ITechKnow

ITechKnow

Terry Boult

Nina Polok

Don Kraft

Today’s Agenda

9-9:20 Photos for web-pages (& donuts) 9:20-10:05 Introductions 10:05-10:15 Bio-break 10:15-11:40 Why study & what is Engineering 11:45-12:45 Lunch 12:45-2:30Instruction for campus hunt 2:30-2:45 The Campus Quiz + bioBreak 2:45-3:30 The syllabus and class structure 3:30-5 Online work in computer lab

Some Basic Info About Me

Education– B.S. Aerospace Engineering from CU Boulder– M.B.A. Information Systems from UCCS– Ph.D. Organization Development from CU Boulder

Have Worked at:– Digital Equipment, University of Colorado, Hewlett Packard,

Agilent Technologies My consulting company: New Perspectives, LLC Married 35 years (to the same man!) 2 grown children, both married, all four graduates of

UCCS

Terry Boult

First in family to go to college.. Paid my way though Columbia Univ. BS Applied Math 83, MS CS 84, Ph.DCS 86 8 Years on faculty at Columbia Univ. 9 year on faculty at Lehigh Univ. Chair IEEE PAMI TC, VP IEEE Biometrics Council On my 3rd startup company involvement.

What is Innovation?Creativity is thinking up new things. Innovation is doing new things.

- Theodore Levitt Harvard Business School

Research is the transformation of money into knowledge — Innovation is the transformation of knowledge into money!

Ray Mears, 3M, "Protect and Survive" Design Council Business Network Surgery, 2001

And I have grudgingly come to realize that invention is often the easy part of innovation. The hard part is usually the implementation.

J. S. Brown Chief Scientist Xerox, director Xerox PARC

Innovation is broadly defined as people and organizations creating value by perpetually adapting and developing new processes, ideas, and products. Berkley School of Business

Innovation is transforming ideas into impact – T. Boult

Innovation at UCCS

Did you know that last year…– UCCS produced 1.77 invention disclosures (IDs) per

million of research funding. CU Denver (including Health Sciences) produced 0.34 per million. CU Boulder produced 0.39 per million.

– UCCS produced 1.5 times as many IDs per faculty as CU Boulder, and 1.75 times CUD.

– Over past 8 years UCCS produced 3x as many startup companies, per million of R&D funding, as CU Boulder and almost 6x CUD/HS.

UCCS is smaller, but we do innovation well.

Boult’s “Innovation” funding

Focus is having research with use & “Impact” Currently 16 ongoing Contracts/Grants

– NSF Partner for Innovation grant (600K)– ONR MURI (1.3M for UCCS)– ONR C2Fuse (1.7M)– 3 Smaller grants/contracts. – 3 Phase II SBIR/STTRs with Securics (DOD, NSF, ONR)– 2 Phase II SBIRs/STTRs with others (Army, Navy)– 5 Phase I SBIRs (NIH, DOD, DHS, DOC/NIST)

Over past 4 years have helped local companies win more than 8M in SBIR R&D funding.

Privacy EnhanceBiometrics

Dr. Boult’s biometrics work highlighted in congressional

testimony in June

GeoZigbee: wireless low-power Geo-tracking of trauma patients

Zig-Bee

MeshNet

InterNet, WLAN or GSM GeoZigBee

Server

GeoZigBeeDevices GeoZigBee

GatewayGeoZigBee

Portal

USB

ZigBee Dongle

USB

Control Interface

RS-232

GPS Security Processor

GPS Reference

Data

Web-supported Trauma Treatment

Vessels

Shoreline

Glare

No Wake

Sail Boat

Speed Boat

Vessel or Shoreline?

ONR SBIR on portable omni-directional surveillance and ship protection from fusion of omni-directional and acoustic. (Remote Reality + UCCS)

Now transitioning into FPGA hardware to be used by Navy submarine fleet Maritime Surveillance

IED detection from micro UAV

DDMCMC/MRF DDMCMC/MRF Recognize and Geo-Recognize and Geo-tag context. (Offline) tag context. (Offline)

Imagery, Context,Imagery, Context,Object GeoDBObject GeoDB

Warp/AlignWarp/AlignDB ImageryDB Imagery

UIGUI-specified UIGUI-specified Filtering & Filtering &

TriggersTriggersOn Object & On Object &

CD dataCD data

Geo-referenceGeo-referenceUAV imageryUAV imagery

Real-time Object Real-time Object Recognition/TrackingRecognition/Tracking(Context dependent)(Context dependent)

Image-basedImage-basedChange Change detectiondetection

Long-Range Biometrics

Tech Goals:Recognition with standoff 1km+ for operator/uplinkFace recognition, Camera standoff (placement distance):

Daytime 250m (threshold), 500m (objective)Night: 100m (threshold), 250m (objective)

Networking Options: Long-range 802.11b/g or Zigbee (up to 1km)SWAP: Objective <10kg (with 24-48hr battery)

FPGA-based Intensified-Image Networked Detector with Embedded Recognition

Embedded Video systems Previous work deployed both within

DOD and commercially. (My second startup involvement acquired last year).

Have work with 4 small companies on SBIR/STTRs.

Privacy-enhance video surveillance and face-recognition will be deployed this fall in “assisted living” facilities.

Low-power Networking

Work in Protocols for Mobile networking and video surveillance on low-bandwidth networks.

Current effort in novel packet-merging network protocols.

Ongoing efforts in low-power sensor-networks, system design, sensor integration and evaluation.

Socom BAA, Army STTR and NIST SBIR withNIST SBIR with Navsys

ONR SBIR with CombatTrainingSolutions

+ Direct Company funded project.

Why Study?

Questions for you

What is the lifetime value of College?

What’s the “value” of studying?

What is the life-time value of Engineering vs other fields?

On average, the more education you complete,

the more money you earn.

Average Annual Income by Educational Attainment for Persons over Age 25

(2002)

$19K $23K$29K

$35K $36K

$53K$61K

$90K

$113K

< 9th Grade Some HS HSGraduate

SomeCollege

Associates Bachelors Masters Doctoral Professional

Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, March 2003 Demographic Supplement

Education reduces unemployment

$22,100$30,056

$38,012

$54,714$64,532

$81,380

($100,000)

($80,000)

($60,000)

($40,000)

($20,000)

$0

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

$80,000

$100,000

< HS H.S. Grad A.A. Bachelor's Master's Doctorate

Average Earnings

Average Unemployment Rate

15%

10%

5%

0%

The Value of a College Education

Bachelor’s degree holders earn on average

75% more than high school graduates.

This adds up to about $1 million over a

lifetime.

Engineers make much more on average with

lower average unemployment.

Source: US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, March 2003 Demographic Supplement

Lifetime Value

Careers that require a college degree are far

more likely to have benefits such as health

insurance, retirement plans, and paid

vacations. Adding these to salary, it is easy to

imagine a college degree worth several million

dollars over your lifetime.

The Value of a College EducationA college degree also has many non-monetary benefits

that lead to a higher quality of life.

Source: “Why College? Private Correlates of Educational Attainment”Postsecondary Education Opportunity, March 1999

Longer life expectancy and better healthWomen with college degrees live on average 4 years longer than women with high school degrees.

Greater participation in community and volunteer activitiesCollege grads are active in their communities 50% more than those with only a high school degree.

Much greater participation in arts and leisure activitiesCollege grads are more than 50% more likely to go to the movies at least once per year.

For full-time male workers between the ages of 35 and

44, the earnings premium associated with having a

bachelor’s degree versus a high school diploma has

risen from 38% in 1980-84 to 94% percent in 2000-03.

The Value of a College Education is Increasing

The bottom line: a college degree has a greater impact on earnings today than ever before.

If we look at an engineering degree as an

investment, we see it has a greater return

than the stock market.

Annual net return on college – 15% per year, over

and above inflation.

Annual net return on stocks – 7% per year, on

average not including inflation (2-5% after inflation)

Investing in Education

Lifetime Value Attending classes diligently and alertly is a key to

college success, no matter how boring your professor may be. Success in life depends on what you can learn on your own, not what you learn in lecture.

You should spend 15 hours per week in a classroom for 30 weeks each of your 4 years at UCCS, leading to a degree.

This is $1,111 of lifetime value per hour spent in the classroom.

Lifetime Value

Studying an average of three hours per

credit hour per week instead of one hour is

quite often the difference between success

and failure.

The extra hours studying can be worth

>$500 prorated per hour.

Studying = $500/hour

The College Experience

Before hitting the snooze button and skipping class,

consider the long term value of that class to you.

Before deciding to replace three hours of studying with

three hours of partying, consider the value of those

study hours to you. Do your socializing after you

complete your studying.

Why Study Engineering?

Why be an Engineer? FUN

– Great variety and challenge in your work– Work as a team with others

IMPACT– Build or improve lasting and tangible products– Use your creativity to solve problems and help humankind

Lots of Job Opportunities– Everywhere you look there are engineering jobs

Money– Engineers make some of the highest amounts of any career

with a 4-year degree• Average engineer salary(after 7 years): $76,000• Comparison: Lawyers (after 7 years) = $56,000 average• Medical doctors = Higher salaries only after 11 years

Source: Occupational Outlook Handbook,07-08; payscale.com

Do you know who this guy is?

It’s LARRY PAGE: co-founder of GOOGLE

His net worth = $18.5 BILLION!

26TH Richest Man in the WORLD at 35!

Guess What? He’s an ENGINEER!

If you use a computer, his If you use a computer, his product is something you product is something you probably use everyday…probably use everyday…

HINT: HINT:

What about these guys???

Steve Chen & Chad Hurley: Co-founders of YouTube

Recently sold YouTube to Google for $1.65 BILLION!

Guess what? They too are Engineers!

Here’s a HINT: Here’s a HINT:

STEM TEAMS.ORG

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS

“Engineering is a great profession. There is the fascination of watching a figment of imagination emerge through the aid of science to a plan on paper. Then it moves to realization in stone or metal or energy. Then it creates homes and jobs, elevates the standard of living and adds to the comforts of life. That is the engineer’s high privilege.”

Herbert Hoover31st President of the US

“….engineering is creativity, it's curiosity, it's common sense and it's cool stuff. It's not just geeks with pocket protectors."

Sally Ride, 1st Woman in Space

Engineering Pays More

$90,514

$98,231$104,000

Bachelor's Master's Doctorate

2003 Average Eng Salaries

2003 Average Eng Unemployment Rate

2003 Average Starting Salaries

$0

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

$80,000

$100,000

$120,000

15%

10%

5%

0%

$54,714$64,532

$81,380

Bachelor's Master's Doctorate

Overall Average Earnings

Overall Average Unemployment Rate

($100,000)

($80,000)

($60,000)

($40,000)

($20,000)

$0

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

$80,000

$100,000

15%

10%

5%

0%

Salary Showdown:Median Starting Salary with BS

6090061400

57900

47900

4300040800

3880035900

35700

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

Computer Eng

Eletrical Eng.

Mechanical Eng.

Finance

Bus. Management

Marketing

Biology

Psychology

Graphics Design

Source: payscale.com 2007 medial starting salaries

Mid-career(+15y) Median Salaries. BS Only, no advanced degrees

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

110000 Computer Eng

Eletrical Eng.

Mechanical Eng.

Finance

Bus. Management

Marketing

Biology

Psychology

Graphics Design

Source: http://www.payscale.com/best-colleges/degrees.asp

Do What You Love!

Follow your dreams There is something for

everyone in engineering.

There are more than 25 major branches and 100 specialties.

Sports Tech Video & Film

AmusementEnvironment

Music

Medicine Space Exploration

Shopping

Yep, Even Macy’s hires engineers!

Food

Math is just one tool in the box

Many students shy away from engineering because of the math.

Math and science are tools to understand the world

Some fields of engineering need a lot, others need little.

What Makes a Good Engineer?

Technical Skills Creativity Passion Energy Communications skills Teamwork Skills Excitement about what

you do

Examples of Engineering?Engineers are practical inventors that turn ideas into reality.

They are the concept people of our designed world.

A doctor sends a microscopic robot into a patient’s artery to destroy a blood clot.

Disneyland wants a new thrill ride. People want to see the yellow line when they watch a

football game. People need electric cars to slow global warming. NASA wants to land a space craft on Mars People want to take pictures, watch movies, check email

and listen to music on their cell phones.

Engineering can also be a launching pad for other

professions Many engineers become patent attorneys Biomedical engineers have the highest acceptance

rate into medical school More engineers are CEO’s of companies than any

other major Many become financial analysts on Wall Street Some go into politics Many become teachers or writers

Many Career Options

People who enjoy working with other people and traveling may become sales or field service engineers.

People who enjoy life’s big picture may become the systems engineers who put all the pieces together.

Creative people or people who constantly have new ideas about everything may enjoy working as design engineers.

People who enjoy conducting experiments or working in laboratories may enjoy working as test engineers.

Engineering Contributions

Scientists, engineers make up less than five percent of U.S. population, but create 50% of gross domestic product – Reader’s Digest, December 2005

47

20 “great” achievements of modern engineering

20. High performance materials 19. Nuclear technologies 18. Laser and fiber optics 17. Petroleum and petrochemical

technologies 16. Health technologies

Some major engineering achievements

15. Household appliances 14. Imaging 13. Internet 12. Spacecraft 11. Highways

Some major engineering achievements

10. Air conditioning and Refrigeration

9. Telephone 8. Computers 7. Agricultural Mechanization 6. Radio and Television

ElectronicsWater supply distributionAirplaneAutomobileElectrification

What Is Engineering?

Adapted from slides from STEM TEAMS.ORG and from Project Lead the Way

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS

Engineering – what is it?

Herb Simon

Science is the study of what is.

Engineering is the creation of what is to be.

Engineering is different from science.

Science– Discovery

– Understanding

– Knowledge

– Natural world

– “The world as we found it”

Engineering– Design &

Understanding

– Creating/producing

– Technology

– Artificial world

– The world we create

Design

The man-made world The creation of artifacts Adapting the environment to our needs and

desires Design is the concern of engineers, architects, and

artists

Design as problem solving

Given– Problem specification– Initial conditions– Constraints– Standards/regulations

Find a Solution

Design is creative

Design problems– Open-ended– Ill-defined (vague)– Multiple alternatives– Generate lots of solutions

Design is Experimental and Iterative

Getting it right takes many tries The first cut is rarely good enough Some designs fail Even if satisfactory, most designs can be

improved Once it works, refine it

Design cycle

Requirements, problem Generate ideas Initial concept Rough design Prototype Detailed design Analysis Redesign if needed

Design

The core problem solving process of technological development

“It is as fundamental to technology as observation is to science or reading is to language arts”

ABET says…(Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology)

Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by

study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment, to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of

mankind.

What is Engineering?

Way back…Survival was our only concern

o foodo protection from the elements

o protection from predators

Engineering History

Way back but a little more recent…

Egypt - Pyramids and the Sphinx

Rome - The Coliseum

Greece - The Parthenon

Engineering History

Plumbing, Cooking tools, Artisan Tools, Musical instruments, Paper, ink

Recently…Computers, Cell phones….

Malaysia - Petronas Towers (1,483 ft) V

United States - Space shuttle

Europe - Channel Tunnel

Sweden - Volvo Self-parking car

Engineering History

Unsung heroes…In today’s world, while professions such as law,

medicine, and law enforcement dominate the media, engineers quietly create the planes that take us safely and quickly to all parts of the world, the automobiles

that need virtually no maintenance, the computer networks that give us instant access to the world’s

databases, cellular phones to keep us in touch anywhere, as well as a vehicle capable of exploring

Mars. The engineer strives to give the user a product that is affordable, safe, durable, reliable, and

evermore useful.

The future…The 21st century will demand –

smaller and faster computers convenient communication systems faster and more efficient airplanes more efficient use of recourses less costly but more effective medical diagnostics equipment and new technologies we cannot even imagine and seem like magic.

Engineering History

Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable

from magic.

Clarke's third law (1961)

Serious thinkers of their day 19th Century

– No market for the telegraph,we have enough messenger boys

• Head of Post Office 20th Century

– “In the future computers may weigh less than 1.5 tons”“Popular Mechanics” magazine 1949

– No worldwide market for mobile phones (< 100,000 units in total)• (USA consultancy firm)

– 640 Kbytes enough for anyone,• Software CEO

21st Century– Its up to us.. That’s why we are here

“Exponential Change & Education” Technology’s growth is from connecting existing

knowledge and facts together and making new inferences. Its growth depends on current knowledge– If facts grow linearly, connections grow exponentially.

(As an aside: Not all fields have this growth. Also have some fun in college but you’re here for the education, which compounds through your lifetime.)

Fun is “flat”; Education is Exponential!

Technology builds on itself and drives exponential change

Imagine folding a paper (doubles in thickness) How thick is it in say 40 folds?

A standard piece of paper folded “40 times” would be approximately 280,000 miles thick -- more than the

distance from the Earth to the moon!

Exponential Growth Occurs when growth is proportional to current size Mathematically: dy / dt = k * y Solution: y = e k*t

E.g., a bond with $100 principal yielding 10% interest 1 year: $110 = $100 * (1 + 0.10) 2 years: $121 = $100 * (1 + 0.10) * (1 + 0.10) …

8 years: $214 = $100 * (1 + 0.10)8

Other examples– Unconstrained population growth– Moore’s Law

Absurd Exponential Example

Parameters– $16 base

– 59% growth/year

– 36 years

1st year’s $16 buy book 3rd year’s $64 buy computer game 15th year’s $16,000 buy car 24th year’s $100,000 buy house 36th year’s $300,000,000 buy a lot

Technology Background

Computer logic implemented with switches– Like light switches, except that a switch can control others

– Yields a network (called circuit) of switches

– Want circuits to be fast, reliable, & cheap

Logic Technologies– Mechanical switch & vacuum tube

– Transistor (1947)

– Integrated circuit (chip): circuit of manytransistors made at once (1958)

(Also memory & communication technologies)

(Technologist’s) Moore’s Law Parameters

– 16 transistor/chip circa 1964– 59% growth/year– 36 years (2000) and counting

1st year’s 16 ??? 3rd year’s 64 ??? 15th year’s 16,000 ??? 24th year’s 100,000 ??? 36th year’s 300,000,000 ???

Was useful & then got more than 1,000,000 times better!

(Technologist’s) Moore’s Law Data

Other “Moore’s Laws”

Other technologies improving rapidly– Magnetic disk capacity– DRAM capacity– Fiber-optic network bandwidth

Other aspects improving slowly– Delay to memory– Delay to disk– Delay across networks

Computer Implementor’s Challenge– Design with dissimilarly expanding resources– To Double computer performance every two years– A.k.a., (Popular) Moore’s Law

Computing costsYesterday Tomorrow

Original by Gordon Bell 1998

0.1$

4$

40$

100$

1,000$

2005 2015

1$

40$

400$

1,000$

10,000$

EmbeddableWrist watch / walletPalm top (700MHz)

Desktop (3 GHz)

Server

700 MHzin a box

1999 2001 2004

700 MHzin a room

700 MHzunderthe TV

700 MHzin your pocket

2008 ??Chips ++

1995

Computing….the 5th paradigm

Moore’s Law was not the first but the FIFTH paradigm to provide for exponential growth of computing. One runs out of steam....Another picks-up the pace!

Source: Ray Kurzweil

Historical perspective - ThenEgyptian, Greek and Roman…

Public works, structures, monuments, temples basic skills and objectives the same plan, organize, brainstorm concepts, calculate precisely, build durable, reliable, aesthetically pleasing, within budget

Historical perspective - Now

Additional challenges…o mandatory recyclingo regulatory agencieso certification groupso global competitiono pace of technological change

Some questions

In what ways did prehistoric engineers overcome limitations of the time to perform the same functions as modern engineers?

What were the attributes possessed by early engineers that would help you become a successful engineer today?

More questions Which areas of current research do you think are going to have the greatest impact in the next ten years and how will that research affect current problems?

Which engineering feat of the 20th century do you feel was the most significant and what were some of the underlying principles that finally made it possible?

Engineering – what choices?

Electrical Engineering EE’s use science of electricity do solve

problems. Power, communications, and circuits are common subarea.

Simple circuits of switches- • Turning on a light switch• A digital clock

Industries that hire EEs – Power– SemiConductor Manufacturers– Computer & Device makers– Areospace– Defense programs

Computer Science

Design/develop information systems Develop algorithms to solve problems

and software and programs to run electronics.

Less that half “program” on a regular basis • Industries that hire computer scientists:- IT- Manufacturing- Networking- Business & Financial systems- Defense programs

Software Engineering

The study of how to Build Large Scale systems

Related to CS, but its own subspecality.

• Industries that hire computer scientists:-Major contractors (IBM, LM, NG, GE, Boeing)-Major developers-NASA

Computer Engineering

Aspects of CS and EE, its where the two come together. Firmware, digital designs and embedded devices

• Industries that hire Computer Engineers:- Computer related systems (CD-ROMs, GPS, etc.) - Robotics - Virtual reality systems- Embedded device developers (cell phones, cars, etc.)

Mechanical Engineering

ME’s use the laws of physics for - mechanical design, manufacturing, or energy & power.

Industries that hire mechanical engineers:– Automotive– Toys– Manufacturing plants

Aerospace Engineering

Specialize in design, testing, and production of aircrafts, missiles and spacecrafts.

Industries that hire aerospace engineers:– Commercial aviation– Defense programs– Space programs

Civil Engineering

Design and construct buildings, bridges, tunnels and transportation systems.

Work closely with architects and environmental engineers.

Industries that hire civil engineers– Departments of transportation– Construction– Manufacturing

Chemical Engineering

Study chemical synthesis to make new materials, energy systems, and medicines.

Industries that hire chemical engineers:– Energy companies- Oil, Natural Gas, Fuel Cell– Food producers– Pharmaceuticals– Plastics– Cosmetics

Biomedical Engineering

An interdisciplinary field that combines mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering.

Design artificial limbs/organs and medical instruments, new treatments for disease.

Industries that hire biomedical engineers:– Medical devices– Assistive devices– Pharmaceutical companies

Environmental Engineering Involved with projects

that work on keeping the water, air and soil healthy.

Industries that hire environmental engineers:– Waste management– Irrigation– Pollution control– Hazardous site

management– Water treatment

What Does it Take to Become an Engineer?

Curiosity Creativity Like to figure things out, solve

problems Four year college engineering degree A bit more work than many majors

Why be an engineer? Fun

– Help people; improve lives– Solve real world problems– Variety of applications, projects– Contribute to society

Lots of opportunities– High demand for engineers – Large and small companies, universities, non profits

Rewarding Career – Innovative thinking, and you get paid!– Provides a very strong background for other careers

Let's take an everyday automobile as an example. Cars clearly have mechanical engineering in them. But Take a minute and try to brainstorm what components of a

car have some sort of electrical or computer “engineering”.

Entertainment Cellular Phone CD Player AM/FM Radio Tape Player Television CB Radio

How is my life affected by the work of Engineers?Its not always so obvious

Body Electronics Airbags Climate Control Security System Keyless Entry Automatic Seatbelts Memory Seat Memory Mirror

Vehicle Control Antilock Brakes Traction Control Suspension Power Steering 4 Wheel Steering

Power Train Engine Transmission Charging System Cruise Control Cooling Fan Ignition 4 Wheel Drive

Instrumentation Analog Dashboard Digital Dashboard Navigation Heads Up Display(HUD) Global Positioning System (GPS)

What is Engineering’s future?

Education needs for 2020The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) report

Educating the Engineer of 2020 concludes: “If the United States is to maintain its economic

leadership and be able to sustain its share of high technology jobs, it must prepare for this wave of change. While there is no consensus at this stage, it is agreed that innovation is the key and engineering is essential to this task; but engineering will only contribute to success if it is able to continue to adapt to new trends and provide education to the next generation of students so as to arm them with the tools needed for the world as it will be, not as it is today.”

Innovation importance growing

A 2006 survey by the Business Roundtable found: 33% of opinion leaders and 18% of voters said

improving U.S. science and technology capabilities to increase U.S. innovation and competitiveness is our country’s single most important objective;

62% of both groups said that addressing this problem is equally important to other challenges such as national security, transportation, health care, energy and the legal system;

76% of opinion leaders and 51% of American voters rank a focus on education as the most important way to solve the problem;

But there is a problem

Only 5% of the survey parents said they would try to persuade their child toward careers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), while 65% said they would allow the child to pursue whatever career path he/she prefers and 27% said they would encourage the child to pursue a STEM career but balance it with the child’s preference.

In a 2003 national survey commissioned by GE, only 9% of college students polled indicated that they felt the United States is doing enough to foster innovation among young people.

Production of Engineers (1999)- National Science Foundation

Country BS Engineers Percent of Grads - Eng.

China 195,354 44.30%

US 60,914 5.08%

Russia 82,409 14.85%

India 145,000 15.44%

Japan 103,440 19.43%

South Korea 45,145 22.09%

Five years later . . . .

China graduated 650,000 engineers in 2005.– 2,000 considered to be “world-class”

– The half considered equivalent to average US graduates

– Half are engineers in “name” (e.g. auto mechanical engineer)

Prediction – Asia will have 90% of all practicing engineers by 2010.

- Asia Section, The Economist, 2004, p. 35

Opposite Trend Occurring in US

2004 Reports by ASEE and NAE concluded that: “US engineers lead the world in innovation. This great national

resource is at serious risk because America has an engineering deficit.”

While U.S. college graduation rates increased by 26% from 1985 to 2000, graduation rates for engineers decreased by 23 percent during the same period.

88% of K-12 teachers believe that engineering is important for understanding the world around us while only 30% of teachers feel that their students could succeed as engineers.

Reference: "Engineering in the K-12 Classroom: An Analysis of Current Practices and Guidelines for the Future" (http://www.engineeringk12.org)

U.S. Engineering Enrollment by Level

and by Year

Source: Science & Engineering Indicators – 2002

DownwardTrend Since

1993

DownwardTrend Since

1983

Undergraduate

GraduateGraduate

Source: Science & EngineeringIndicators – 2002

Bachelor DegreesEarned in S&EFields

The Observational Equivalence of Technological Change and Offshoring

Although the US experience of last 55 years is dominated by technological change, not offshoring, they are observationally equivalent.

Ingram/Krugman parable tells of US entrepreneur creating consumer goods from wheat and lumber.Moral: same result with technology or offshoring.

Robert Feenstra demonstrates that technological change and imported intermediate imports have identical effects in raising labor productivity.

From Dwight Jaffee’s talk at Understanding Global Outsourcing, Conf. 2004

Question for you

How many thing “outsourcing” is hurting engineering job prospects?

Has outsourcing reduced our economy?

US Real GDP per Worker Grew 254%:More Goods & Services or Less Employment?

Major concern by early 1960s that “automated factories” would create vast production worker unemployment.


Last 55 Years: Stable Unemployment Rate and Rising Labor Force Participation

0

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3

4

5

6

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11

12

194

8

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68

Unemployment Rate (Left Axis) Labor Force Participation Rate (Right Axis)

200

3

Displaced workers have left no trace in terms of a rising unemployment rate or a falling labor participation rate.


Service Sector Jobs Lost to Offshoring

Bardhan, Jaffee, & Kroll [2003] demonstrate that 6 service jobs were created for every production job lost in US computer manufacturing. But are we now losing these service jobs?

Service offshoring uses occupations, not industries. Ex: call center operators, software developers, etc.

Core features of jobs “at risk” to offshoring:– Face to face contact not required.

– Communication based on telephone or broadband.

– Scripted or data related services.


No Empirical Effects (so far) on Wages in “At-Risk” Occupations

There is no sign (so far) that offshoring is creating falling wages (either absolute or relative) in “at-risk” occupations

Table 5 Average Annual Wage, At-Risk and Total OccupationsOccupations Code 1999 2000 2001 2002 May 2003All Occupations 31,571 32,890 34,020 35,560 36,210At Risk Occupations, Total 35,035 37,724 39,162 40,380 41,486 Business/Finance Support 13-xxxx 46,934 50,049 52,559 55,517 57,775 Computer and Mathmatical 15-xxxx 54,930 58,050 60,350 61,630 63240 Graphics/Design/Writing 17-, 27-xxxx 38,999 40,742 42,023 43,268 43,419 Office Support 43-xxxx 26,966 28,741 29,791 30,561 30,951 Medical/Legal/Sales Misc. 27,107 28,319 29,249 30,411 31,211

At Risk Occupations, Total 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.15 Business/Finance Support 13-xxxx 1.49 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.60 Computer and Mathmatical 15-xxxx 1.74 1.76 1.77 1.73 1.75 Graphics/Design/Writing 17-, 27-xxxx 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.22 1.20 Office Support 43-xxxx 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.86 0.85 Medical/Legal/Sales Misc. 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86

Wages relative to US All Occupations

Source: Occupation Employment Survey (OES), Bureau of Labor Statistics


2006-16 Workforce Demand:Percentage Increase (Labor Dept.)

113

Network systems & data communications analysts

Up 54.6%

Computer software engineers, applications

Up 48.4%

Computer software engineers, systems software

Up 43.0%

Network & computer systems administrators

Up 38.4%

Database administrators Up 38.2%

Computer systems analysts Up 31.4%

Jobs Lost to Technological Change or Offshoring: Conclusions

Job losses are essential response to technological change (Schumpeter’s “creative destruction”) and to offshoring (Rodrik’s “no pain, no gain”).

US labor markets reveal remarkable flexibility in creating new jobs in response to jobs lost to the forces of technological change and offshoring.

Skills upgrading crucial as a long-term strategy;


Self-assessments

Analyze your own performance and find ways to improve. We will use SII analysis..– Strength, Improvements, Insights

Plus a team assessment with similar analysis but also dividing points. This is NOT shared with your team.

Strengths

Strengths—identify the ways in which a performance was of high quality and commendable. Each strength statement should address what was valuable in the performance, why this attribute is important, and how to reproduce it. Always find one, and list it first.

Improvements

Areas for Improvement—identify the changes that can be made in the future, to improve performance. Improvements should recognize the issues that caused any problems and mention how changes could be implemented to resolve these difficulties. Can always define one.

Insights

Insights—identify new and significant discoveries/ understandings that were gained concerning the performance area;. Insights include why a discovery/new understanding is important or significant and how it can be applied to other situations. Not a required element.

Documents

ITechKnow