sjk s lke uk s e h iki d js v kg q Wa v k[k hu ;sd iq< rk s jk s ik sÚ ;k cycyk e k syk c j k s ykx r ug hA i u ck iu v kiyk s d ke nk jyk lk ax h l pk ax yk s ik a?k#u v ku& l jh ;syk i sg jk o v k[k hu v k sd ck sVe k e q a nh ok s ik;e k t k s Mk ?k kyA e x v kiwu [k k;& ih;h& d quk e t k d jc k sA d sud lkBh d h ;k s ik sÚ ;k e Ú ;k s g k srk s rk s v c t h rk s H k;k sA ok s g j kI ;k s g k srk s rk s liM ;k sA rc o s v ku Un d j c yk X;kA A v k su c sjk v k sd k s e k sBk ik s Ú ;k ck oje k g k srkA e x v k s ?k j v k;& cÚ ;k v k su ckt k o ukp v k;d h lA rc d k nk j & fH k rjd k s ,d > uyk c yk;& d quk v k su iq lh l] ;k s d k; v kg kA v k su v k syk lk ax h l d h rk sjk s H k kbZ v k; vkg k] vk[k hu v k s rk sjk s ckiyk [k q'k ky H k sVs v kg k cy& d quk v k su e k s Bh iax r d jh l v kg kA rc v k s jkx H k j & ljh H k h rj t k r uh g k s rkA ; sd lkBh v k sd k s cki ckg j v k;& ljh v k syk le t kcyk ykX ; k sA iu v k su cki yk c yh l, ns [k e h brd k s cjh ld k s rk sjh pkd jh d jrq v k[k hu rk s jh e t h Z d cd g h e h rk sM;k s ug hA r jh e h v kiys x Mh cjk sc j e t k d j uk s ;sd lkBh e k syk d k W ag h 'k s jh d k s fiykg h n s;s l ug hA v kuh t su rk sjk iSlk fd lchuh lax uk l d j h l v k s rk s jk s ik sÚ ;k v k;k s rc rq u v k sd lkBh e k s Bh iax r n s;s v kg k lA rc v k su v k syk c yh l ik sÚ ;k r wW a lk jk s f nu e k sjk s lax e k v kg k lA v k[k hu e k sjh le nh ft anx kuh rk sjhp v kg kA i u g k Sl ok s [k q'k h d j uk s v 'k k s c jk s g k srk sA d g k& d h rk sjk s H k kbZ e jk s g k srk s v c v k s t h rk s H k;k s ok s g jI ;k s g k s rk s v k s li M;k sA A

lu 1 9 0 1 o l u 1 9 1 1 P;k v kfnok lh g yck aP;k yk sd la[ ;sP;k ize k.k k r e g k jk"Vª 'k k lukP;k] v kfnok lh f od k l f oH k kx k v arx Z r d k;Z jr v l ysY ;k t k rh iM rkG.k h lfe rh us

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v kfnok lh g yck auk oS/k rk ize k.ki= fny sy s ukg h- t s d kg h 1 0 0 & 1 5 0 izd j.k k ar oS/k rk ize k.ki= fnys v kg s] R ;k rg h v ankt s 9 0 VDd s U ;k;ky;hu v kn s'k kuw lk j v kg s-

e g k jk"Vª 'k k l ukP;k v kfnok lh f od k l f oH k kx k v arx Z r d k;Z j r v ly sY ;k t k rh i MrkG.k h lfe rhus v k rk i;Z ar g t k jk s v kfnok lh g y ck auk v f LrR og hu d k s "Vh t k rhps Bjf o ys-

e kuo f oKku 'k k L= E g .k rk s d h] d k s" Vh fg t k r ulw u e jkBh r f o .kd jk auk la ck s/kyk t k.k k jk i;k Z;h 'kC n v kg s- v kfnok lh g yck apk bf rg k l o t k rhck crph lR ; e kfg rh e g k jk"Vª 'k k luk l] v kfnok lh f o d k l f oH k kx ] t k rh iM rkG.k h lfe rhP;k izf'kf{ k r o mPp f'kf{ k r fu.k Z; ?k s.k k js@ ns .k k js bR ;knh auk e kfg rh v l wug h v Qwps O;l u yk owu bf rg k l f o ljo ysY ;k fpe wVH k j v kfnok lh g y ck aP;k ft o uk'k h [k sG d k\ mif oH k kx h; v f/k d k jh d k;k Zy;] me js M ;sF k s iV ok jh ink o j d k;Z jr nqx sZ'k g f jH k k mq x Mhd j ;kyk d k s" Vh t k rhpk B jo wu uk sd jh rwu d k<.;k ar v kys - d k; d jk;p ;k x Mhd j us ij r c Lr jyk t k;p d h] cLr j bd Ms ?k s mqu ;k;pk\ nqx sZ'k x Mhd j fd aok 'k k lukP;k v U;k ;kyk cGh iMy sY;k v kf.k ck sx l Bjf o. ;ak r v kysY;k v kfnok lh g y ck aP;k v k sBka oj ^H k k jr e k >k n s'k v kg s- --- -- --- --** L o ;aLQq rZ ;s bZy d k;\

v k rki;Z ar v kfnok lh g yck auk [k wi iz'u f opk jys] [k wi iq jk o s e kx h rys] [k wi pk Sd ';k d sY;k r o 'k so Vh d k s " Vh ?k k sf"k r d sy s- v oS/k B jf o. ;ak r v kysY ;k g yck aukg h d kg h iz' u iMrk r -

What is the Story of Gondwana? x ksaMo kU;kpk bf rg k l d k; v k g s\ x k saM okuk dk; v kg s\ ukx iwjp s e qG jf g ok'k h o jkt s d k s.k g k s rs\ l|k d qB s v kg sr \ lke kU; ukx jhd k auk fg loZ iq Lrd s m iyC /k d k ukg h r\ d qB s x syh r fg iq L rd s \ e /;iz k arkpk bf rg k l d k; v kg s\ f l-ih-v W.M cs jk j d k; v kg s\ ukx iw jP;k H k k slY;k a pk bf rg k l d k; v kg s\ ukx iw jk r d ls o d sOg kik lwu v kys \ d k s.k kyk ?k smqu v kys\ QD r d k s" Vhp e jkB;k a lk sc r v kysr d k;\ d qB wu v kysr\ d k v kys r\ d k s"Vh e jkB;k aph mit k r v kg s d k;\ d k s"Vh d q BY;k iz k ark 'k h laca /k h r v kg sr\ R ;k aph H k k"k k d k; v kg s\ d k s "Vh B jf o .;ak r v ky sY;k apk lk syk iwj] lk rk jk] iq.;k 'k h fd rir lac a/k v kg s\ R ;k auh g y ck E g .k wu p d k lk ax h ry s\ v k j{ k.kp ? ;k;ps g k sr s r j] v uwlwph r t k rh o t e k rhP;k ;knh r b r j v la[; t k rh t e k rh v kg sr] rs d k ukg h lk ax h rys\ uk anw jck j] ukf'kd d Mhy t e k rh E g .k wu d k lk ax h rys ukg h\ e /; iz ns 'k o ukx iw j f oH k kx k rp g yck 'kC n d lk v kyk\ d k v kyk\ g yck uOg rsp r j g t k jk s yk sd k a uk g yck t e k rhps ize k.ki= d k o d l s f nys \ d k s "Vh B jf o.;ak r v kys Y;k g yc k apk lf oL rj v H ;k l d k; v kg s\ d qBs v kg s\ d k; nSor s v kg sr \ Animist E g .kt s d k;\ d qByh H k k"k k ck syrk r \ osx Gh H k k"k k ck sy rk r d k;\ H k k"k sps O;kd j .k d k ; v kg s\ laLd ` rh d k; v kg s\ v kMuk o s d k; v kg sr\ fd rh 'k k s /k fu ca/k v k a rj jkf" Vª; L r jk oj izf l/ n d sy sr \ f d rh v okMZ fe Gf oys \ f'k okt h e g k jkt kP;k d kGk r d k s "Vh d qBs g k srs \ e k S;Z] pkyqD;] pk sy] g S; g S;] d kd kfV;k] x k saM oa'k kP;k jkT;k r d k s "Vh d qBs g k sr s\ d k s" Vh B jf o.;ak r v kysy s g y ck u kg h r fd aok e g k jk" Vª k r g yck ukg h rp] v ls v lrk a uk d k s" V;k a uh g yck E g .k wup d k ykH k ?k sr yk\ d k s" Vh Bjf o.;ak r v kysY;k g yck apk v kf.k v kfnok lh g yck apk d kg h laca/k v kg s d k;\ v lY;k l d k s.k rk\ ulY ;k l d k ukg h\ v kfnok lh g y ck t e k rhpk bf rg k l] laLd ` rh] H k k"k k d k; v kg s\ s fg loZ e kfg rh lk/;k lk sI ;k H k k"k sr] 'k k luk us izf l /n d s yh d k;\ d q Bs d s yh\ T;kP;kd Ms g y ck t e k rhph oS/k rk v kg s] R ;k aph lf o Lr j e kfg rh d k; v kg s\ R ;k apk bf r g k l d k; v kg s\ d k s.k v kg sr g s ble \ d k s "Vh Bjf o.;k ar v kysY;k a is{ k k osx Gs v kg s r d k;\ H k we hiw= E g .kt s d k;\ ck sx l E g .kf o.k k js v kf.k d k s"Vh t k rhps Bjf o .;a k r v kysys v kfnok lh g yck t e k rhps uOg rs o

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e qG d k s"Vh t k rhps p g k srs fd aok v kg sr] rj R ;k aP;k lkBh f o'k s "k e kx k l iz ox k Zph fufe Z rh d j.;kph v k o' ;d rk d k; g k srh\ R ;k aP;kc| y 'k k l ukph , so <h lg kuqH k wrh d k\ t k r Bj o.k k js d qBp s v kg s r\ e /;iz k ark'k h R ;k apk fd rh l aca /k v kg s\ e g k jk" Vª k r] ukx iw jk r v kfnok lh g yck ukg h r] e x t k r h iM rkG.k hph d k; v k o';d rk v kg s\ e kx hy 3 0 o"k k Zik lw u t k rh iMrkG.k h g k sr v kg s] E g .kt s use d d k; g k sr v kg s\ fd rh d kG t k rh iM rkG.k h d j.k k j\ t k rh iM rkG.k h lfe rh ] H k k jrh; l a'k k s/kd ] 'k k L=K v kfnok lh g yck au k U;k; ns.;k l l{ ke v kg s fd aok d l s\ l{ ke u lY;k l H k k jr v kiR r hP;k os Gh f o ns 'k h e n r ?k srk s R ;kpize k.k s ;kg h izd j.k k ar f on s'k h e n r d k ?k sryh t k r ukg h\ ;k izd j.k kpk lk s{ ke k s{ k d k g k sr ukg h\ v kfnok lh g yck a uh nq lÚ ;k aph e n r ?k s ryh ukg h] bf rg k l v kg s] i jar w H k k jr l{ ke ulY ;k l 2 1 O;k 'k rd k r if jf LF k rhyk v uwl# u g yck a uh nq lÚ ;k ns 'k k auk la 'k k s/kuk lkBh e n r e kx k oh d k;\ lk/ ;k& H k ksG;k v Yi f'kf{ k r v kfn ok l h g yck auk fd rh fn o l e q[k Z c uf o.k k j \ d 'k k lkBh\ laf o /k kukus v Yi'k h loy r f ny h E g .kwu\ g y ck auk d k s "Vh Bjo wu v uwl wph r t e k rhps v k j{ k.k d e h >kys d k;\ v F k ok brjk a uk R ;kpk Qk j ykH k >kyk d k;\ fd rh >kyk\ d lk >kyk\ d q Bs >kyk\ d q.k kyk >kyk \ fd rh 'k kC ck lD;k fe GkY;k\ fd rh okg okg h >kyh\ ;k izd k jkyk H k k jrkP;k v kf.k H k k jrh;k aP;k bf rg k lk r d qBs LF k ku v kg s\

The Pentiyas say their real name is Holuva or Halba and that they are called

Pentiya because they emigrated from Bastar to Pentikonna near Sembliguda in

Pottangi taluk. They speak Bastari mixed with Uriya.

Madras District Gazetteers Vizagapatam, Volume I, 1907, Page No. 93

Gond, Halwa, Haluva, Pentiya, Halbi, Halba, Halaba, Halba-koshti, Koshti.

d k soG;k 1 6 & 1 7 o;kP; k e t wj f o.kd j f o |kF ;k Z l 'k k lukusp fny sys t e k rhps ize k.ki= iMrkG.k hP;k uk ok oj ^ ^ v oS/k g yck] ck sx l g y ck v lwu d k s" Vh t k rhp k v kg s** v ls v kns 'k d jrk a uk g k r d kir ukg h r\ R ;k d k s oG;k o; kP;k e qykP;k e uk o j d k; if j.k ke g k s bZy\ d kg h d # 'kd r u lyk r jhg h d k soG;k e uk rw u f'kO ;k& 'k ki\ d /k h f opk j d s yk d k\ lR ; e kfg r v lwug h] v lR ; d F ku d j rk auk d /k hp d kg h okVr ukg h\ d k; fe Goy \ d k; ?k smqu t k.k k j\ ;kpk f opk j u kg h d k ;sr\ >k si d 'k h ;sr s\ x Mhd jP ;k ?k jh d k; f LF k rh v ls y\ d /k h Lo r%o jhy d Yi uk d #u ikfg yh\

Thirteen Years Service amongst the Wild Tribes of Khondistan for the Suppression of

Human Sacrifice, By Major General John Campbell, C.B. 1864 cLr jph v kfne 'kD rh v kf.k nSors v kfnok lh g yck aph e n r d jh r v kg s- v U;F k k laiw .k Z g yck t e k rhyk m/ oLF k d j.;k lkBh d qByhg h d lj f'kYyd ukg h- ; k n s'k k r Nk s V;k& Nk s V;k d k j.k k lkBh g t k jk su s v kR e gR ;k g k srk r] i ja rw v ft aD; cL rjP ;k e k r h rhy jD rkps v ft aD; g yck t e k rhps v kg k sr E g .kwu v |kig h f LF k j v kg ksr-

v kfnok lh g yck aP;k iz d j.k k ar p wd k aph nq# Lrh d j.;k l ok o v lwu iz ke kf.kd i.ks pwd k nw#L r Og k;yk ikfg t sr d k j.k H k k jr e k>k ns ' k v kg s v kf.k H kk jrk ojh y d yad e yk d yad v kg s- 2 1 O;k 'k rd k r jk{ k lh] jku Vh d k s.k v kg sr \ v kfnok lh d h \\ \

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