It Systems 1

7/26/2019 It Systems 1

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IntroductionIntroduction

toto

IT & SYSTEMSIT & SYSTEMS

PART I


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Foundations of computer systemsFoundations of computer systems

(Chapter 1(Chapter 1 !r"ani#ations of the computer system!r"ani#ations of the computer system

Cate"ories of computersCate"ories of computers Periphera$ %eicesPeriphera$ %eices

!erie' of Soft'are and ard'are!erie' of Soft'are and ard'are


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Computers today )ecome an inte"ra$ part ofComputers today )ecome an inte"ra$ part of

our $iesour $ies

Most of the 'or*s 'e are doin" in our dayMost of the 'or*s 'e are doin" in our dayto day $ife ino$es computersto day $ife ino$es computers

Computers p$ay a ita$ ro$e in our persona$Computers p$ay a ita$ ro$e in our persona$

and professiona$ $iesand professiona$ $ies E+, They assist in educatin" *idsE+, They assist in educatin" *ids

- Mana"in" FinanceMana"in" Finance


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!)tainin" needed information!)tainin" needed information

.eep in touch 'ith distant friends and fami$y.eep in touch 'ith distant friends and fami$y

Students can no' contact instructors andStudents can no' contact instructors andperform researchperform research

PCs hae a$so $ed to concept of /Sma$$ !fficePCs hae a$so $ed to concept of /Sma$$ !ffice

ome !ffice0 (S!! 'hich ena)$esome !ffice0 (S!! 'hich ena)$es

emp$oyees to 'or* from their homesemp$oyees to 'or* from their homes


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A)i$ity of computersA)i$ity of computers

(1 Accept user supp$ied data(1 Accept user supp$ied data

( Accept2 store and e+ecute( Accept2 store and e+ecute pro"rammedpro"rammed

instructionsinstructions (3 Perform mathematica$ and $o"ica$(3 Perform mathematica$ and $o"ica$

operations4operations4

(5 %isp$ay resu$ts as per the specified(5 %isp$ay resu$ts as per the specifiedformatformat


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6asic operations of a computer6asic operations of a computer

Input7Acceptin" data represented in a 'ayInput7Acceptin" data represented in a 'ay

that the computer can usethat the computer can use

Processin"7Performin" arithmetic or $o"ica$Processin"7Performin" arithmetic or $o"ica$operations on the represented dataoperations on the represented data

!utput7%isp$ayin" resu$ts!utput7%isp$ayin" resu$ts

Stora"e7Storin" resu$ts for $ater useStora"e7Storin" resu$ts for $ater use


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Eo$ution of computer systemsEo$ution of computer systems

The ear$iest deice that 8ua$ified as di"ita$The ear$iest deice that 8ua$ified as di"ita$

computer 'as the /a)acus0computer 'as the /a)acus0

In 195 Char$es 6a))a"e inented theIn 195 Char$es 6a))a"e inented thecomputer )ut at that time it 'as named ascomputer )ut at that time it 'as named as

/Ana$ytica$ En"ine0/Ana$ytica$ En"ine0

.ey)oards 'ere first used in the :S around.ey)oards 'ere first used in the :S around199;199;


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Eo$ution of computer systemsEo$ution of computer systems

The E$ectronic


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Trends in Computer %ee$opmentTrends in Computer %ee$opment

Ta)$e 'hich sho's the trends in computerTa)$e 'hich sho's the trends in computer

dee$opmentdee$opment
http://trends_in_compujter_devel.doc/http://trends_in_compujter_devel.doc/http://trends_in_compujter_devel.doc/http://trends_in_compujter_devel.doc/http://trends_in_compujter_devel.doc/http://trends_in_compujter_devel.doc/


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!r"ani#ation of Computer System!r"ani#ation of Computer System

A$$ computers perform the Four 6asicA$$ computers perform the Four 6asic

operationsoperations

InputInput Processin"Processin"

!utput!utput

Stora"eStora"e


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6$oc* %ia"ram of Computer6$oc* %ia"ram of Computer

6asic !r"ani#ation of a computer system6asic !r"ani#ation of a computer system
http://block_diagram_of_computer.doc/http://block_diagram_of_computer.doc/http://block_diagram_of_computer.doc/


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Input :nitInput :nit

%ata and Instructions must )e entered into the%ata and Instructions must )e entered into the

computer system )efore computationcomputer system )efore computation

The input unit performs this tas*The input unit performs this tas*

%ata and instructions enter input units in arious%ata and instructions enter input units in arious

forms2 dependin" on the *ind of deice usedforms2 dependin" on the *ind of deice used

The *ey)oard ena)$es users to input characters2The *ey)oard ena)$es users to input characters2

num)ers2 and sym)o$snum)ers2 and sym)o$s The mouse is a deice that moes on screenThe mouse is a deice that moes on screen

ena)$in" users to se$ect items and choose optionsena)$in" users to se$ect items and choose options


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ST!RA@E :o$ati$e

MemoryMemory

B RAM ( Random Access Memory 6uffer RAM ( Random Access Memory 6uffer

-Secondary Memory Permanent MemorySecondary Memory Permanent MemoryB ard %is* 2 F$oppy %is* 2 C%ard %is* 2 F$oppy %is* 2 C%


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Centra$ Processin" :nitCentra$ Processin" :nit

The centra$ processin" unit is the componentThe centra$ processin" unit is the componentactua$$y processes dataactua$$y processes data

It stores the data and instructions in the computersIt stores the data and instructions in the computers

primary memory2 the Random Access Memoryprimary memory2 the Random Access Memory(RAM4(RAM4

CP:s contain t'o su) components2 the Contro$CP:s contain t'o su) components2 the Contro$:nit and the Arithmetic Do"ic :nit4:nit and the Arithmetic Do"ic :nit4

AD: performs arithmetic and $o"ica$ operations2AD: performs arithmetic and $o"ica$ operations2the C!


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AD:AD:

It e+ecutes the processin" operations 'hich areIt e+ecutes the processin" operations 'hich are

receied as instructions from the primary memory4receied as instructions from the primary memory4

The AD: is responsi)$e for performin" $o"ica$ andThe AD: is responsi)$e for performin" $o"ica$ and

arithmetic operationsarithmetic operations The resu$ts "enerated at this sta"e are temporari$yThe resu$ts "enerated at this sta"e are temporari$y

transferred )ac* to the primary stora"e4transferred )ac* to the primary stora"e4

!nce the processin" is comp$ete the fina$ resu$ts!nce the processin" is comp$ete the fina$ resu$tsare stored in the stora"e unit (secondary stora"eare stored in the stora"e unit (secondary stora"e


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C: (Contro$ :nitC: (Contro$ :nit

The contro$ unit maintains order and directsThe contro$ unit maintains order and directs

the operation of the entire system )ythe operation of the entire system )y

se$ectin"2 interpretin"2 and ensurin" these$ectin"2 interpretin"2 and ensurin" the

e+ecution of pro"ram instructionse+ecution of pro"ram instructions


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Mu$tip$e ProcessorsMu$tip$e Processors

Some computers use more than oneSome computers use more than one

processors for processin"4 This reduces theprocessors for processin"4 This reduces the

$oad on the processor$oad on the processor

There are seera$ types of ProcessorThere are seera$ types of Processor

desi"ns4desi"ns4

Support Processor desi"nSupport Processor desi"n

Contro$ Processor desi"nContro$ Processor desi"n

Para$$e$ processor desi"nPara$$e$ processor desi"n


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Support Processor %esi"nSupport Processor %esi"n

In this desi"n specia$i#ed Microprocessors areIn this desi"n specia$i#ed Microprocessors are

used for performin" a ariety of functionsused for performin" a ariety of functions

These Microprocessors perform tas*s ran"in"These Microprocessors perform tas*s ran"in"

from Input2 !utput2 memory mana"ement2from Input2 !utput2 memory mana"ement2

arithmetic operations2 mu$timedia processin"4arithmetic operations2 mu$timedia processin"4

Seera$ processin" functions are c$u))edSeera$ processin" functions are c$u))ed

to"ether in one processor in adancedto"ether in one processor in adancedMicroprocessorsMicroprocessors


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Contro$ Processor desi"nContro$ Processor desi"n

In this desi"n mu$tip$e CP:s orIn this desi"n mu$tip$e CP:s or

microprocessors are used to e+ecute moremicroprocessors are used to e+ecute more

than one instruction simu$taneous$y4than one instruction simu$taneous$y4

Processors are used to proide )ac*upProcessors are used to proide )ac*up

faci$ities in case of any fai$urefaci$ities in case of any fai$ure


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Para$$e$ processor desi"nPara$$e$ processor desi"n

In this desi"n2 a "roup of instruction processors isIn this desi"n2 a "roup of instruction processors isused to e+ecute the pro"ramused to e+ecute the pro"ram

In para$$e$ processin"2 hundreds or thousands ofIn para$$e$ processin"2 hundreds or thousands of

processors are or"ani#ed in c$usters or net'or*s toprocessors are or"ani#ed in c$usters or net'or*s toprocess pro"ram instructionsprocess pro"ram instructions

The mode$ that is )ased on the human )rain isThe mode$ that is )ased on the human )rain isca$$ed the


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RISCRISC

RISC7Reduced Instruction Set Computer4RISC7Reduced Instruction Set Computer4 It is a type of Microprocessor that reco"ni#es aIt is a type of Microprocessor that reco"ni#es a

re$atie$y $imited num)er of instructionsre$atie$y $imited num)er of instructions

So some computer manufacturers decided toSo some computer manufacturers decided toreerse this trend )y )ui$din" CP:s capa)$e ofreerse this trend )y )ui$din" CP:s capa)$e ofe+ecutin" on$y a $imited set of instructions4e+ecutin" on$y a $imited set of instructions4

A maor adanta"e of reduced instruction setA maor adanta"e of reduced instruction setcomputers is that they can e+ecute the instructionscomputers is that they can e+ecute the instructionsery fast4ery fast4

Moreoer as RISC chips re8uire fe'er transistorsMoreoer as RISC chips re8uire fe'er transistorsthey are cheaper to desi"n and producethey are cheaper to desi"n and produce


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CISCCISC

CISC7Comp$e+ Instruction Set Computer4CISC7Comp$e+ Instruction Set Computer4

Most persona$ computers use a CISC architecture2Most persona$ computers use a CISC architecture2in 'hich the CP: supports as many as Instructionsin 'hich the CP: supports as many as Instructions

(;;(;; The processin" circuitry inc$udes many specia$The processin" circuitry inc$udes many specia$

purpose circuits that carry out these instructions atpurpose circuits that carry out these instructions athi"h speedhi"h speed

CISC chips are comp$e+ and e+pensie to produce4CISC chips are comp$e+ and e+pensie to produce4 @enera$$y RISC ships process faster as compared@enera$$y RISC ships process faster as compared

to the CISC chipsto the CISC chips


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!utput :nit!utput :nit

The output unit coneys the resu$ts of computationThe output unit coneys the resu$ts of computationto the users4to the users4

The monitor sho's the resu$ts of processin" dataThe monitor sho's the resu$ts of processin" data

on the screenon the screen The printer "enerates an output in the printedThe printer "enerates an output in the printed

format4 These output units $in* the computer 'ithformat4 These output units $in* the computer 'iththe e+terna$ enironment4the e+terna$ enironment4

!utput interfaces accomp$ishes the tas* of!utput interfaces accomp$ishes the tas* ofconertin" the )inary code2 'hich is produced )yconertin" the )inary code2 'hich is produced )ythe computer into human reada)$e form4the computer into human reada)$e form4


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Stora"e :nitStora"e :nit

The data and instructions that enter the computerThe data and instructions that enter the computersystem throu"h input units need to )e storedsystem throu"h input units need to )e storedinterna$$y )efore the actua$ processin" starts4interna$$y )efore the actua$ processin" starts4

The resu$ts produced )y the computer2 afterThe resu$ts produced )y the computer2 after

processin"2 must a$so )e stored inside the computerprocessin"2 must a$so )e stored inside the computer)efore )ein" passed on to the output units4)efore )ein" passed on to the output units4

The stora"e units of a computer system are desi"nedThe stora"e units of a computer system are desi"nedto cater to a$$ these needsto cater to a$$ these needs

The hard dis* proides a $ar"e amount of stora"eThe hard dis* proides a $ar"e amount of stora"espace for pro"rams and data4space for pro"rams and data4 F$oppy dis*s dries ena)$e the user to store andF$oppy dis*s dries ena)$e the user to store and

e+chan"e data 'ith others4e+chan"e data 'ith others4


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Types of Computer systemTypes of Computer system

Computers can )e c$assified )ased onComputers can )e c$assified )ased on

-Accordin" to their usa"eAccordin" to their usa"e

-Techno$o"y usedTechno$o"y used

-Si#e of the computerSi#e of the computer

-Capacity4Capacity4


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Accordin" to :sa"eAccordin" to :sa"e

The uti$ity of computer 'i$$ differ from oneThe uti$ity of computer 'i$$ differ from oneor"ani#ation to another4 6ased on theiror"ani#ation to another4 6ased on their

uti$ity2 computers can )e c$assified intouti$ity2 computers can )e c$assified into

@enera$ purpose computers@enera$ purpose computersSpecia$ purpose computersSpecia$ purpose computers



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Accordin" to :sa"eAccordin" to :sa"e7 @enera$7 @enera$

purpose computerspurpose computers

@enera$ purpose computers are used for Sa$es@enera$ purpose computers are used for Sa$es

Ana$ysis2 Financia$ Accountin"2 Inoicin" andAna$ysis2 Financia$ Accountin"2 Inoicin" andinentory Mana"ement4inentory Mana"ement4

These are common types of computers and areThese are common types of computers and areused for commercia$ and educationa$ purposes4used for commercia$ and educationa$ purposes4

E+, %es*top computers and


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Accordin" to :sa"eAccordin" to :sa"e7 Specia$7 Specia$

purpose computerspurpose computers

Specia$ purpose computers are dee$oped to sereSpecia$ purpose computers are dee$oped to serea specific purpose4a specific purpose4

E+, Computers for eather Forecastin"2 Medica$E+, Computers for eather Forecastin"2 Medica$%ia"nostics2 Space app$ication and so on4%ia"nostics2 Space app$ication and so on4

These computers "enera$$y perform comp$e+These computers "enera$$y perform comp$e+operations that re8uire a hi"h de"ree of accuracyoperations that re8uire a hi"h de"ree of accuracy

and speed4and speed4 They are po'erfu$ too$s for en"ineers2 architects2They are po'erfu$ too$s for en"ineers2 architects2

circuit desi"ners4circuit desi"ners4


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Types of Computer systemTypes of Computer systemAccordin" to Techno$o"y usedAccordin" to Techno$o"y used

Ana$o" ComputersAna$o" Computers

%i"ita$ Computers%i"ita$ Computers

y)rid Computersy)rid Computers

T f C t tT f C t t


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Types of Computer systemTypes of Computer systemAccordin" to Techno$o"y used BAccordin" to Techno$o"y used B

Ana$o" ComputersAna$o" Computers

Those that are dee$oped for specia$ purposes4Those that are dee$oped for specia$ purposes4 These computers store o$ati$e physica$These computers store o$ati$e physica$

8uantities $i*e temperature2 speed2 pressure etc48uantities $i*e temperature2 speed2 pressure etc4

These computers are used for scientific andThese computers are used for scientific anden"ineerin" actiities4en"ineerin" actiities4

E+, Thermometers and speedometers4E+, Thermometers and speedometers4

T f C t tT pes of Comp ter s stem


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%i"ita$ computers%i"ita$ computers %i"ita$ computers are essentia$$y "enera$%i"ita$ computers are essentia$$y "enera$

purpose computers that store and representpurpose computers that store and represent

data in num)ers4data in num)ers4 A$thou"h users input data in the te+t form2 it isA$thou"h users input data in the te+t form2 it is

conerted into the )inary format for processin"conerted into the )inary format for processin"

and stora"e purposes4and stora"e purposes4 In )inary format2 data is represented in theIn )inary format2 data is represented in the

form of ;s and 1s4form of ;s and 1s4

T f C t tTypes of Computer system


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y)rid Computersy)rid Computers y)rid computers are a com)ination of ana$o"y)rid computers are a com)ination of ana$o"

and di"ita$ computersand di"ita$ computers

These computers store ana$o" si"na$s as num)ers4These computers store ana$o" si"na$s as num)ers4 The conersion from ana$o" si"na$s to num)ers andThe conersion from ana$o" si"na$s to num)ers and

ice ersa is done usin" the ana$o"7to7di"ita$ andice ersa is done usin" the ana$o"7to7di"ita$ and

di"ita$7to7ana$o" conerters respectie$ydi"ita$7to7ana$o" conerters respectie$y

These computers are used in the fie$d of Artificia$These computers are used in the fie$d of Artificia$

Inte$$i"ence (AI and Computer Aided Manufacturin"Inte$$i"ence (AI and Computer Aided Manufacturin"

(CAM(CAM


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Types of Computer systemTypes of Computer system7Accordin" to Si#e and Capacity7Accordin" to Si#e and Capacity

Super ComputersSuper Computers

Mainframe ComputersMainframe Computers Mini computersMini computers

Micro ComputersMicro Computers

SerersSerers



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Super ComputersSuper ComputersBThese computers hae ery hi"h processin" speedsThese computers hae ery hi"h processin" speeds

BThey are desi"ned to process hu"e amounts ofThey are desi"ned to process hu"e amounts of

scientific datascientific data

BThese computers operate at hi"h speed )ecause theyThese computers operate at hi"h speed )ecause they

hae seera$ CP:s runnin" simu$taneous$yhae seera$ CP:s runnin" simu$taneous$y

BThey hae hu"e primary memories and the mostThey hae hu"e primary memories and the mostadanced processin" capa)i$itiesadanced processin" capa)i$ities

BSuper computers are desi"ned inc$udin" en"ineSuper computers are desi"ned inc$udin" en"ine

coo$in" systems to dissipate interna$ heat )ui$d upcoo$in" systems to dissipate interna$ heat )ui$d up



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Super ComputersSuper Computers E+, An I6M super computer )ui$t for the %epartmentE+, An I6M super computer )ui$t for the %epartment

of Ener"y can e+ecute 3 tri$$ion pro"ram instructionsof Ener"y can e+ecute 3 tri$$ion pro"ram instructions

per second and is e8uipped 'ith 4? tera )ytes ofper second and is e8uipped 'ith 4? tera )ytes ofstora"e memory4stora"e memory4

Supercomputers are e+tensie$y used in areas $i*eSupercomputers are e+tensie$y used in areas $i*e

ener"y mana"ement2 E$ectronic desi"n2


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Main FramesMain Frames These are hu"e mu$ti user systems desi"ned to hand$eThese are hu"e mu$ti user systems desi"ned to hand$e"i"antic processin" o)s4"i"antic processin" o)s4

They hae $ar"e primary memories2 su)stantia$They hae $ar"e primary memories2 su)stantia$

processin" and data communication capa)i$itiesprocessin" and data communication capa)i$ities They can )e connected usin" termina$s2 i4e42 remoteThey can )e connected usin" termina$s2 i4e42 remote

*ey)oard and disp$ay units as 'e$$ as persona$ computers*ey)oard and disp$ay units as 'e$$ as persona$ computers

Main frames are "enera$$y stored in specia$ rooms thatMain frames are "enera$$y stored in specia$ rooms thathae contro$$ed c$imate4hae contro$$ed c$imate4

The main app$ication of these computers is for Rai$'ays2The main app$ication of these computers is for Rai$'ays2Air$ine Reseration and 6an*in"Air$ine Reseration and 6an*in"

E+, I6M3;=;2 I6M53912 and I6M53;;E+, I6M3;=;2 I6M53912 and I6M53;;



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Mini ComputersMini Computers These are mu$ti user systems that can hand$e the computin"These are mu$ti user systems that can hand$e the computin"

needs of a sma$$er corporation or or"ani#ation4needs of a sma$$er corporation or or"ani#ation4

Mini computers are typica$$y mu$ti user systemsMini computers are typica$$y mu$ti user systems Sometimes supportin" more than ?;; on$ine termina$s4Sometimes supportin" more than ?;; on$ine termina$s4

These computers are cheaper as compared to MainframesThese computers are cheaper as compared to Mainframes

These computers rep$ace mainframes 'here there is scope ofThese computers rep$ace mainframes 'here there is scope of

distri)uted app$icationdistri)uted app$ication E+, I6M AS5;; P%P 7 1E+, I6M AS5;; P%P 7 1

ypes o omputer systemypes o ompu er sys em


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ypes o omputer systemypes o ompu er sys em7Accordin" to Si#e and Capacity7Accordin" to Si#e and Capacity

Micro computersMicro computers

Micro computers are the sma$$est di"ita$Micro computers are the sma$$est di"ita$

computers and are common$y *no'n as persona$computers and are common$y *no'n as persona$

computers (PC4computers (PC4 These computers use microprocessors as theirThese computers use microprocessors as their

CP:4 They can )e used on the net'or* or asCP:4 They can )e used on the net'or* or as

stand a$one systems4stand a$one systems4 There are mode$s of microcomputers2 theThere are mode$s of microcomputers2 the

des*top and the porta)$e mode$des*top and the porta)$e mode$

E+amp$e of a porta)$e mode$ is DaptopsE+amp$e of a porta)$e mode$ is Daptops



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A serer can )e defined as a computer or deice thatA serer can )e defined as a computer or deice that

mana"e net'or* resources on a net'or*4mana"e net'or* resources on a net'or*4

E+, A fi$e serer is a computer and stora"e deiceE+, A fi$e serer is a computer and stora"e deice

dedicated to storin" fi$es4dedicated to storin" fi$es4

Any user on the net'or* can store fi$es on the serer4Any user on the net'or* can store fi$es on the serer4

A print serer is a computer that mana"e one or moreA print serer is a computer that mana"e one or moreprinters and a net'or* serer is a computer thatprinters and a net'or* serer is a computer that

mana"es the net'or* trafficmana"es the net'or* traffic


SerersSerers


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Than* YouThan* You

Documents

It Systems 1