Italian City-States

Renaissance means “Rebirth” Italy was the center of the Roman Empire Wealthy merchant class, who played a

role in politics Medici family

Wealthy banking family that were patrons to the arts

Controlled Florence

What Was The Renaissance Time of creativity & change People wanted a rebirth after the

medieval ages Humanism was at the heart of the ren. Education focused more on poetry,

history, grammar & rhetoric Francesco Petrarch built a library of

Greek & Roman manuscripts

Golden Age in the Arts

Humanists art portrays religious figures & well known people

Perspective technique Women had a hard time becoming

artists Architecture changed from gothic to

more Roman styles

Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art Leonardo da Vinci

Inventor, painterDissected human corpses & sketched it

Michelangelo PainterPainted the Sistine Chapel

RaphaelPainterSchool of Athens

Italian Renaissance Writers Baldassare Castiglione

Writes the How To book, Book of the Courtier

Describes how to become a well-mannered, educated aristocrat

Niccolo MachiavelliWrites The Prince Urged rulers to use any means

necessary to achieve power

Artists of the Northern Renaissance Albrecht Durer

German Leonardo, brought ren. To Germany

Engraver

Northern Humanists

Desiderius ErasmusDutch PriestHad the Bible translated into Greek&

vernacular

Thomas MorePressed social reformWrites Utopia & describes a perfect society

Writers for a New Audience William Shakespeare

English Poet & PlaywrightRomeo & Juliet

Miguel de CervantesSpainDon Quixote

Printing Revolution

Johann Gutenberg invents the printing press

Bible is mass produced

Abuses In The Church

Popes tried to rule everything Fought for power against Nobles & Monarchs Lavish Lifestyles Sold indulgences to fund the church Promised it would lessen the time spent in

purgatory

Luther’s Protest 1517 people are fed up with church corruption Led by Martin Luther a German monk & professor of

theology Johann Tetzel selling indulgences in Wittenberg to

rebuild the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome Claimed contributions would ensure salvation for

you & your dead relatives Luther nails 95 theses to the doors of

Wittenberg’s All Saints Church

Luther vs. the Church Luther’s arguments

Only be saved by faithPope has no control over the afterlifeIndulgences are not in the BibleChurch needs to be reformed

Catholic Church demands Luther recants or be excommunicated

Luther refuses & is excommunicated

Luther vs. the Church Luther is summoned by Holy Roman Emperor,

Charles V Asked to recant, refuses & is declared an outlaw

All writing are illegalAiding Luther is illegal

Hid in a castle in Wartburg for a year Becomes a hero in Germany

Luther’s Teachings Good deeds do not get you into heaven, faith

alone Bible is the sole source of religious truth not the

clergy Clergy does not have “special powers” everyone has

access to God Translates Bible to German Rejected the sacraments of indulgences, confession,

pilgrimages, & prayers to saints Clergy can marry, mass focuses on sermon Lutheran Church

Spread of Lutheran Ideas

Printing press help to spread Luther’s ideas Protestant, “protest” papal authority Many saw Luther’s ideas as a way to fix Church

corruption Some saw it as a way overthrow the Church & the

Holy Roman Empire National Loyalty in Germany

The Peasants’ Revolt Peasants support Luther’s ideas in hope of his

support for social & economic change 1524 Peasants’ Revolt sweeps across Germany Demanded end of serfdom Luther denounces it & helps the nobles to

suppress the rebellion Tens of thousands killed

Peace of Augsburg

1555 Treaty between Charles V & Lutheran princes

Allowed each prince to decide the religion of the land that they owned

John Calvin Works with Ulrich Zwingli towards reforming the

church Born in France a priest & lawyer Same ideas as Luther Predestination Calvin runs a theocracy in Geneva Built a model community

Zwingli & Calvin

Calvinism Spreads Reformers from Europe visited Geneva & were

impressed Dutch Reformed Church organized Scottish Protestants overthrow their Catholic

Queen

The English Reformation

Henry VIII went to the Pope to seek an annulment

Catherine of Aragon had not provided Henry VIII w/ an heir to the throne

Henry VIII went to the Pope for to annul his marriage & was denied

The Pope did want to offend Charles V Catherine’s cousin

The English Reformation

Henry was furious Henry took control of the Church of

England & the Pope lost all power in England

Act of Supremacy made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”

Any Catholic who refused to accept the Act were executed

The English Reformation

Henry gained many lands & money from corrupt convents & monasteries

Henry would die & his 10 year old son Edward VI became king

Edward’s advisors passed many Protestant laws

Edward died in his teens & Mary Tudor became queen

She wanted England to be Catholic & burned Protestants at the stake

The English Reformation

Queen Elizabeth comes to power Elizabethan settlement passes

several compromises between Catholics & Protestants

Church services kept Catholic traditions Monarchy is still head of church Accepted Protestant Doctrine

Catholic Reformation

Pope Paul III saw the need to reform the Catholic Church

Wanted to end church corruption Council of Trent

Salvation comes through good works & faith

Bible not the only source of truthEst. schoolsFined corrupt clergy

Catholic Reformation

InquisitionUsed secret testimony, torture, execution

to stop heresyBanned books

Widespread Persecution

Catholics & Protestants fought constantly

Witch Hunts would accuse people of being agents of the devil & would be burned at the stake

Jews were pushed out of many placed & migrated towards Poland

Changes in Views of the Universe Nicolaus Copernicus proposes his

heliocentric theory Many reject it & Copernicus is shunned Tycho Brahe & Johanes Kepler helped

prove the heliocentric theory Galileo builds a telescope & discovers

the planets in orbit The Catholic Church forces him to

rebuke his finding for fear of death

New Scientific Method

Scientific Method is created Scientists must now confirm their

findings No one can make a claim w/out proof

Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton discovers gravity Newton’s Laws of Motion Also developed calculus

Scientific Advances

Chemistry started to break away from alchemy

Robert Boyle distinguished between individual elements & chemical compounds

Also explained the effect temperature had on pressure & gas

Scientific Advances

Andreas Vesalius published the 1st detailed book on human anatomy

Ambroise Pare develops a disinfectant & stitches

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek invents the 1st microscope