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It’s The Fluids
That Count
Fall 2010
M. BatzleSEG Honorary Lecture
The Great Wave off Kanagawa by the Japanese artist Hokusai
Acknowledgements
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•WATER and BRINE(BRINE = H2O + Salt)
•HYDROCARBONSOilGas
TYPES of PORE FLUIDS
GasMixtures
•DRILLING MUD
•PRODUCTION FLUIDSMiscible Injectants(CO2, Enriched Gas)
From Ivar Brevik, STATOIL
SANDSTONE VELOCITY
VE
LOC
ITY
(k
m/s
)4
3
VpV
ELO
CIT
Y
(km
/s)
2
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MPa)
0 25 50
Vs
from Han, 1986.
Vp = K + 4/3 G
ρρρρ( ) 1/2
Vs = Gρρρρ( )
1/2
One description of the influence of pore fluids on seismic velocity can be found in Gassmann’s Equations. The fluid effect is seen in the red ellipse.
GASSMANN’S EQUATION
Velocity & Modulus:
Ksat = Kdry +K0
-2(K0 – Kdry)2
K0-2(K0 – Kdry) + φ φ φ φ (1/Kf - 1/K0)
Kf = Fluid modulus Kdry = Dry bulk modulusKsat = Saturated bulk modulusKo = Mineral bulk modulusG = Shear modulus (sometimes ‘µµµµ’)Vp = Compressional velocityVs = Shear velocityφφφφ = Porosityρρρρ = Density
ρρρρsat = ρρρρ0 (1- φφφφ) + φρφρφρφρf
Density:
•WATER and BRINE(BRINE = H2O + Salt)
•HYDROCARBONSOilGas
TYPES of PORE FLUIDS
GasMixtures
•DRILLING MUD
•PRODUCTION FLUIDSMiscible Injectants(CO2, Enriched Gas)
Steam
BRINE COMPOSITION versus DEPTH
O
H H
WATER a.k.a. H 2O
2.7 A
Hinch, 1980
δ+
δ-
2.7 A
Water + Ions(usually NaCl)
ClNa
Dickerson et al., 1970
HeavyOil
Water Wet
silicaSilicaHeavyOil
Oil WetM. Schmutz et al., 2010
SP , Resistivity &Thermal Profile
Mt. PrincetonGeothermal AreaColorado
Revil et al., 2010
BRINE DENSITY versus PRESSRE, TEMPERATURE, & SALINI TY
Brine density as a function of temperature pressure and salinity (ppm = parts per million NaCl). Solid circles are from Zarembo and Fedorov (1975).
BULK MODULUS versus PRESSRE, TEMPERATURE, & SALINIT Y
PR
ES
SU
RE
CRITICALPOINT
LIQUID
GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR: Water
Tcp = 647 K, 374 CPcp = 22.067 MPa
TEMPERATURE
PR
ES
SU
RE
GASSOLID
T.P.
Schematic phase behavior for a simple pure substance
Ttp = 273 K, 0 C Ptp = 611.73 Pa
Density of water & steam
DE
NS
ITY
(g/
cm3 ) 0.1 MPa
10
40
70
Vapor Point
DE
NS
ITY
(g/
cm3 )
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.0
Sun et al., 2007
4000 600200 800
TEMPERATURE (C)
DE
NS
ITY
(g/
cm
0
0.2
0.4
CT SCANS SandpackCoarse Sand w/o THF-Hydrates Coarse Sand w/ THF-Hydrates
Guest Molecules
Gas Hydrate Crystal Structures
STRUCTURE I
Water Molecules STRUCTURE I
STRUCTURE II
STRUCTURE H
O = C = OC HH
H
H
C
H
H
C HH
H
H
Guest Molecules:
Methane Carbon DioxideEthane IMF - GEOMAR
•WATER and BRINE(BRINE = H2O + Salt)
•HYDROCARBONSOilGas
TYPES of PORE FLUIDS
GasMixtures
•DRILLING MUD
•PRODUCTION FLUIDSMiscible Injectants(CO2, Enriched Gas)
Steam
Gas
Hydrocarbons come in many flavors, each with specific properties. In addition, complex mixtures of thes components will change composition under differing conditions.
PR
ES
SU
RE
CRITICALPOINT
LIQUID
GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR: PURE COMPOUND
Water CO
TEMPERATURE
PR
ES
SU
RE
GASSOLID
T.P.
Water
Butane
CO2
Fluid – Density
800
1000
1200Fluid Density [kg/m
3] Brine
CO2
0 2 4 6 8 100
200
400
600
Fluid Pressure [MPa]
Fluid Density [kg/m
Butane
CO2
Fluid – Modulus
2000
2500
3000Fluid Modulus [MPa] Brine
0 2 4 6 8 100
500
1000
1500
Fluid Pressure [MPa]
Fluid Modulus [MPa]
Butane
CO2
GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR: MIXTURE
PR
ES
SU
RE
CRITICALPOINT
TEMPERATURE
PR
ES
SU
RE
PR
ES
SU
RE
Liquid-LikeBehavior CRITICAL POINT
BLACK OIL
VOLATILEOIL
RETROGRADECONDENSATE
DRY GAS
GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR
PR
ES
SU
RE
TEMPERATURE
Gas-LikeBehavior
Two PhaseRegion
VELOCITY of LIGHT OIL as a FUNCTION of DENSITY
VE
LOC
ITY
(m
/s)
141.5ρρρρ(SG)
- 131.5API =
50 40 30 20 10Oil API
DENSITY (g/cm 3) [of dead oil at STP]
VE
LOC
ITY
(m
/s)
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
HC Fluid Velocity vs. Pressure
1000
1500
Vel
ocity
(m
/s)
LIQUID
0
500
0 2 4 6 8 10
Pressure (Mpa)
Vel
ocity
(m
/s)
GAS
Calculation from FLAG program. Bubbles start to exsolve from this fluid when pressure drops below bubble point (about 3.8 MPa)
PR
ES
SU
RE
Liquid-LikeBehavior CRITICAL POINT
BLACK OIL
VOLATILEOIL
RETROGRADECONDENSATE
DRY GAS
GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR
PR
ES
SU
RE
TEMPERATURE
Gas-LikeBehavior
Two PhaseRegion
600
800
Vel
ocity
(m
/s)
28
35
41 MPa
HEAVY GAS COMPRESSIONAL VELOCITY
400
10 30 50 70 90 110
Temperature (c)
Vel
ocity
(m
/s)
15
20
Near the critical point, a heavy gas can act like either a liquid or a gas.
PROPERTIES and BEHAVIOR of
HEAVY OILS
SMITH, 1926
DESTRUCTION of SODOM and GOMORRAH
Heavy oils are an enormous resource. T. Appenzeller, (2004)
Biodegradation
Hunt, 1996
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
North Sea
California
0
2
4
6
8
0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5
TIME
Alaska Heavy
SARA fractionation
• S- Saturates: Straight or branched alkanes (paraffins)
• A- Aromatics: Contain at least one benzene ring
• R- Resins: propane-insoluble, pentane-soluble fraction
• A- Asphaltenes: soluble in carbon disulfide but soluble in carbon disulfide but
insoluble in petroleum ether or ninsoluble in petroleum ether or n--pentanepentane (Huh?)
Molecular Structure of Asphaltene Proposed for 510C Residue of Venezuelan
Crude by Carbognani [INTEVEP S.A. Tech. Rept., 1992]
3D Picture of Carbognani's Model of Venezuelan Crude Asphaltene Molecule
(Courtesy of Prof. J. Murgich)
Michael Jardine
Chemical Controls on Viscosity
Rel
ativ
e V
isco
sity
ASPHALTENES
Henaut 2001
Weight Fraction of Asphaltenes
Rel
ativ
e V
isco
sity
Viscosity versus temperature for oils from several sources
The heavy oil or ‘pitch’ drop experiment described by Edgeworth et al. (1984)
VE
LOC
ITY Liquid
Glass
Quasi-Solid
TEMPERATURE
VE
LOC
ITY Liquid
Glass P. Liquid P.
Han et al., 2008
Calculated “Fluid” shear velocity dependence on viscosity
HEAVY OIL
CARBONATEGRAIN
HEAVY OIL
Scanning electron microscope image of the Uvalde carbonate saturated with heavy oil.
3
4
Velocity [km/s]
25C
60C
40C
25C
VP
1
2
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Frequency [Hz]
25C
60C
40C
VS
Frequency dependence of the Uvalde heavy oil-saturated sample. As expected, velocity decreases with increasing temperature. Also, dispersion becomes significant within the seismic band as temperature increases.
A similar amount of dispersion was detected by Doug Schmitt (1999) when comparing a sonic log to a VSP.
DURI FIELD STEAM FLOOD, SEISMIC TIME LAPSE
Jenkins et al. (1997)
DURI FIELD STEAM FLOOD, SEISMIC TIME LAPSE
Jenkins et al. (1997)
PR
ES
SU
RE Liquid-Like
Behavior
CRITICAL POINT
BLACK OIL
VOLATILEOIL
RETROGRADECONDENSATE
DRY GAS
GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR
HEAVYOIL
PR
ES
SU
RE
TEMPERATURE
Gas-LikeBehavior
Two PhaseRegion
Calculated Fluid Modulus versus PressureOil API = 7, GOR = 2 L/L, T = 20 C
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500B
ulk
Mod
ulus
(M
pa)
.
Bulk modulus MPa
Mix Mod. Mpa
Gas Mod. Mpa 0MIXTURE
0
500
1000
1500
0 5 10 15 20
Pressure (Mpa)
Bul
k M
odul
us (
Mpa
) .
Gas Mod. Mpa 0
Calc. Fluid Modulus versus TemperatureOil API = 7, GOR = 2 L/L, P = 2 MPa
1500
2000
2500
3000
Mod
ulus
(M
pa)
.
Bulk modulus MPa
Mix Mod. Mpa
Gas Mod. Mpa
0
500
1000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature (C)
Mod
ulus
(M
pa)
.
Gas Mod. Mpa1.827
MIXTURE
FLUIDS:
- Our main exploration and monitoring targets
HEAVY OIL:
-Properties complex but systematic:compositional & phase changes
- Can have a strong geophysical signature
- Properties strongly temperature dependent
- Seismic properties strongly frequency dependentUltrasonic = sonic Log = Seismic
- Can act like a solid: Propagates a shear wave (viscoelastic)
- Small GOR has large effect
- Enormous resourceHEAVY OIL:
Live
Oil
Vis
cosi
ty (
cp)
100
1000
10000
141.5ρ - 131.5API =
API Gravity
Live
Oil
Vis
cosi
ty (
cp)
0.1
1.0
10
(Al-Mamaari, et al., 2006)
SHEAR MODULUS and QUALITY FACTORin UVALDE HEAVY OIL & ROCK @ 12.6 Hz
SH
EA
R M
OD
ULU
S
Log
10(G
)
ROCK G
(From Jyoti Behura)
Log 1
0S
HE
AR
MO
DU
LUS
L
og
TEMPERATURE (oC)
CO2 Velocity – Near Critical Point
Davies and Wallace, 1992
Phase behavior for a condensate gas showing a possible P-T path during production. If the fluid crosses the dew point line in the formation, liquids will be left behind.