it III 12 A Seamless Ro be

Charles Curran.?11l~]'

-:!L:!LO~ft'Mi7.~J4

ff.fljJllJ.mll~.J?A~,

,*:JtfljJl&MJil •• M~jJl1:

.~.~oBBCJl1t1l!W.

JlfaJfifilff:,IIAjt*NJlJilJ

mifiiJ¥.~rpX.M'r6.1t

ifiia.off::fIlBBBC=+

ta~,~MJI~.iflifj&WJ.l

.B,II ••• ,WIt •• wWil*,~ft,*:Jt •• z!f.

J.I~J4.Bilff:'~4'N.MI

f1j:Kti~.ff:o

L9012

Originally published in English by HarperCollins Publishers Ltd

under the title

A Seamless Robe

Copyright©1979 by Sir Charles Curran.

The Auther asserts the moral right to be indentified as the Auther

of the work.Chinese language copyright © 1992 by Yuan-Liou publishing Co.,

Ltd.

fttl.~.iI.

M.J!.BBC

~ • ~/A ~j'eamless Robe

f'l: :tf/Charles Curran

tJ :tf/ (;~~.=.

~ ./~~~.~*~.~$~

f1lfi~./1fi'f,ZIE

.f.f."/mJt~

R IT A./.:E~Jttti Ii :tf/ ~lmt±11i&$~!Ht15HfIl~0P]

.~tmn1'i'1~'='~184Wt71tZ5

~~/0189456-1 ~~~/365-3707

1t~WtIl/ (02) 365-8989

Rfittll/ffl~~1511f1l~0P]

.~~/ (02) 365-12121tiAWtIl/ (02) 365-7979

I'n Ijll]/11::(~PijU!Ht151~~0 P]

~~ 1i/7(.~ij~~~1i&~151~~0 P]

01992(F;81)if.12)=3168 tJJl\&-lilij

1Ti&l!itff~~JWlJIi&.~*~1295Wt

"8113907[; (filt(J'{~li!IH~i¥J:t:, mi~@]]!!~)

Ii*m~ • ~En&\~Printed in Taiwan ISBN 957-32-1709-0

A Seamless Robe

Charles Curranif11U!~~

fttfIH~I¥J~~, 11All1Ht:~~L?~flm~VItJ~j~, -J.l1fA11rmf;~iim~T; 1fAIDtf;)E~U++

~D,~M~.*~;1fAIDtf;mm.~,.~®~,~MW.~~

~~hh~.~Mm~l¥Jft~~OO§, ~~T~~~~®~l¥Jm

.~., 11A.$ffl~~-~.I¥J~~.~o~~~g~W*I¥J.~

~**~, ~~~J.lM~, ~M~W~~~, ~~ft~~o~~~M

JmIl~~, ft~~:§lt3EFf&1'if~~1if!~r»~j1HJ:B- I~~~ 0 ~lt1:EI¥JOO§~:m-,ft~~.~T~M~~I¥J~mW~, £~T~mft~,m

~ft~,~Wft~,~~ft~,~~ft~, ~~ft~~~~WI¥J~~

~o

m=, ft~~[p]~1if!~r»~fi:Yt, ~iiEl:rrr5p, ID~1.t~~I¥J­

g~fJ}i'Ji:~, ~U~Dft:jlH!±tt~, 1.t~~1~~, ft~~m*~iff~, D~1.t

m~, *m)(1~, ft~I¥J)(1~*~, 1.t~I¥J1tt*Ij:E1!!§ifH~~Ji~:X, **'B.gTft~~I¥J~~o~~OO, ~~I¥J~~$*, ~ft~~~o

mmE+~~~, A~~~T~*ft~~~, ~ftm.~~A~

~, ~~7~~A~M~I¥J~M~~, ~ffift~~VItJ, -Mm[p]~­

flm11AllIffE~~LI¥J++~D 0

*••§I¥J, ~1:E~mft~~••~.I¥JOO~, ~.~ ~~~

'fi, ~1*, 1&rP1, ~., }L§~-*z§, ~f.fft~I¥J'~11~JfDW~1f

VI

j@J~l~f~Wi¥J1H/f, {fl3rJUAo ~1r'~~, fJ1J!:~~¥UM'fI~i¥J~~

IPJ~gJ, jjJt~ '8"J5EJf.*,~m~f~~ 0

~=1§{fl3~~~1T~ln'~z±, E1~ft!!1rHJ'§9Ji¥J1-WfI~*~$z

~o~i¥J~., ~~~m*.~~i¥JI~~J; ~i¥J~., ~~~m*

.~~i¥J1D~Jo ~~~~1r{fl3r#m:, ~~~t~PJ~)~~~~~~

1r)tA~::tJU!iliEl ~~; ;tt:*, ~g~~@.A.i¥J~*~:@(;D~, ~1f.JWrm,

ftg'~*#~f~{}~=Fo ~~ft!!1r,~m~f.fI~00 § PJT~i¥J1J 0

«~~~~~~~»~~~~~ ~~

~IlA-t-f-t}J

1

{~.'~I~I> ~Ii~

~~~~B~ ·.. ····· .. ·.. ······ .. ······· .. ·.. ··· ·.. · ·.. ·.. · ·.. ····· 3

Ii ,If/ftiJ!:-~ ·· ·.. · · 5

~ ,If .. ·· ·· .. ··· ····· .. · ·.. ·· .. · ·.. ·.. · ·.. ·· .. ·.. ···11

,If ~ ·· .. ··· ·.. ····· .. ··· .. ·· .. ·.. ·· · ··· ·.. ·.. ·· · ·13

i ~ 17

~-¥

~=¥

~=¥

~[9¥

~1i¥

~-:g~

~~ ·· .. ···· .. · ·· .. ·· .. ··· ··· ·.. ···· .. ·.. ·· ··37

~iff:tJ\ 49

¥A~W~~:tJ\ 73

1$41fiiij,~~ '83

Mi&~~ "'95

l:W;liIJJ:f&~*J (t-J~~~tlli? ······107

&b~fln ...... ·· .. ···· ...... ·.... ·.. ·.. ·· ··· .. ·· .. ··· ....117

i&mtlliJt·· .. ·.. ·...... ··· .. ···· .. ·......· ··· .. ·.. ·· ·· .. ··127

2 *1EIIBBC

mn¥ J!;t'ifij "147

~+¥ ~{f{"F$l¥J~~ , 163

m+~¥

~+=¥

m+:::¥~+flY¥

~+1i¥

~+7\¥

m+-t¥~+J\¥

iSl:R .. ·· .. ·.. · ·.. ···· .. ·· .. ·· .. ·.. ··· .. ·· .. · ·.. ·.. ·....175

*J3.*iR6m ·.. ··213

m*iR6m : ¥,j~FR~t!··········································229

J!!~~ ·· ··· ·· .. ·· ·.. ·.. · ·.. ·· .. ··255

Im~J @%1H~A? 275

~~'m8+~EIil~Im!m·············································303J:::I.~,t'<J1n/',"f'\,,\...~

ji* .. ·· ·.. ··· .. ·.. ·.. ··· ·· .. ··· .. ·.. ·.. ·.. ·.. · ··325

A${flfP 345

f.!i i · ···· .. ···· ····· .. ·.. ·.. ·.. ·· · · ·.. ·.. ·.. ···· .... ·..367

IJf:t il · ·...... · ·........ ·· .. ····· .. · ·.. ····· ·...... ··· .. ·.. ··405

q:a~Jtmti~1

~q:aJt!mi~1

3

rm~ BBC -~~i¥J~7t, Jj,jJ7qm~~~9!f~ljHI r'L}P]J, ~t!tfID(

~t5'Z,I;)~:f£2, :t~tE~ BBC ~0~mH~i¥JJjHi'l:ff~~ff4, :Mz~Fim~

-'-ill, rrn r0P]J z~~~um,l;)mlPjZ-~im~mtff4o ~tt~~t5'Z9t~j:)

fitAJ ~ BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) i¥J~1~-*o ~~W6

~~ r0P]J ~!t:ft1ffi{~, B~g{~,I;) ritAJ ~UIi~ft:I+7t, {f!

~~illUr~~J~Z, rrn~BBCi¥J~~$~~~~r9!f~.~r~

~ jJ, ffi{~ff=, -IZSItt~~1:1J ,1;)*iF9!fJtpJT~ff i¥JfEj1f.J§'f'F,I;)RJ(;$Z

g, =UB*i¥J0~.~mtff4NHKtE~~i¥J~m.it~rB*~~

rm~jJ, ~ffM171jo jt:ftM~-mt±:lf],~.$rrnWBBC ffrmi¥J~~, :t

~~fi~ffJUli{~~~:

Board of Governors

Chairman (of the Board of Gover­

nors)

Governors

Director-General

Managing Director(s)

~~~HUt

(¥R~~~~) j:,g

¥R~~~

tMT~

(~{lm*Jl1l1)g~F~::t{f

~:>i-, .$~& rcommercial televisionJ ~!11, .~N:*Vg~~t5'Zi¥J

.~, :t~ur~~.~i¥J.~0P]J~Z, ~tE~-~~m~B~

4 *lElIBBC

®~fi••*~ ~~rfi~.~0~Jffm$.~~,~~~~~

~~l¥J Commercial television, 1m~1fH~-1L1irz:g$lmtIEl.5Il¥Jrll:lz:

.ff~0~J (Independent Television Companies,ITV) W;~-1Lj\=$+-

~ ImJll¥J r1fW9 iHUm:J (Channel 4), '8(1r,) l¥JlrH§ r1~fif&;fElf-f~5t1tl¥J

fEll, l$)/f'52:1.t BBCl¥J=@~J]L 1~~mM rfi~1tJ rmllfHIj~lilo

fE!.~~~1mXif-:tEltt-y AEP~, ~)m~~l¥JfiA~5jU~m/f'~, rmDXif-,,

~~§:tJ~f~/f'~03t!Jijlilll¥JmH%o .'WI., ~~l¥J Commerical TV

~§~~MfF, ~~*ffi{~:tE~ BBC ~jt~:f~:Mz1mOO~, ~~i&JfJ:ftff

Commercial TV gllTJ5JT~l¥J.ff~Il~, 1.§.7tt~fl*ftf~ ITV !l6,~t!tJ.

m*~:f~JHE, ~~jUft~lZ!3o

5

t!tWJ::19.~-@1iZmflZEfflj1§'$i¥J0:#.Jmo!ME~~7f!m1J~~

~, ~~*~~~~~~J::.m0:#.Jmr~J.0:#•• r~Ji¥J

~*J/;Z:W,-ltft~tt1¥J,~,~Ri@fg, ~~~~i@{J1M¥ 11:; i¥JfeJ!0 f! EE

~=: m-, 4i-f~0:#.Jmi¥J~~EdlfF, ~~¥-f5Ei¥JJff.R, x11:;,

~~"""~~T~1'J, fr~fiiJ~~r 0:#J, ~~~fI~fD.~Zr~" I±l

A~~m=, i@~+~ ~~0:#••~~OO~~., ~~.~

~s5G~Hft~iJi:Hi!2f:~H1W7 ~1l:'iMi¥Jiillj3.~, ;'isldl3~1i1f3't0:#.ff~~~

ijg:&-~i¥Jr",'m!o

*~~~(-~19.~~~i¥J~W>, ~~t!tW0:#.Jm~oo*r~

~}jHifj%1tJ ~~i¥Jr'&$o ~~fF~~BBCij[U9J=+£F:, EElIfi~~

frJ § ~fFA~~, -rnf~¥UfA1'J~ (~'tff:-~lfl '*~ 't;iV':- ~ ~ .~.¥,f1£),

OOfr-l11{-l11{i¥J~~~ ii, fi!2~~r:pfi~~1tftMDW~flJ*rr, ~DfiiJ

fiiIJJJ&mo fr~~I&4i-~:m*JJ&mi¥Jf!EE, @$W1JD~UfJT, :Mz~~

~~~~~ai¥JJJ&mm~o±n'i~1iZ~-n~n£F:~-n~~£F:@

~fffA1T~i¥J/\£F:r~,o

ffi~M~~-~~f!BBC~~~&~o/*IT1J~o~~~-nlZE

~£F:EE!Jr:pi!!{li, *)]~BBC, IE~=**-~~*6*~~, BBC:m~:fEl'~

~~;knliTi¥J.ff~$~Z~o ~T*~~, jJ1l:.ff~trf!rnJ (ITA, E1

1t:t*J/t~.,*4i~ff, 6J.£ r~i:.~4i'f1£A7J (lBA) i$Z}'[, ~~0:#.

6 MEi!.BBC

~A7.~-*~*Z~~~ffl~~*, ~~~mMliM~•••~

~:fJ!.r.u-BBCfDIBA, ~~fi~~OOM1o li:ffflrmfi~, ~~~~0

*t~ifr~JM~-*¥-f5o

::It::x, mif~E8 4251~fj~Hi!M~a5l:A 62511*; ~~j~ill:E8VHF~~

UHF; A 7 px::v.!ilffmif~~. /f'f~/fIDiiJ~mif~~ill:~~ffl; &BBCm

.~.®~~••, ~~-~.m~@~~o~~~••~, ABBC

~~7-1l:fy~~~~®51-*, /f1!lU~H~Z5o *.frmA5~~t!l!, $

.*.~~A(~:fJ!.BBQ, ~.~~E~.®M~o

ili~~~m?~~~.®±~~@~~m~~~m~~~®~~

1Z9~, tJ- &fi!t(#!:)i:ff,f;m1itJ i'ilitigi1i••~$PJT~.:y®.f±o ~~flQlAJ!i!

M~JXi, ~~D~Xrl±**, ABBC.:E~:v.r7*:mo-~t-~, ~*IE~

jfi; Jj]PX:Z~, /f'~Iimfl$J§1Ltt, 1~~:tiM~BBC®~~tO~Al-fl:fY~

~~~®51-*Jo~~0~.~-~~~~~~m,~~~0~m~

r:p®BBC-mM~~~,WM~~m, ~~~~, /f~~~o.~

(~:fJ!.BBC), ffiEB/f'11L?

f"ilJNi~~C¥2:~EfJBBC, ~fIt!.{J' El $, Bf-~-~~'M5~::ltf$*, ¥t

~D~*~ <te~&~3> $,t,rjffill)jrtfttJ-5JIJAPJT~~EfJ7f-*, %~~Jl1i,

Ii±m~:.tI;]o 1fu.~fi!t(%J\1f.*EfJBBC¥jVIT:m:Z1&, mm~, *~ I~e

~~n%7%~EfJ-~J, *~'§'E8AEfJY5V*o

~ffiHmm~ •• ~1f'/f'f~/f'*~!Bf"ilJrJim~BBC,~~~tf;fBBC~

7f-••M~EfJ~.oa~~.B~-~,~rJi~mte7BBCEfJ••~

.e:~~~~~.rm_.~BOCili.EfJ*~,~m~EfJ;:fJ!..~

BBC~tJ-/f'ttrJL'0~xt~tSC:EfJr",5~,f.§.l&n:PJi.1i[J;jF~DlltoI-ftfY~~~

lf~EfJ7f-*J ~~rj~*, ili~'f::£,~m~EfJ••o

ffillt~~, 0~.~~Wff,f~~EfJo~m~~BBC, ~~~~$

.:ytJ- Im~J m~ (iorM mc..€19 ffl"*. JU>.1i~ -t-.li-*~"'!Jo fOJNr~;jFe~~

ffl~7 -fLJ\O~-fLfLO~+4-Fa5, ~~03=tmif~:Wt1iX~EfJm~E.

~? (~I!J1~.i!IIt'~, Ar,,''<t;fJLIIt'~, .,f,Fj-~~'<t;fJL*/i:-A111f~. Y:J.&AJ i1!.jl}f~'I±~

~ '<t;fJL;fp.ftj-!l. '<t;fJL, R~ III '<t ;fJL,f;(ttt d1 I /i:-~ '<t ;fJL-$t] J kA r/i:- jl}j".'IE. -f--$tJ J 0 )

¥ffl~~§aEfJ~:~~••-m••A, lli~~~.~*EfJ~

~no~m~mEfJB~~~,~~*~EfJ~~o~~~~§$m,*

~f;f1fu.:

······;Jf #' ~~, ffi ~ B '1tddtl£:i;t 1¥!1'" fl} thh -t-tA4i-tt:I! 100 if

~~~z*J ~~~~A~~§~~~, ~n*~L~W~~~

fro

PJTtx~~wr~~0~mif~, /f'ijg/f'~m IAJ !¥J~.no 0~mif~~

WA1~~EfJo

*m~~o~.~~±~~.~~~.,:fffl~7~~.~, ~@

~~~~~~m~.EfJ;fiT~~.:;t::lt~-fLf101f.IJi.mif~Y*.nili,

a~~!ilff, ~~~~m~m~oBBC*~.IJi~*~tt~~~*,~

*m~~.EfJ~.;~-@~:fJ!.~I~~i1i.~~~JC¥2:m~I.:v.

.if~~f:I:r.uJ(Independent Television Commission), ;!'tpJT~+1i*mif~0

"§j~*4- (1991 ~) ¥-f~It*:JOOi'iliti1&, i&Jff~~~)(.Y&:1~m.ff,f. C¥2::I*tB

.~~, ~*~m*0"§j*~m., ffiXflt!.0"§j~m+1f.R ••;~

if.JJI.fD~~~.if~, 'M57t530~:v.7~l!IIr.u······*~*~EfJ~.,~

m~Aaft.M~.~~.m~~®••~~ElMmk, .~IJi•• if~1J]~M:U'!f03=ttlj, rm~~~mif~&1m£mif~~p~r.:t'~'I1:EfJo -f1J\

8 a~BBC

O~~, ~~~m.~0~~.n0.~fi~0~~±~.~$~~

m:37~WTjl;f-t, ur~~.JJJ~o

~~, ~~~~m~~**oo§, ~.~nOO~7~~*~~~

~: re~~m~0~~*~, mnl~~~~~~J, ~.nl.~~

~J; reBBC~m-=1~-iSm.m 1~~~~~1tJ, ffiFf.n I~~~

~0~Jo

'**, BBC fD IBA~@~~~.~~rnJ, ~fOJ~Jl~*J3.~ (BBC

~.y~.~"*,J, 1:-1I~J;I!!.~1.;;f!f~{;; IBA~J;I!!.iJ~."*,J, -tf.1:-~--r1!!11mJ;l!!.~~fli.~

-~'it;fJL/~;iJ, Y- ;;f!f-«it~-J;I!!.JtWJ~) w.JI;f~ (BBCi:'it:fJL:fJl.1HI. f', IBAi'1f#{r!J

lTV~;iJ i:.%~#-~ jt), ~JJJfjgfD.~~~fJ!ffi]§,~@~~rnJ11X$~~

r0~~mJ, ~,~nlfi$WfiJTllJttT~10~,~~$3J JHE. ~~~~~

m~.., 1til&Jfflkfi, 1t~1t lfl'iftiUJ (accountable'to the parliament) 0

¥~~l±\Kr1§~W!J!~t *~ ... JflQ"*, ITV~A1W§~:I:tI!IDt, lf~1~,

~1r'!:tBBCJ!~0~~~~ !

~~~r~~~J~~m~~~~~~~~~, -~~~, ~~

m~~im~.~~~~; ~:±:~~{g, ~j;).WJKr1§ (sponsored pro­

gram) ~1Jj:\;~~.~*iF-fljo .~.~-IJ!~~IDt~@~~.if~ftiIJ

J3r-~;f.&*a~, ~~EU~fIJ~~o ~~ft~~Jm~.~ (:tJJJlJlY-;;f!fJIX.

.~~ft~ ~~&~, il&Jff.~~~,M~m~.~w.Kr1§~~~

00, :.s':mmfjg.:liffi~~j:\;~~iU~?

~~~li.~~§~~~~~~A, ~m~~~-~m, ffi]B~

~••ffl, ~~~li.~~~~~~$3.fflo~~, ~~~A$, ~

~~~lim~~~rnJ, ~JI3:Jff~~-~~Wf~(Ievy), lZ9nft!!.1r'1~¥U~

m, ~m7**.~~ft~~~lfM~~.~~~0-nnO~~~

Wf~*~Ij:, ~-1j':~-T[~rB~~~0~t*-*,~~~fljf.&&m~5%0

{,!§~±~m~~~frfD~-t, ft~lf~nmlNJ~5ttJT0

~~~WTMrnJ....~~~, ~~lfW.m?

~~~~.~~~.~.~0~~~*~0~.~fi~~~~

1r'i:f1~.~0

~~~4-?$*~t±:Ht&ifrr-n:A~~t:l:Ht&~ The Advanced Lear­

ner's Dictionary of Current English, IcommercialJ ~@*'@;-iS

~P]ffl~, ~,1Et~I~ta3tE~if~W'i§$~.~J; pJTj;), ~~~m.~~

.if~, ~~IEOO§~I~)JH5~~if!w'J, ffi]~FftM.~~if~o $Jt~t*

~~.~, ~lf~~, ~~±*n-., .ili.mB~, .~B~o

~~M1tt~BBCo -1L-=-=~+-=FJ+liBfflGli~BBC, ~$C

*1m"*~Company(/":--;iJ)~t@J.go ~~.D),%pJm0~n:±:, ~EAffu

li**~••~~~~., ~mM*fi.n§~~~~0~o.0~

~g~.~.~.~~OO, .w.~.~••ffi~~~~fi& lfmm

1:. IBBCJ ~1lBl*, Wj;)~)O&mflJ~; §3-nOO, gil&.rnJJ:lU~j;J~

~.~+~~~*fi.~~m,••ffl~~.@W'i§~lli~ffi~OO~o

10~J~~~Ij:FJ, ~m.~om-, ~mU§M~~~m~

~)Cfi., j;)m.mflj~fD~~m, ~ 10~J M$3*~o m-=, IJ\~

~.fD~)Cfi.*~~~1Z9*fjg~1~-:f-f••w.~m~$3, ffi],I1t11f~ZP:o

U~~m~~~~~.~~~~~~~,@~~~m*~~~~, ~

$¥u~~§fio

~~;fJ!~;f~-n-=~~J\FJst:51,l~t~~1t (the Sykes Committee)

ffflli$IHs-, ~~~!M{t(;tt.~~, :E&mmflJ~i¥J~*, ~~~)Cfi.~.DJ

~~+~~I¥J~~m, ~~BBC~~/J\~~rmfD*~M.n~. ~o

10 *1E~BBC

~5l ,%I,~~ l!1r:ff¥IH!i r:p~~ 53U 5$~IJHiIHMifd: l!1ri¥J~ ~'i1:, li'f-IIi&

JffM~*F!~ilii0#~R (public body) If'X1~fLA.0'i'Di¥J~~o 1lt~*~51

*ii1M~~ l!1r (the Crawford Committee) i¥J1itF~, lt~i&Jff j;) i ~~fD¥J;1.

~J (the Charter and Licence) i¥J%~, ili(mBBCo ~~BBC~..g-T~

i¥J0::ttttJJl!1r(public corporation), ~mi~~lJ(tlttJJl!1r J (the British Broad­

casting Corporation), ffiCompany~nx;Corporation, fJJMfjijBBCo @

¥U-fLE[g~, i&J&nx;:v: i1OO::V:~jf~~J!I!.~J (Independent Television

Authority), ~mw.lJ(fI.~%nx; i~:lCgITJ (duopoly) i¥J~~lIDo :ill@:

~~Q}j;JmEA: m=1lOOBBC~ itbhl!1r J, /G~fT~ i0'i'DJo

i~:lCgITJi¥J~IT, :tE~~nx;M§Li~ft~XR~Ji¥J~~

§8, @:tEM.LW/GOO~o:ill~~~lfitl.mw.~.~M~z~o

~~~1lt, ~~0::tt.~:ff-fLAO~Ri¥J.*ili(.,.~~

BBC:ill-~i&~~~i¥J7f-~J~Z~~mt:2fs:i¥JlID§o~~.¥1lt,~

~~~nlIDi¥J.M,~m®~~:tE~.~~UHFmE.m;m~m.

/G~~~~iJJ$ffi~mr:pi¥J.m&ili(iJJ~~,®ft.nx;~~*i¥J.~

~~f8~/G~fti70%A.Oo §M~:ff1itF~j;)l)({lln~&K@ItJijH!!, f~­

1lmUHFtlt@:i¥J~jf~.mQ} j;Jf-'F[g@l:~x;]!!~.jf~ i:lZm0flf!;tr~lli~~­

fLfLO~~tI.mw.~i¥Jmk, ~-fLn~~~, ~~~~nBE+~

~~, m~m~:tili1i~J~~/G~J\~=Ti¥Jj[mA.(Gaelic), ~~=B!J\

~i¥J~m~M§ ······OO~~-7EZ~~, /GffitiiJ~~1Qj~~?

I;tti!t~#-*-_~ 001992.8.29

11

~~ i1tl3:2fs:J O,~?

.tt.~~~~~~~.n.w~m:2fs:.~, ~~~m~i¥J~~

~n.*m~~o~:ff{~~~~)r:p.:2fs:i¥J~~r:pm&, ili~**

~5~~~.~~i¥J1tI3-~U, ~i¥J::V:I!PRF!~: igt~1gWT~m~~i¥J

1tI3-:2fs:0,~? Jo

~1lt, ~.~.~~, ai¥JR.-~m~~:~~fi:ff~~~~

e~i¥Jm:2fs:.~?m:2fs:ffi~r:pA.~~, ~~BBCZ~~W.~~~

~1~~m, WPJ!I!.~~i¥J (:R:;&m€~) (A Seamless Robe, ~.;5)7I:.±-tf-;laj),

ffi).¥~ fiiJ*~ ili ;!'t:kii¥J1tI3 :2fs:.O,~?

-ftAE~ntt~~ ••,~~m••••~o$M~~.m~,m/GteHP!'J!I!.ffiQ}j;))iUA.1"§r:p, ~mmf!J3~~ntt~1tfBi¥Jmt~0 ~~,

-tlD*~l)(A., ~Rjj§M~~~~~rIl-i¥JE:P~~~*: i~Iifj.~lfiti

ttJJl!1r (BBC) Z%.:&, :g.M~-.~f§, ~~~~~j;)~Ij:g~J ::fr::fro {§.

~;!'t:., ~Tm-~1~~~±Mrs~, ffi~wr~W~i¥JJ[./lw*~, ~~

BBC 1:~:t~f.'DNfUlffj;)7f- (1986 -+£., Jt.~>t~ ~ ~fl!J~ ~:fK.%" ili~, ~Jt

jl{f~-), m{~i¥J[g~~Rjj§m~j;)t%:Ytffjf~Zo~1JL§1fH~W1lt1~~mH~

fUl~~-11m~*,fI}~~a~J.7/G~o/i¥Jwpffiffl~~I'f~);~~i¥J~*,

1:R1{t~~~ BBC i¥J~'IPf, §iJJ~Tmo ~~m-~$~i¥J(:R:;&1!~U§i)

lligt1~~~m~~~ffiH~¥U~53Ui¥J1~~, tlDlmfiJ3l~i¥J;1'tfili.~, :tE

~~M~~~-~~~, ftili~re~*~~M,~~*Bo

1~~~~U~~*B 0

~~I~=OO~~, ~.MM~0~.~.~.~~*~, H~

1l*~~~r13~f&'~f-], ftj;J-10~.ff~~~EY']~n,!§?J~~~Uj~!rr;gl1lt~x,

~1J07 -t~IUJ~.ff~JJL~~~liffM. 0 ~~t~, 'i"4~~~~rJtE-~E[J

~, ~7ft4~~, ~~X~m7ft~~&~~~m~o¥-nn=

4j\~ EJ"J~4, 3mfl'1J*~~~~, *~A**M~I:B 7@:f&'~r13~mlUJ~0

~.m~x*~~~~+.Hom~~~~.ffi,ftm-*W~@a

*§Il*~~~~~~x~~, tt~~~~§~~~~~*0~~~~

0ff~ (BBC) i¥J~., ~~*§Il*~gffio

mt1tt, ~wftftmm:l:i!B-r: ft~W~, ft:;tt.~IIl'!Ij5JTPili,

~ftm.Jo~~al®MJ®~~~ffi, :;tt.~W~~#fi., &~

~A!'t~, ~1lt~~~~IW1:Ji~~Jo ftrM~~~, @j)mX~0m.J

~ml~PB~J, ®*~§ag~~~M&~I~~J~~~~!M

U, ~7~§••~~, ftX~~M.~oR~, ~1lt-*, ~ftll*

~~~~~~U~~~!'t, ~*~~W~~~®~~~,ftiliRW~

ff~I~~§~J®~~.~:1lt~~~A~ilio

ftr"'~~~1~~?

13

'i"1<JJ, A1I"1~mft~PM~f;£I~~J~tm~1t J (BBC)~¥A17*(Director­

General)-~~1*z.itt, w~1:B~*M*1€l~, r",~ &a~:ap~~ftg1l"

m~-*@]~~o 'i"~, aB*~r5Ei:R:J[J\' ~~.L-)' Jift'Z$J fF~~~

1m:tt, ~~ftilH?,~m~;ffl~5lfi± (Lord Normanbrook) i¥J~l5i.N~, m

~flmf.L.AtEJti¥J~m, ~aW~~IJHI~1t~r13~i¥Jj:t~ji~, ~~'i"

~aOOAi¥Jf.L.~, ilil1lt~fjg~fthrn:i:bDj;J-000o }L~r:iJj;J-0m.JmJmiY'1,

-~0mft~~JJJI~1ti¥Jm-~t:f:r, n!~ilir:iJj;J-~~i~¥U, ®~1t*

.~n!'i"~~ft~.~~OOz.~ft~0;fflo®~~ft~~~OO~.~

~~n~? ~'i"~~~JJH.~1t*.*1'F~5Eo aft*~~, B~/J\JL\

fifi, ~~.*.t:f:rM~~~~& .:;ttr:iJ~~~~o

~1tt, ft~~.R.fi± (Sir Michael Swann) ~~W, f&'~~~~D

~t~**~A (Lady Collins) i¥J~J!, ~~fti:R:5Em*.~'i"~:'J3-:m=rn:i

§--~~~~, m*.~'i"~ft~~~+~*, ~1UJ~~~~z.~

~w'Jn~i¥J:lm~, fIlr:iJfjgi¥J~2~r*o f-tl!1I"ilH?,~, ftn!~~~~w~

4*, ft0~t~~j5JT~*~§-~,U]t!~mJNi¥J1J;i:\1¥~, :M[1J01VHlI1;

*~fjg~m~1'F, 1-tl!1I"fli~, n!~ft~~T~~~~j])I:mZ.M~, ~

M~~, ••m~i¥J~.~m, ~~ill~~~~~m&®~~~A~

Ro~.*, ft.~~@~~, @~.W~.~, ili~~~7om*

.~~RlG*o

14 ttI'-BBC

~®, -~~~~r*, ili~~~, ~~m~M~0~~~~@

••, .~~~M$~ftm~~§.ott~, ~¥&~~~@~••

~ ~~~~~B••~.~ID~~~, m~~.~~~o ~~, *.~m-$ffi~ti~mlli~~om=$ffi~U~~m~~~-@w.~

~ mlliM~:@W.~~~.m~~~~., ~~.~~7~@~

lreo~? ~~*.~m.=g:~{5tM~*JHFW1~o ~7f., ••ret~~:ID'tU~*

tWffijIDrPG~ifd:.fJ!~, -tl1~ffl*mW~i1J§ ~-f!l!B1U9§, ~~-tl1~*~

7AWAZ~f!l!f!l!~~~~,m~,~-tl1~*.rr~ZM,~L7IM

~J, ~{~~~tt{:E¥Mj':Bt~{Im~19§~~{t*, ~@{+~.~, f'J=7Jf1;{+

~JJ:; ~rr~Zf3t, ~-tl1~1J[J71~~J, mj&j~l&$*~~~-~19§

!¥J{1=m, tJ&{ImAJI:~~U~r""m, ~JfI;@]!lUio ~~~*~, ~pg~*

~-tl1~~g~IDtI3)j'f:1¥~~tNE87: ®ti~*IDt, ~g7mmlli~@W

.~~~A, ~~~W~A~, ~.~~~~~IT~j&jM~~o~~

~{1=~*.B-9~flI!.r::p]!1J[J~7m~U, EIDt~~fI[~:l:ii!~••~11m3UM

OO~~ ®.~W~MOOffi~B-9~~~e,.~~~lre~~ffW­

@r",')l!lH'~$W~ftP.ffilUJ~~e7t.ll®ffifBo*.~i"Jm-I"*~~mJ

(~.#-: :it1mlf*~lbfk.~?t±), *!~®*o

~~, *.~~B-9~e, ~~OO~?~5G~®IlIlMli-~~/f~~

mj&j~A$*~*, ~~~.~m~~~B-9-@~m,.~m~~~

m®e, pgr::p~~7W.~~&.19§~~e,-tl1~&7@A~~~o

~mm~~m~, *.~~m.~~-m.~~~M~~ep~~•

• m.Zpg, ~~~MW%*I.!¥J~~ofr*.!¥J~~~,~-tl1e

~~m&, ~fJT~~~!¥J-@r""e~~!f-f)l)K, fLZlremm®~ffl :ID'-~~'I'flf

~o~~, ~*.r::p~-tl1~~M~, ~~~~••m.!¥JM~, ~~

J¥ ~ 15

~~~.m~, ~~~.~~A, ~¥~~~~m.~, ~~~ffB-9

¥J1f1;t;: ~m~g,:gm, ~@r""e~ I~r¥.i~ ~. J (the Annan Committee)

i¥J¥IR~~, e~~~fff~~, ~-P-~A/f["j'l]~~IDH!1ti: J~'1¥W~i¥JA.,

fr7~~~~Z~, -tl1.~m~~ili~~~~, * ••~~~@A

m~~~~-@.~~m~~i¥J~~@~e~~.*~~Zpg, •

&ti~{:Efi1J11m3UAto/J~~~, ili~{1=~~lZ9/flre~m, lZ9m*. § i¥J

1£:ID'~-~0 .w:§g~7 mJ!~~~~UtE~r""eo

5G~*~,ft~~~~~A±o~~~~fi±W~#~Ai¥J~~:

1frt~(G. Campey)1l¥OO-¥fiWi, :t.tt*U~~~1JD; ~i¥JD~W-¥~, .~~

ft~l3"¥.fB/fmWl~IEi¥J:l:ii!7J, fflj~±~A (Mrs. R. Haynes) ,§PgtJltHlli

7ml!ffi~§)Ii¥JIE~o

.~, ~~m~~m~w~~.m~M~~~~~~~i¥JA±,

$~mmi¥J••~M, ~*.~~~7JWmr7~.:~r::p, ~~~

~~~t~~IJI.mWlf£,.~~m.llwrCJ.Norris)W~i¥J["j'l]f~; m.M~

~!¥Je:.5l (G. Buck) W1ili5llli (M. Checkland): fI}~, ~~{Jlt:t{f, {~~

~tt{:E~~••i£h.~1j':Bti¥J*g:~{5t~rl"l',m~10.w:~J (Publicity),

~f~fJT~~i¥JRHi~mi¥J~{tJ, {~W{-TiWl:l:ii!t~mjljj(~z~, {~1~~

~~~m§a.RZ/f~, ®~IT~~mWffifB~7JOO, M~*~!¥J~

~sE, ftP.i¥J:t~rr, .fr1~~i¥J~.o

17

*rlJ~1tt:fr~ ~if@JtJm,,'J, flG1r5~~m;f~~, ~ ~rJ:l~~¥~:ffBA

X, mJEJ&IffJJ!~1~ffi1-T:w.:, ffff;;(.FIZ9A ffffmJo fr~Jti;;«r*x*~:f&,

lE~f.t~¥:m.tt:~WIiT1-T:w.:EtJ~m; [fflffif, ~Jti;x+-lli*~YD~,

*~flt1r5EtJjfd:-wrf!I';~j;J- ~-@jA 'li~f!I';:@.m, 1fZ.fif!I';~f1t1J1J!~~ 1¥J~

~IJ, m~BAEtJfr§i1Jo Jf~Jfr±-wrfffr~~JN'~'tmWlIDi~Et-J~ESI, flG1r5f&

~~:@.mo r",'J~fr:fi)', ?ff~EtJjfr±-wr1l5IJNW~i*, MfN3i:~, ~~~:@.

EtJ-lli~~AWAEtJ~~~~, fffff.t~0m~~EtJ~~, -llifr:fi)'m~EtJ

Af.t~~$ ffff i!EfFEtJ:fr~mllffi, Wf!~ JL'ff1IDC~ ffffta'<T~~o 1)£:w.:fHi1J

-JJ[0:tt¥i5i1JEtJA, "e1f15JJtrm, :@'JJ!~1m~JJ[~~lJo ~~:fi)'~~D~~

JJitfft&;-wr~f~EtJ 0:tt~i*, :it;tt£,~J[~I~cffff$1-TiliJJ[J*~IJ; ~1~L~tff

t&;-wr~.ffffn~m~~J&lffliE.~EtJft~ IZ9m~*~EtJ¥i5i1J, f.t

:fi)'~~tt-wrEtJ~~~.W0m~fijj], ~M~~~~Et-J~Wo

*.EtJm.fr:fi)'m.~m~~~~, ~~JJitfft&;~EtJi!EfF.~~

~~, fffr~~Jti;~~:@.~, M&~~JJi:Jff.~~~, JJ!~~1m~Jti;

mllffi; :izJ1&iliJti;~~IJ, ~1J~r*~F71V~~frmtEEtJr",'J~ffff7f~, ffffj;X~~

JJitfft&;-wrEtJ'Ifl'l7B*~, ~~~~ -wr:::trrtW¥A1-T~EtJAta, M~x.~~

£,~J[~~EtJo ~ Ji5ili=frm~~EtJA, ~*NEi~~JJitfftfih-wr~jj;J-~lLi¥J

~~x~$, m~~i¥JlE~••ffff~~*~EtJ;~~~~~ffif~g~

a, fr~~JJitffm-wr.lL~M~EtJ~~~~~fi8,A~~SEtJ••

18 iIUE!.!BBC

~tJJ:1'IJH~IL ?'&W, fttl:H£ili=flBl~~ZM, ffufr'!¥J*~J!!~DfPJ: f£~z

1&, {fufr'!¥Jli';I]'t1liB'CX.~~DfPJ; ili~ffufr'ft~*fBOOzP'-J, f'f§~miJE.

0m~~~~m~~!¥JM~, ~~m~~Wow~m~~~~~~~

~M~ ~?'&~~~.~®~ ®~.~~~~*~*mo~~ili@

~~, *.~~~fi~R, ~*~.~~~m~~~~~~~, .~

.MW.W.~~w~m;~$, rt~~mllirtftf£P'-J!¥J-~~~W

fT$o ft*.!¥JR6Mtfi~f51, rt~~~R~f£P'-JWm{j'[~m~~1!::i:fr¥;!¥J

;tt$~~o

~J!!~!¥J~**~, ~~!¥J~.~~ft~f£m~~~!¥J~~AZ

~, fj~~*i!t~~~:f§~m~o @]~rt~cB"JfYlJr, fjtmf.~:ua!t

~~Wf~~f!JB"Jf~f~, JE.j;).Wf~~~AftfFlli*UIIT~, ftJHP]~rt:

f.§.\r::1Jf~:I:t!!, ~7I--~~f!J!¥Jfl*f~("*",g 1:), rtw-!.s-tl1~~~filio rtB"J

W!ft)(~~*~mf,jJJ't~E~~!¥J-~$±, ffu~h@5t.$: ffu1r'W{fufr'

!¥Jam, -tl1~~rt!¥J~~a---lli~~~®m*,~~~~A~m

~:R1!f--l£-/\h01f.f\~~f'*,Ht--t=:st (Cavan) W11til±~::i:A~

tf:l, 1)(*71B3Ji!!B"J'@-f510 rtB"Jlf!ftatf:l'@-~1JD$**[$j$~WTf4§: (Nova

Scotia) *~~ug.f!J~(Halifax)~, ~B"J~A~Ij~~+/\i!t*cftE~~M

~.§:;~*~o rt~If!ft)(~ft~\r::1Jjf[~rtltr~:I:t!!~,*B~7~o -/\1L

=1f., jf!ftal£~mM~i!t7, fDT7+~~)(m, ~~ahfj'[IJ\~9='

~-flLo x:m~l!P*~1±fj'[l£M~:iJjX(Phoenix Park)~~*~m~jf[~

.~, ~~, '@-i!tWx:mffi~~A, ~~~~J!!~~~!¥J~~, ~~

~A~~~*ij~f~o -fLO=1f., ffu1JOA7~jf[~~~, ~.ep:ltimJ;§.

*5t~¥UE[J~ij~~; ffu$WfIl}i*~1Jo!~Vi~;t (Loos) ~1~, *1!IiWfl:iJo ~

itdfu:tE~Mf4 (Glencorse, -1m1tilL~T~ CEdinburghJ i¥]Ji!!.i1) !¥J~*,*

M ;=; 19

~~M~~~ffi, ~ftW~~~7rt!¥Jamo

~~.~~E~A~~~*.~AZ-,~~~.~~Bm~~

!¥J£$~A7~~---llift~jf[,-lliftm*ox:aft-fL=01f.

*B~~zi~, ~~ft~~f41jt~~-g-B~J§1~jw)i'!H:t!¥J~PfT, ffufr'@]¥U7

~ffii'* (Dublin) )(m~*, ~1~~rt~*gm;o §:'Tfjt~flBlW~ffj;)i~,

a;m~1}fJ7'M~ffii'*, @]¥U7~fBT (Aberdeen) l@~~~*o fifTj;jm, fZ

~~~*~~m., tf:l§:.:tE~••, f.§.W~~ft~.M:R*!¥Jof.§.*

~~~.-~m.m, ®fjt~*~~~••~-~;mmmo

~7ft~.~~;m:fDmZ57i-, 1f.Y~~~~~mll'i~~~,~, fZ-tl1

~~ ~!JEo 1±i~~~Jj, ~~1~M~, fjtfrHg~1.tt.l:~t1Eft~fBT~

'M~ffii'*~i&1o *atl:l§:'~~T~mB"J~~t1:1:t!!~--.5:2~1Pf (the River

Ythan) W¥~X:f1ffi CEllon), ®fjtfr,~m~-1f.~~WJ*~B"J.t~,mE~

~m.~~~A, +~i!t~~~ ~~am*~~-~o*a*A!¥J

~~~'IW*B:f§••J¥o ~~fjt*m, Wm~~.J! ~~7jU~g?6~'@-f51,

rtl:iJ-~~~.~~~M~~~~~~~~o ~~m~R~*, rtw

~$~B~~Z~~o~m~.~-~,~*~A~~~.AR~~

~-.~\r::1J~~~.A,fjt~~~~ili~B"Jm$~~~*~®~~~o

ifEj;j M¥U;E~ft, ~~~A!Jir?R:~TlJA ~~~~~, 1mgffiJ~~ffu fr'~1j'

m~l1::., ~~~ffufr'*J}B"Jg;g\r::1J, i!!~Z~~, ~?f,(PJf)fo i~M, ~

mMA~:;FR~~t~~~I@A: ~~.~~~I@~g-flBlfi~f51o iftE

MJ, fiQ,fr'fN*~~g7l--flBI~~: iftEMJ, ffufr'tN*~~g7l--flBll@

*, ~D~~.Mo

*x:aft-fL=Il91f.~167, ffufr'17iBt¥U7~~M¥'J:R:W[$jfi~~­

M~~, *X:ft~~~-@M~, ~~7-f51~~oftx:m~-fLll9

20 MfJ~BBC

li!¥*i!tZM, a1l"-@:f::t:tE~@:l:ilin0 MIDt::fZ:;$:A:tE-1L1Z90!¥ft

fj M1'±~Utt(Cambridge)L1&, E*~1&&'~&i~t)(!t!*g, ~~, :tEflt

~.*~UM. fltm@~~w~.~, ~~~~.IR.ZZ(~~:

1t~1H~.:#tH-k1.Jlr .." ~l@-fi-!l. T-~~J:.*-itJ:., 1t~lf.J;f~Ml='ll1-, 11-fi-;r:::~­

-r"l~;). ~*J]~~:l:ilin~~/J'.~•• ffi1&X~7iS~~~~$~f5(

(grammar schooI)o8

@EW~~~W~-~~ mti~~~B~W~~M§jfflL§~m

~:E}r?fT~i¥JI~$.f5(Jo :tEj}f5~:l:ilin. a1l"~r~~t&~i~)JJ~~:£:

.~. m&~W.~~-~~.m.E~~:flt~&fil~.~~~

~~~~i¥JJ.~:flt~~!¥JR~~.-1LO~~W-1L-A~$*

ffi*~~~~~!¥J~~m••~-~.*rm~.T•••~~~a

tlt1l',t&;;$:1&j-'~fF-fF~"J~~1~~fFj}f5~l~fI1iJ i¥J:rj]~o 1El:tEj}f5ff1~~

~~gffi. ~ijl(ijT~~. ¥J\~~~WJm;%, ajt;!tgC1~flti¥J~gffi, fiP,~

am~~tt••i¥J. ~-ffi~~.fi. ~*~~:m"lll~m$~m)JJ_

~o ~D*r~~1iP,i¥Jlj Ifr, fltmJJ,tr~~iiIfm~A~uttJJ,t..Yffi:fZi¥Jm1lBl

±mJ!Hll, mff,tf&iiI§g~Z~Do

ffi~M*IDt:.~.flt.~i¥J~W~~*~~*Xo:fZ~~i¥J~~.

.~¥UT~DfiiJf:*MIfFi¥J*cW; ~mnOO, *X~IJ~1'{:}~~1iP,:tE~­

*i!tW*~ZM. ti~-~~Ai¥J~~. =+~~*. @i¥JIW.~

15-m~A~M~.~a.U*.~o~.!t!~~.M~W~$~~~,

~jf!)~i¥Jm., fiPJtjj.:j~~~AfF-f, ~.¥U~j}f5~~'~'tR, M~B1&

@~ffiU~, R~-~~¥ffii¥JA, ~mm-~*~.:tE~~~~rm

Oif;ji.: x.;:k"";f,t~~*~~~i:\t.IIt:ititk.-!ti(. 11 3:- 18 ~-k :J;Jf-'~'dt.ft-f1!]I";'-.ft-'f-!t,~#~~.•••*~~.•~1t~M~~.

iVJ § 21

*~~~o~~*a.~-~~~.~~~~~.~.~~~~§••

~@~i*. ~~~m«o ~D~ft~tB±~~*i1rlll~~F~"J~A.*-EER±ft

~~~~~.. ~mM~~~~a~. ~~m~,~~~. *a.~~

15-m:fZ. ~!¥J**7I--~~~:9:. J:&1~T~:m"lll*@.1i1LJ~ 1~~Jt~Jo

ft~~W!¥Jmffi~aZ~ ~~fta. :fZ~&~+~.~~~$. ffi

~@A~*~~rm §. :fZfjlJ~iiIj.:j~~1~~:l:ili~. :fZlI".J:H:£r:p1~¥U7

m$~••:®~~U*. :fZ~~.m:fZ~~~rm~~T~.o~.

~~~. ~~I~~~~ ~:fZB~~±m~~~~:~*~~*X

jlC1j~:fZ1I"~~TliUfi¥J~~. rm.:&~±mx1JDj.:j ~JE, :fZ1I"~~

~~.~m.~~~ .~*~~~o

B~. :fZ~~7~. I~mR~~~~~A±§.~n$Z-:

m~a~~A* •• m~*~~u~r:p.~A. tt:fZ~~~m.~~

~WpgFfl:, .tta~~¥U~~rm~m~J:&z~, ~~!¥J~J['t;§-o A~1JI

~M~~~~~§.~~~,~~~~.~i¥J*~o~~*,m~~

~-)f;t:II*~~~: ffimil[J~B ~~§g;[J\~jjj$1fi¥Jo

~~~*. .:fZ~M.~~m~$., ~a.~T-.~~, m:fZ~±m~~.~gffi;W~ (F. Salter) ~§jfflZ~o j}f5.~Rfl~~~~j~M~

(M. Luther)~.~'r1:o ~~Z.~, ~~~~~fiP,~*~A~. ~~

~m~R~7-.~~m.?~-.~.~tt~-~?~~.~~

ZfF-f, apfT~~~~*4~-~~~, ;!t~~;f§.ZP: •• *:t~~tBm~

i¥JfH~o ;w~9C±~flti¥J~~~BZ.,.T-ii]Wf~:1*i!t.i¥J~

ffiX~~~~?J~~ ~~~tB~~~~~~.!¥J~m,~~um­

~~.Tflt~~.§jffl~o .~, fltRmlliB~~ a~~~m~!¥J.

~~~~o~~.~~~m:fZ~~~~$:~®~~~.m~,$~~

22 a~BBC

*~~~e.o~7~~,~.~~~~~~~%~,.~••~&~~~~~MR~~~M.~~.-.om~~~~*~~.A~~

.~.$~~m.~o~.~.m,~~~~ffW~W., ~M~~

W~M~~ffi.~~$~OO, ~~@~~Ho~.~mlliAm.~~

~~, n~7rr~MLW~~~®~.~~~~~o

~m§~*~~±~~~L~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~$

~~m~~m~~, ~7-%§.orr~~~L,~~~W~-, ~

~%i'JT~jBot{!:f, :M~, ~.f~'hi«t~• .tto i&m~Jj1fH~~~~IJ~*~-m

.A~~~~, ~S~~~.$tt~M~i&m~~Mmlli~~~~~

~; m:M~*m, ftiti.~IDlt1JOO, ~r"I~f4{)]~i'§&~m, ::t;:!'t~

&~~:;:EWg-r"Ii&m~~~f4:MOO~~, i&m~~~r"I~:M~~m

:1JOO~~fft. ~~r%m7§Lf~. ~~~gl;G.tt{7ljo &"~, ~=r"I~f4~

~~i'l{H~~~o ~~~m~ffifIJ, mil[J~~i&m${!:f~1T~Yf\'1j!i:7e:~

.~, ~~~•••om.A~~M~fi~~, W~~@~~oft~~-~fI, ~@~m~~-~~w:tfi!ll&ij[~~o

~ffiJ, ft~~i3iG~m(:K.Jt:.Jt(tH~-6VEl -'f) ~f~, {]]~!fiH1t~~~J~\

Wfi, ••~~~~§~~-~~~, ~~~-@~~tt~m*, ~g.~~-@••~~~o~~~m.*~, ~~rr~7~.M~.~~~~WffiJ*~M, ~W$~.$~~o~~~~m*,~~m~

tjJj1fH~, B~gl;GS-.§~~{,\W:I*~o

~m~~~~m*, ~ffifIJ~ft~fI, W~~7~~~±~ffi~o

~:M~±~~{§"{qI. ~t~7fH~-~~M:~, EE~~-~J~\~~f.i,

~~B~lliff~rr~~~~~~m~~~,~.~ffiJ~.~~*, ~

~, ft~~Rm-~tt$, ~~~i'l~~o~.~ ~~~*fi~m

~m~L +~+%:f:fi!~~, ~1I"ftmffilf:!L~$IIt, ~:Mz?~~.1*~ 0

~±~*fi-m~~~~~~~, m~~M~~~, ~-OO~mMm+

*~ m@~~W&~o~~*fi~~±~ffl~, %m§~*x, ~

fflJ~fj£jj[:5.&~Ymtj*. i'§&"~m~:f:fi!Jrfijl{7 -~{§fjE~{!PSo *XftE[J~N~1~~~{,*, f~¥U7-*/J\lJ\~&:~~Ri. ~tj:tl!*mg:g(Tamil,

~~: ~L~~~••£M*~.~.6Vrn~R~~,~m~~mm*~~, m.~-~®~~~~®1*~-@~~,OO.m@ffi&"~.~~

*o~~, ~~~~~*.~o*X~§Lf~~L~~,mm~~~±

~1*~~~~.,~~&~~~o~M*mffl$~~~mM~~~~,

~~~~7lli~, ~~-~~~~~~A-.,~~~.~~~, ~

~~~.ttJ**~ffl{m~±~~A*1~~Yo:tE1HIj\~~f,*, §t@l~B,~1I"~jE~¥U**9=l!1Et)'>i-~~';§t, E![J{j!~~~ XMe%', ~Y~~

/fto ~~. :flt1l"~r9:~~1JD I±B~J (~~: ~-t-if-~ El J;>l.* 1It'-t~{f.J it

~~;f.¥:)o :MJlt, ¥JI5~{lltj-;OlflHH~E!Jj~, ®.f~*X~fJg~, gtj§1T~~~~.~~~~~±~~-@£*~.,~~~~~~~~:!'t~

::R±~~PJT~~**~ l~titfJo I~~r",~~J ~~~~~, ~~J:.fJg~

§RAWT{:E{ilJ~U1t~J~\~E[J~, ~~{!IJ~~tj.~I&f~±~~Jj;g~ 0

~.*X-H, ~~~R~~~.~~fiS~, ~~~.~7*~~

{§"{qIo

B~, .~rr~$~~.~7~~*~~1j!i:~~~~, ~~~~

~7@~~, ~~~~§~o.~~rrtitf.~~M., ~m~~~~

--'? :fIJJ\i!t:wm,~ ~±~¥~rs~~t&~~, ~~1I'~m @~f.i~A., ~~

~~~7m~fjE~-~~.£W, ~ffMm~W7Mo.~m.~~

±~~. ~~~m@~';§tL, Bm7§~~~~~7M~ ~~m§

~:f:t!!;m*tJ<:JE!;;~~, ~~~::a~§~§Jff!:~JE!;;tJ~.!iJto flt1:E~gffi~~!¥J~

~~~~~, gHOO~7~~~~, m~;m*, fIt~~~~!¥J~~,

J:j&fIt~~J~\-l;7]J¥Jwl/**, ili~Jl,;t~1t£l1tF7f]m~ml¥Jo ~~~rp'j, ~t~

I¥J-OO~~ 1:Efi.~~T7~~I¥JW~ ~fIt.~7WA••~.

I¥J~~ ~JE!;;, 1±fltB~I¥J~m, um~~ofltl¥J*~~~~::a~l1t

ffif]!~i*~IJ, fltMz::FUiJE:, 1.§.fltl¥J~~~l1tffif]!~iJ$llID, ~1j~mHI~::F

~J¥J~o

~7~~~~ffif.~WA.MI¥J~., fltilii*~~~~~!¥J~W

z~li, ~{.ll~gffi*A@:7t::Mz:1~~j:~tE, -WU~~~J:!:l ~~.o ~fIt

m~I¥JRa ~1¥J.mrt*~~.~±*~M~, a~~~!¥Jm~~

Wr (Dominican)~~o EE~ff~m ¥U* rfJ TrJt, {fuiliJl,;tIllI'U!f!~:&f nJG~fi*

I¥JM~, ~~~~ fltiliJl,;t.~~£.~.~MI¥J~T~*, .~~

ml¥J1¥1±o ~~{ful¥Jmm, fIt+7tA~, ~.$M·rmr~mM(st.Thomas

Aquinas)J:j&~~J:!:l~~~I¥J.M~*W.J1I!., iliJl,;t~t~:f:t!!~~fltpgJ~\

J¥J-~*~oflt**M~J1I!.EE, ~~~~~JE!;;~~~?fltm, fltn~

~:t¥tLT~fF~=f-1J1t~&~f~z-, (-tf*: ~rN1f.'H,:a*-~~1fZfl",

JHf r{f-~J ~ ril!fflJ ~i'!L::.*-IJt, *~ 1:.tf~::fo 1990 4-1\!':.q~, Nf"J~1f

ikjl'] e...~Zo ){fu-lf" :U:~U~:iF:1~mZ!jt~, MzmftQ~l:iJJ:j:fJ[~{fu~

J:!:l~~.J¥J~Je~, j;jJ1:t¥l=~-{.ll~~~o (~il.~JJL, ~~,#;1'l!ril!!..tt~~

'F, ;;1 m~.~~G]-HJ>ffi"fY}.tIJ-*--il!!.foJ RLI1.:1~Y~lJf, ~ot~~liL£~~!t-~-i:-,

~~il!!.~~ik~~~~~~Z~, ~~il!!.k1:.~*~~~~~~~,~il!!.fY}~~,

~~~il!!.••fY}#T~L ~~.T.~~~.~~)

~7~.~~, fltJ¥J*~~WM.::F~o~I:iJ~7t~~OOM@*

mo ~-{IIDM@i~Lj~~E1~fIt{~~J¥Jf4§, ~={IIDM@~Ij~~~~~

M ~ 25

1J07*~~j:~~gffiWr, ~{1=ljJiM~WrJo 1:E~u.WJrs'j, fIt~-OO£AA

~W~~Wr~1Jo~~~~~gffiJ¥J*/J\fF-fffIJmWr: ~1it/J\Vjffif~ffi~

fDo 1ltfF-f, NP~.m±;m~!iIT~.I¥JJ1I!.m, ili~~::F~§; ftQ£\~~

~*mm~~o~~~~~J¥JfF-fOO, fIt~~~1:Ea~~I¥J.#T, m

~1:E~~affl¥J~j:~.m~mo ~J¥Jm*, ~~~M~~~~, fit

~~.I¥J~~ ~7]!~~~E1~J¥J.~, 7mili~~~~o

~1D'fIt{~~8"Jf4§, ~1j§~F7f]~7f1t~rfJt!b*c~rJHI¥J~~znJfo

fIt~~m~~rfJm~~.I¥JWm,.::F~~~JE!;;g.*~, .fi~m

~l¥Jifd:Wr~~~~I¥JI"J{*, ffif~flt1t£,~;w~~g.l¥J~f~, ~1~7tlD

WJ1trr~~OOJ¥J~~7t~.~~, ~~~fIt~~~ttm~J¥JJ1I!.Mo @

;mm*, ~fF-fflt8~-**rrT£~, ~]!~~~8"J.~. 7M~§

aJ¥J*~, ffifflt~MR~M~7~OO~~, 1.§.~N~~~~~t~M

~m; ~~, m@ffiJ{i*~~t~~E1fl¥U~@~f~o

~ffi*, ~~*~*~J¥J~m, #m.~, ~~B~fIt.ff~~

••~Wr~rr~~@.m.5zfF-f,fIt~~.AW~§J¥J~m, ~rr

mt~~J¥JWf1.W*UlTo 1±~JE!;;'fllfi5l, fIt£\~1~:t~flJj:mE{.{fiIW'lJ¥J:U:;!:~

7ET*, ~~J~\~, 11=~i$V!i, :f:l!~53UAm!tHl¥J~*, tlD*ff$:f:t!!~

m, lli~~::F~*@m~~~:Mzft, m~fltElaJ¥J*~~~~JE:,

{El.53UAiliWr~~;m$, ~J:jJtt1JDfIt~~J1I!.I¥J7m, ffifflt:E'~~ J1:t;f~:E'

~~, ~::F~~.*m~o~~~~••~WrJ¥J~H~, ~::F~I¥J~

W~ffifEl~~~, ~I¥J.~~~.~, ft3~T.~o

1±~JE!;;~~~W~*~~ ~~7-~fF-fOO, ~.fl~flt8~~

V!i]!j1!-*, J:j]!~1[~J¥JJ~\~, ~~fIt~~j:~J¥J*1qr, ~{1=J1t­

*ii1f~, fIt.~:f~E1a~J:1lJ1JD7-7t~E1~j:.I¥J{§~o-$jt, flt1I'~

26 tt~BBC

~J!:l;;~::t~tE~3t~L¥JYfS[o1Jt11'~::;r-fH~.R~~F'fEI ~8'9{§{qJlE1iiM.t:t,

~1&~*3UA~~m,~lE*8'9fW*1Eo 3t~L¥J~~m~e*~f.N~f1tL8J,

e ••~~~ 1Jt~~::t~tE~.~o~~&~~M~ffo~ffiffl,

-{lBI~*f'!g~:tE~~l:.i~J~f1~~~~L¥J~;gIJ:'J,a~Jf~*l:.L¥JfF:i%¥f

~M::;r-~~, ~~~~#ff.o~~ ~~~~~~.~T~, M~

8'9.~, .~~~E1EE~~ifH8'9mffj, 1Jt11"~IJ:'J8'9fIJ~~:tE~:m!o1Jt~D

~, -~A~~~~~~~::t~tE~~~~8'9~$o@~~8'9~$,

~~~*, %%~~~~~~~L¥Jo••l:., ~~~=@~W~~~

e*~IE~~;g1'lJT*~E1 EE L¥JJ]Ullj, ms~~L¥J~~~H!~IEAf*J:&~{JQl

n~, ~Y~~~*~ ~~~~%~E1~®~L¥J.o a~, ~*m

~1Jt:tE~~~~M~~L¥J~mn~, ~Jf~~~~T~~L¥J~~o

1Jt:tE~~~rs'L¥J~u~, Z 'J3.PJ~o 1Jt;E;I~J[¥UEP~J'I[r::pfF{JQlwil**rg

~, ~~~~~ffi~rolliWTo~~-~~.~L¥J~&~~:tEm#

~~mlli~~.~~, .~T-~$~~, ~~~~mL¥J~~, ¥f*

~Wm~~, ~~~~*~~fW*~*TmB~~o-n~=~~~

=+n a 1Jt11'~m~EP~~~~, 1Jt11'~1~, 1Jt11"L¥JM~e*~fEl~m~,

r~~~A'hf({'~j(L¥Jt~:tllio {EJ.1&*8'9W~, ~r~~1~{~9=t8'9'mo :tEEPt!t~

wil~{lBI~ j;)1&, ~*5tW¥UM*~8'911f~o :tEEP~~rs', ~§*1m~¥Ij,

M${~mml~A11',{~m8'9~s, {J'9=tI¥JfJJim~Jto :jX{JQlA!M~m~s

ElmL¥J@]H!, ~~~*~~,~:m~~ (Urdu), ~m-*w:t~, ~~~

%~~~~S,OO~~.:tE~.o~~,~*Tr::p*,~tt~~~~,

~T+~@~, .T~Y*.~, @m:tEe.~T**o~~,~X

1!tl~~*T~*flj, ::t~~W5v~:tllio ~~JlWvW5:tlli, ~~g;;:~~

~~~*~~, :tE~W5~~~-@~ffi8'9~l:.,~•••~~~, ¥f

M" ~ 27

~T~{lBI~, ~L¥J~*flj~~B~ffi~.*,~~~@~S~~~~

~~.~L¥J-$~ ¥f~~.~Wo:tE~*~L¥J••li{lBl~OO, ~~

*VK~.¥mJ\EPt!tJ'l[*,~$, ~J'I[:tE~*flJgIJTT7'G~I¥J*C~, J'I[±f-t

~{t!!11"L¥Jt~~rgm* (D. Russell) ~4J'1[~*~1JDo 1JDA~:'Zg:~~j;){&,

1Jt::t*J!~TM{+~::t.~1±*i,~!fJJ, rm~~~~T~, t!P{~~!'j[!'j[

-mm.A, ~M~~W~L¥J~.~, ~~~~~~~t!to.*MJ'I[

~~-m%~~.L¥JA, ~ffi~~00{EJ.~8'9~~#A,~A~.,

1iMg-~L¥J~'I~, iJ1E~~~0

~1&, ft®'i'~j(@]¥U~U~%~fltm~48'9**~m("tf.#-: ~~l k"t-=­

If-. JliJ ~$,. 'f ~I'il'~~-Rit-l;lf-), &"~~-n~li~+~ 0~~ft~U~~~*-~~-~~d~ ~ ft~~~ ~~-=~~~* d ••~:...i..:..1D~..x.../T~:EBfh";;....5:Z!...:.nn..Q'J--ro 'l-L:r..A..I/D'./I" .:.r~lx~/f9i~I'-l- I /1 ..... ' JD"'~.i-iA/".J

L¥J~~f1~**X~T~~, X~U~~~g~~~~~L¥J~~o{EJ.

~, -$*j;)1idi~~~1~~{+ffl'O~? ~1'lJ~-~6~~~r~~0 ~~1JDT

~MA~L¥J~~, {EJ.~~~~, ~~Z-~ft~~~~~I~~A~J

~f~L¥J~P], ~?Gflt EI a:tEEP~~~1)tL¥J*~, A.rg~f-t~tt®$f'I~,

{EJ.1Jt~~~.m~o~~, 1Jt~¥ftt~~L¥Jlffo

1JtttIfF8'9*~~, tm~ El3~{itr,A*m, !~'I'B~*m~~~-{JQl'WJJ

-=f-, ~8A 1~/J\-TA~*IUWf-J ¥ft!tgJ<:Jj]:tlli~fFT -*0 ~~, ~1~,

~-n~~4L¥J~~, ~~~~A.~ffl'm~::t~o{lBlr::p.EE~Jf~

~~L¥J, -n~~4~1Jt:tE~~~~Z~,1Jt.~k~~Mttff~~

n,l'Etlt\ (H. Grisewood) ---.tf3(:0 1itr,:tE~~*5*Z Mt!PB~ffi, ~~, 1itr,W

~A~~j)§]a~*9=tm1~~~L¥J~,§0 ft!!11'~~~::1:.~tE, ®1Jt:tE9=t"F­

L¥J.~~., ~.Mtt~~m~ofi-~, l:.f3(:~~~~rr.ffJ!:l;;~

~o ~g;;:m, ~JEt;!'~¥U>i-~g:~~~o {iQJllJm, tlD~-~r3t~t::l<:¥U~~

28 tt!!.BBC

I¥JI.fF, 1'Wir<>'] r<>']ft!!1¥J0TIl€l~ (Harman), ~~ltt!pfTff~I¥J~~lJJI

m~, ~~~~~M~~~~~fFo-n~n~~, ~~~&~M$

~ij~5i-X:$~1.1H~irfF'fIg1r'I¥JI.fF, ~&t~I¥J*ttll€l~T 0 fitjft1'~

~~.Mm~I¥J~.~m,m~~~~~~$~,~~~~~~~~o

fitre§21¥J~~~~T~~, -~Z~, ~~~~m~~~fitMttOO

~, ~~JJ!~I¥J!ffli\llI~ttl:E~ pg=fmW § l¥J~fFAo ng-~~OO~/J\*Jli¥J

-ft, ft!!~~~~i¥J-m@~, W~~~*WI¥J~.:ft!!~~i¥J~­

llBI~IUI*~if11fi¥Jr<>'JJm, ffijfl(;m~'1ii{,*Bg±¥IO (The Times) 1¥J~;H~~rifj,

~fit1'~ft~o 1'J@l, r-r~fitft~.R~f4, 7t)jUft-n~-W-n~

hif:m)3V{j(1~~-, liJ!.1r'1Nl~~]i!~~.0 OO~1~1'¥U-lIBIJlLW:j, ltt!

1r'&treT:fJt~J{'X~~u -fLII!l-t~~f3, fit&tt±lffT:9t~JJ:fi~Wf~

~15i] § l¥J~fFAo

/f~nm~, ~B@.~.ff, ~fF~pg$.~i¥J~~~OO.~

i]§, W~~~*~, jftH~&~ft!!~pgWn~~Jmofitili~*~fF

;1tltt!@ § , tJil3: "~~~l~IlHfli~" m lIB! i'i§ I¥J~=l:E!H'FAo ~~fit

&t.OOT~~~Mm~o~~I.fFT~~Z~, ~~~~~I¥JM~jft

/f~W,ffijH~~~M~~i¥J~~~m~Am~o:fJtjft1'~~~fF­

~.~W§M~~~-.W.~m, ~~.~m@.Si¥JA,m*/f

0~~ffWW.~I¥J~~0 jftH, ~fF.-~~~i]§, frft0~~

~ffe~••, ~~, ft~~~m, mXmft~.~••i¥JA, ~"

WU0~~~om&tW.fit.~T~.i¥JM~ ~~~$-~, m~

~~@[11fE*1'1Wt±:lfJ!0 ~MfWjT, 1*~-l5}~fjfJ§c~I¥J$~, r-r~~

~IJ:M~1ImM~i¥J-flB!mUJ3[, ilimM'~:{;]t;z{",o B~~-JEi¥J~g1J,

~UfF~~~ ffijHfrfF.~®, ili**~~.T~~I¥J~~o (4~

~-tf-$-->tli.-z~. JL.;fJIj~ it4~~~o )~~, fitiliftm~!J\1t::ZT, W:~

T~~IJ:Mmfli¥J~~rm/f § %10

-if:Z1~, fit.~@]¥IJ~~~~m~, ft~~~ij~So ~~, !It

~fit8~~1l~IH~0 ft@¥Um~ZM, fit1Wft{~.~rifj¥'O (Fishing News)

~~~J@l, ~~-15}~¥~, ¥~~im~tmffiJ,r<>'Jm: 1fE$, ~t}}:J{'XT,nll¥J

@,~, ~~tlDW@M-l5}~fU, ~1i:N~:J*i¥J'WfH=YI.flFifti~~{,)1~0 l'

~,ftm~MOOi¥J!ffli\S,~~fit%1~,~~ZA~BftW~~I.fF~,

~~oo••i¥J~M'~~~i¥J.~o~@~M~.jft~~aofitili~~.~, ~~~*~nfl~~~*i¥JM~~~~~.m~-*, ~ift~

~T~~m~.~~i¥J~~~~W~~o~.~I¥J~,fitili~~Tm

Wffli¥JW.~0, ~~e~$i¥J*~, ft.*~~~~pg, M~~m

1i]j;.JfF¥&t~o

~fWj~~~i¥JI.f'FZ1~, fit.~T~~~M~~~-@ §1T~~!1/

i¥J1Ti&A~0 ~MU~~, ~JET~1±f~i¥J~1[BI.§::11Io ~*,~+=@jj,

ffifmt9cm fl~~+J\00 jj i¥J, fit&tftm11 pg$En'frfIBIg~F'J,*Ji;" t±:l,

e~'frllM$r'Ji¥JfF.1J~, ffij~!f#f~~ift.~ T -~I.fiFo ~ft~~

r:p~~~:f;fu~(Midland)1J:~i¥J1B~~7t1lf'lfTn:i!!0 riffi~ttthh~i¥Jj;fu

~7t~~~ ~~~~TM.-@7tfl~~~~~~i¥J~~~~mo

.-007t~, W~effif~,%~~~~TmflEn~~~~o ~~~~

••~fli¥J~fF, fl(;~T~~, m••~I¥J~, ~~~T~~~5i-i¥J

7t1lili~~~JE~.i¥J:f;fu{lI.o

ft~§twI[Mrs'Jl![]Jjtfil6*zM, ~BWJT-llI.~~!l1iU~~i¥JA~

~{:E, ~iiET~fl~-l5}A~-=¥fffi:ffijm*:!it&t~-~fiJE~.i¥Jwlr

~o (itl~A~4t@... ~et'E~.u:.A~fjj.~«A• .ftJlk+-JHj-»o)~ftW~.$F'J

30 *1t~BBC

~rr7-{51*ifBffil*o~~IT7~~~!¥JM$Z1&,fJt~.p.ijl~7!~d1l'L,

~~[OJf=J;J.~fJtrem)i.$m1'f~B'~§*{'Fm70 fJtili:tt~JliW.$r'I¥JI

f'F~~mt±l7tfJT, m~)~$3C~F1JOO, f'F1~~~-g-:@;-~. fllf!1l!7M

I{'FAffiiI¥JJJTiiQJ:alZ§lltffiJ~1JD-g-:@;o fJt~ff\VJ7~M$r~, §*~

~7m~~~~~$~~a, ~=!t~m~m~.m~~5!!ot\t~\VJ7

~@~il\$r~, ~7-~: m~1~¥UflJ~lJ, ~J&£'/fF1g~, ffiJ*J&§r.

J{U:£&:,~l{)(t:k:~!irn~!¥J~~om~~:@;, ~.R~~m~ffiiIft.ffiJe1

1N§~j:ili, fJt1!E\VJ7Wf§rK!J§$r" :W/f[OJ~~Jt A~:J'$ftg~, ~l{)(

ftP.m~~rrm,~~~!¥J~~o/f~,~-~~[g~ff\VJ~~ttJ&~.

~~fJt1~~7g.!¥J~fF1J~, J;J.&~.~{+~~~'I1ft5Lr, ~~ili

~rtP.o ~Wf, WJ~=!t{-tl!.~~~!¥J~, tIt*5~7Wf§r IDlR, B 1~{-tl!.1r~-tttm

~~21~fJto

~-~Z., ~~.~~M~~~M••:~m~$I~, ~ft

m~M$.~~., ~~~~*~§~~MmM:.OO~~,~7~

:$*~~, t±lfI:lt:l:ih{-~*: @]¥Um~$, ~:R::tL:R:(B. Clark) f.f±~VfIJ

lINYtr, 1tft=!tfl.o 'M~, {-tl!.e*~~m~$:±:'{3:~Jei1~~~, ftP.\ilJU

;IJnA~w{J:fF~, ~~---F-~X (Cardiff) tJ!ffm~ffii~o -/J'\Wf)t~~

-~~~~OO~7r*~m~fiRJ~,ftP.~=!t~-ffii••*~.~

M~~m)i-:W~~Jtlm~mH9J, {-tl!.-~~~{J'A~o ftP.~1=ri&*~~1Il¥-f

~.t:t, {-tl!.!Wl;J!I!EJmmHA~$~, ~i;J$i~: f.t~$(D{PJ:W'M5!!i&!ff~f1

~~, ~W0~*~~~, ~~A~t±l~~o~Am)i-$~~~,fJt

~~;f~i¥J~fl, :R:t'L:R:fi±~~U~~~J.=!t~;aW~mrfJti¥Jo

~~~****~~i¥J*~~, ~fJt@A1~¥U~§r~~~~tH&!¥J, ~

Wf~)I;1JD:$*o ~tmm!, fJt § 1I:i-{~0~~~ (fJu~*-~4~t4b~, CBC),

M ~ 31

&:,~~J.=!tf1~0~ij~~!¥J{§Z:,*~m:W~~ffif~fkA~., ~~0~

ij~~:@;z:!¥JJJim0PJft~\ :Mz.HlZ§ffif~t5L~r 0 ~J.;IJlJ~'twt5L ffif §, I!m

~~Wf§r~.ft~*§~~~=!tm~!¥J~~, ill~~ff§r~~~~$

!¥Jo ~)i-, 0~ij~~!¥J:@;z:Z-, 'M~~t.&'~;IJD:$*!¥J~*~~[OJ: =!t

r",~Et9r",,~~, 1JD**!¥J~~;~tA.~, ~:aF1g~~@-g-:§:!¥J1~l~, ttm

~~~$~*~~?~~ ~**JJim••ili~-@m~~!¥J~~,

~~7~ff.*M~OO.!¥JmW~ao~:$*••!¥J~:@;~OO;IJlJ~~

§ F""a, {~1~*~*~f~/fQJF1g!¥J$o ~m!¥J~, *~*~@0~JJim

*a ./f~~~~*§~.ft~~&~,ffif-&~~ ~~!¥Jil.

'I'jlf~.mff~~~ft~, f10~ij~~~:@;z:, J{U~~7Wf§ro

-~li~if:fJt1;£1JD**@]¥U~~, J§.Jfm)i-$i¥Jfl.r",~ao~­

{lz:{@]AJJ.'~t~mW, {gMm0*J:jU~1ff&ffllNJ¥J::t*~z.WJT, :tt~

rr7m)i-$~m-{51glG*7t:fJf*.m~J.M7F~M~:liJ~-f~K!J§,QJ

~J.~T{+M~§rmf~~{+mij~~o {HPJ-f~JJim~1'M~£'~1;£$~@

f~£t7tifJf, 1Z§~/fQJ~i1J~~*~M!!:WAffii, 1ir'Jf:f'§'MJft*o ~J.m)i­

:gIH'F@{YIJ~, /f~:liJ1JD~~y§rj-'mJ §, *if0~*~F7¥J~lt~:I!mJE~o

-~~.=.~, 8*~t±lf3:¥M=rft:~-f9J[gif:~~Rfi(H. Greene) H!~tIt

.ff~.~.om~~~,t\t~~~ftP.~m~T,gOO~.i&.~#,

~~~.~~.~~om~~~m.fJt~~gOO.JEf1., @]~M~

K!J§~~~~-~tJ~~o ffiJ~~*P98:B=1~~mJ§,.1Wijl~7WfWf§r§r~

m~o~7m~~~, f.t~~.m~~§rn~rr~~~~~$,tltili

~~7ffi.~~~7Mo:tt~~JE!¥J••~T~~~$, ~~t\t~*

{§r:p§JIt±l7~f-1f~mt~1Il~,~/f1~JjUA~~JL !Mllt, t\t:f'El.OZ:~o

~t±lff~~.m••~ffft:-~ZM. fJt••~-@.ffi~m)i-

32 MfE!BBC

$~ff,m~a.-*~~••ffi~.~A~~~~~~~M.~o

ftl!1I',~r:p~tN~A~if.~.tta*, *~~~.ttall~0 a~~2!Z~tN~

~*~,~ma~m~~~~*~lli~~~m,ffff~~~e~*~,

/f'Hif*~~JJjt~IJ, 1ft~iQ./f'~~R;fl~~~JE5\~$~~*o {E~~)~jff

-W;lI.jf;m~;JFfL, ~1~7~~~mi§mU9jo f~~~*5m~~fl~~~

~m@~~~~5, X~m.Affl~, m~~~~~~~?m~~~

)JH~-W;lI7k~£'~OOft~-@Ir",~Mo affmHi·'€f~ij[U95Z~, e*~fttr

¥U7m{!BIr",~Mo a I~J i:&~7/f'Y*[§, ~aiQ..lI¥U, -@A~

~~mi:&.~~fi, ~*OOft7~~.~~~Z~~, X~~~~.

~m~~~, ~tr.~~mm.~.~o{E~aili~~7~ ~*~

.~~~1ft~~~*~, ~~~*~~, 1ftHM~~tri:&.n~~A

£iQ.~~~W, mm, ~mi:&.~~~~AM/f'%, ~~7~~, *~¥9.~~~o ~~, miQ.~~~IDt, ft~5E2!Z.zM, {fJi£,~e*~;JF

m~5Eoaftlliff~tr~~5~~-if., ~lli7~~~~, ~~ft~

J!~)&~~~lir&1if~~~*5mJ::fF@~~, ~~ij I~$~~~, aili~~

atfL${51:5t.~~, 1ftte!~~~~~mi § ~@.~~i:&~; tzD4-~*,

m.ft~3ill~ I-t:Oif.{~)JjffJ ~~zj!jlJ, tHW~-*w"~o

-1L7\1Lif.[gf§alliff~~I'fj1~-W;1I~1-T~Z~, a~[g+-t:~o

~7a~~ftw.~~ .@a.~m@l.5~, .~~lli[gif.~$

Mra~~~jJ~1)t*~~: ~i1iWIra', ft~Jr-fJt.~{.ll~f§fE[J~~'€f~r~,

§IU95T1L@lf§: ft~~Jj'fI-W;lIff~/f'fOJ~$r~, ij~57 =+-if.,

~~R~-if.ft{~~~M~)I~~_OO-W;lIom@/f'fOJ~~$~

00, ft~a~~~~M~~,~~~, ~WT7~5E~~.~om@

~5E~~m, ~@*~~a~*~w., ~~~jiWJlj~'I1f, Xft~~

M § 33

JljM~mfDZJL', iQ.~~mJljrn51$~li:if.~$Z~fi!1jiomJfl;;~m/f'

-~A~~~W~., rr~~~~~~fI-W;lI~tr~M~~off~ff

~~f'T~~1Lif.WIra~, ~.a~~cffJL'~~, ~1-T~pfT~:i1!1-T~~f.1

IfF, y5t~-{tf:~-arj;)J1R1LffiH!BI7JIJ-li1f~~: WI{"F~IUJ~f.If.1~fI~

*~, iQ.~$~m®~OOMwo.mmm~~w~~~~IUJW§~~

m, m:*3Z§P~Y*/Fj;)§ifB&i&mW~~1"F*5o §ifB&~~, iQ.~/f'1m/f'~

f4~11*1tf:~~ito ~¥U7*JJ1~frItj*~OO~5Ht9M., ili~/f'~~/f'~~

;f'~¥U, tzDf6J~~ep~%M*~fflmrJi~fr1Lj~A$o ~@~fI~m~*5m

-ijl, ;flt*/f'fl~tJfm-li1f~, =@~IJ~£,tJ1E~~l!t~1Blo -'€f~~fI$~~

:i1!9::, j;J&~fI**~~~, 1JDJ::{;£~ttJ~~~-{!BIg~I!I[;~W.5,

*J~tJo,$~*, 1ii.~tm!.=;R::rd~~Jo $t~Jt.ra~I¥JA., *~,~~~II., IJ::IJ

l!Il.JL'~~OOfo&, ili~~tJD~~~~ftJj'flr",~M, W~1ft:i1!o

37

MI •

• m~~~~*~~.~a, ~~~~wm.*~~.~ft*,

tJ-~{jj~tEi~.m~1tP:fr,pJT~1r:p~~~.~"Wj1fo al¥J~Hlf§&"-.,

aML:::f~fJ~:tE-fmI~*~~~~JE~Jl::Jfet1fi~1tj=TpJTEIj~~R*, ~

~~1lli~*:tE:!B-®:::f~IDK~T, ~15Jf§1U1~~, ~IDt~15Jng~m51

~:f:·tlr1Jo ~-?P"IDt, tzO*!J!;t~t~WPt!i~~.~I¥J*Jl.~~, ::t~~I~

~.M"Wj1fJti~~~~*~w.~mm, m~~~iliM~~~m.

~~.M"Wj1f~:tEXM~~~~T, ~~~1f®~~l¥Jo~~~~~

~~~JEI¥J~~, ~~.M:tE~Wili~~~, ~~~.Mm1f~~7

gliJTl¥J:f:lli13L. ML~l3t~ 7 gliJT~.~JE)Jit.m I¥JMHIl. rm~Jl:: 1~~U~tzD lit

~fF, iliJtt*U~7B:(3t:9!f~.Mft*B-9~~. ~1~ 1~~.M"Wj1fJ

!P.! I~:lLmM~~fif1J (Inder>endent Broadcasting Authority, IBA) ~1~7

!!j[;gliJTl¥J:f:lli13Lo 0

ffW~jtl~~mM:tE~~~~I¥J~Jl::, ~~7'G~1r:p~;(PmmWT<A.

elfli.: IBA -',i).M:.~%--'t.JI§.:.il-.~~;fJl.i¥Jh\•• i1!.A 1990 -+f'V,(f~, *lIi¥J~.M

_, ~~~~~~,#ft~~~m~~~i¥J~~,~~~~-M~~~~.~~~~i¥J

<lI;f:~.p~i¥J~-t: *lIi¥J.4trJl.l~>, «'tfl(.»)'lf'j, 1990 Jf-8}), 4~14Jl: <JFJjt.:#-~1t-=-(l992), «'Jf1Jl, ~, ;j!t», {;;Il:.at:fil:l:~-i:-,i). $.-.ft.i¥J~Al, ~:1f~lIJli¥J* x. ;Jttt or me ~ ~, -iu Reforming the BBC, Economist ,March 16, pp.61 ~ 64; s--;.l..a.

38 *1E~BBC

Briggs) ~~~*fF8, I3IffiJfIt:ffi-~:2f>:~~rm-A=O~{-I;;II'#!¥J~~'IN

tJe, IEiij:i!i1Z~ T:ffl~~~~W~!¥J5!mo ~~J+I*~n1ID!¥Jff~~, ~Ij

jG~~fIt E! c.!¥J7ttJTPJT1~o ~m:-1JD~*ff~{51, ~TfJ<; E! a:tE1JD~Mrl'l'

W~T1JD~*.lli1m:5t~ (iTo:t"*-h\~~"'€r.] ji,~ CD. Monson) ~~:#J- CA.

QUimet)) !¥Jillk~pJT1~z5i-, llX:tf E! El::El= (F. Peers) i¥J (1JD~*lJitm!¥J

aml3l~) (The Politics of Canadian Broadcasting) ?fr\/fYo

~~lJitm=*ili.~~~, ~-A=O¥-A~O~RffJ~T~

~13I*z~~T,~~ffiJ~o.ili~I3I.~.T~~,~mfiifr±.~~

~1IDo~~~@§, m~&T.~ili~ADM~~~n, ~~~~.

/f~i¥J~*, ~~.~m~W.7t~?affln1ID, .ffif~~~~~~

~lte*ffJ3.~T~* (state), f.§.~_~J+I*~~P~~~~~~*IDnIG!¥J

-OO.*oifr±.I3I.n1ID,fIt~~m~.~-A=O~-A~O~OO,

mEfi~~~M.!¥J.~o.ffif,ili~.~fjm:-~~~~tt~m~~~

a mllX!¥J, ~~~5E!¥J~$o

~fitq~~IZ9.~1.&~:2f>:!¥Jo :ftlf!.!¥JlJitm, t~~fljfflr:piBl~mfW~

•••~~.m~ffJo~ffliliOO&~fW~!¥J-OO~.~,§OO~R~

tt~BOO.~••T~~o~§OO~~.~filJitmll'#,~*~~rWJ­

~i¥JJj]~ (~"1it, I-A;jllft.€r.]:rJJ4'*-~~:>t.-;ft-)*fW~§f\~, *~m~gl§I

Financial Times. October 16. 1990 B!Jspecial survey section • .jlj-::t-, IBA e..~~;lfi!

~~$]mi!.~, ~mR.z..B!JJtI-1li..si.'ltit~}i-t-J. ~AarJ!k*#H'J'l$]J(Radio Author­

ity), ~>J1I~J'l4,":JjJA-%.z.. 'It;fJl.*J!k*#t;~ ~B!J :fa,81ft£.: J!t.~t1'::t-4~B!JJtHistory of Broadcasting in the UK -.x. 1Vi 4-. ~>J1I* 1960,

1965, 1970, 1979 If-dl Oxford University Press :Jj Jt&..

.'''-.ii.: it.4-, ~~i!-.,fi.M:k.B!J,jl1Uf1t, or~Jt LeMahieu. D.L.,(988)B!J A Culture

for Democracy: mass communication and the cultivated mind in Britain between the

Wars. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

~Tmo iliiQ&t~m, tlD*~~~~r:p§f\~mE~ffifffJ~iiJL~1ID,7t1fcl

.mfi.~.m, W~m~~ffi.W.ffJ ••~~aZoiliiQ~~.

*ffJaffl••o&tili~n1ID*m, ~~fi.~ffJM~.~ffi~,.~

m~m~A~.~~Ztt.~~~~ffiiliW~.~A~.o

tJ.~t~~J+fffJ'INIDffiJ§, 1J!H.'-ffJAD~~, J.lPfJ!tJ.~aM~ffJ*m

W~~*~ ••~.~ffi.7tftffJo~~*5#~-~ffJ~~,MtJeEJ&t*.~~, ilif.!l!!¥JAD~~Ufuffi.M~o iliiQ~m:-~m, ~~t

~~1:YI'Hlmjj]!¥Jffiff~, fltfr,EJtJ.f~~, tlD*lJitm § S"J~m:-mU9J-@l

IJ'\!¥Jiji±~, ~M, -R~lJitm~tJ.f~Jj]~~1:Y, :®<;~f~}§nrPJ~5E~ii

!¥J~tJ.R, J'lU-fRffl =1!~~EJtJ.1.&~ ffi 'L,j:i!iit'g;~" ftQ 11" ~:ff ~3WTmZ~ ;

fE!.~.~J+1 ili~P/fEJ~go ~~ t~~J+I, IJitmffi(1<JJ~ffl *~~r9J;tfrrF!J~!¥Jiji±lff

!¥J, ~~Mj:i!i~!¥JADJ'lUffif1j:i!i~¥UT~~o .1'&, iliiQlE~1JD~*A

PJT~1IDf1 i¥J r",,~, 131~ tlD* ~*ftl'if~~-1~IHt9~?J~!W, ft!!fr'-tJ1g;t~,m

m~~mfim.~~i¥JlJitm*~, ~~ffii¥J.M~~~~~.~~o

~-A~O~~, ~~*ili~~IJiAM!¥J~n, -R:ff~oo.mEJmm

BfJiJfu-fRffl (~;fk.:>t.1it, Jtkiltj $.--ft!!,'lt {; ~ ~RJJJ~ i-t.1i.), :ft:*:!¥JJj]~iQ-R~g

~li+~EoMM~±~fi~~ttlJitm,~*~T~~o 131~.~

~~~:®<;~1JD~*, .1<JJftQfr'7t~c..mffif, W~-@:#IPJ!¥Jff!j~, ?fr\

J.lPtJ.j:funa~{iL rPJAD.tt.M~zifr±~lJitm~~.~I¥J; ret~ilif~

~~~, ~m~~1fcliQ~~~ffiJ~To

~~J+Ii¥J'INID~P~;f§1Z, j:fu;f§f;J~jj(, A;f§fji¥JM, ilig;t~,mtJ..

rWJJj]~!¥J~Di!!, :tE.tt.0'i¥J.llitmil, fW~~.tt.*i¥J:l:m~o tlD*~M1

~.-OO~a-@Wffl!¥J.~ fi~W~.~!¥Jm., ~~~L/f

~~~, ~.fim§i¥J/f~-tJ1~~&.~!¥J.-@~~, ~~.~

40 *i.!!.BBC

tJ El afm~Jt~tIJI¥Jm:t&:, "32EE~*~~ § ~g~~¥UI¥J$E(jj, ffij~Jt(m

--@lm!~I¥J~{~M~, it!J¥,t~fRm r'i'Urj]$~{j;, mjiJ§~JJi*EfI9ti!!l&o

ill~~m~~EfI9~~, ~&~~Elal¥J~~o

m=*ttw*~~*~~, ~~~~M~.EfI9i**~m~mJ

e~B)j EHHUj~, )tMpJTmEfl9JJim~~, e~~Jt(T'S&*o &"~, ~N+I

$t&:~m:~I¥J••~$, .*EfI9~-§li+~li, ffij~t~R~li+~

liEfl9m:~, ~ITm~~#~~oIT~~,~m~~~~~I¥J~~~~

rj]$I¥J, fE!.ill~.R~.mWJ'tj:jfEfl9, ::t~EfI9~~, IT~~e~~r'i'Urj]$

ffii $t&:~I¥Jm: i1', ~DJltlligt1:iJj;Jm~J!* (f]rnk~, ffijl\(@I~~ .$3m~~ ~~tt(f].mRlligt.~Tm*oW~~fimm~.~~t&:~,

;!tiWi*(f]~fFrj]$~=~li, ML§.RIT~.T~lli~fRm~EfI9M~r,

::t~g~}'fL ~Yi-, .m~EfI9~, .~:Rt&:f&I¥J.:fI:1t~~~~~±~

~,ffij~g~fi~~JJi:fl(f]~*, ~~W~~-re:Rt&:f&#~~~1¥J

~~o~T-ft~~~,ill.(f]-@I.~~&fi~~ffWWjf(f].~,

.~rlt~~1J+l~ti!!j;Jr'i'U~$~1j.mEfl9m:~I\(:!i:, e~*$~:I#1JDo (it

~M*~~t~.t~~~~~.~~.t7~,.~~~t~~.~~~am

-e..:fk.~:y.7. A.R~~, ~1m!Etii!l~*.illit~J',,1t-e... ~1:jHj.o) fE!.mj[

t~fiib:ft~{Im~~JJi1l1¥J~*~f-M.~, 1Z§~!f.MIT-ft=O~-ft

=O~~, .1I$~~~Jt(ID, ~$JJi1lt&:~~~~.~ffij~.~Jt(

~~~~~(f]o B~~1IEfI9M~~~, lli~~~ElYi-~!f.MJt(ID~~

~~, PJT~fE Efl9tu)j{'I1:~mo

IT~~,~~~JJiA.,JJi1lm.EfI9IDg~)tfiT~~ttEfl9m:~,

?!.\~.$~Jt(~~~'I1:(f]JJimR; ~1J+l~IJlZ§ti!!~AfmJ, -I~¥H/"Elgt~~~

~ttEfl9m& ~r'i'U~$m:~.~m.oM~, ~~~~~.EfI9~.,

ft~~~?!.\~~~~~&~*::tmEfl9-$ffi, ~~lligt~~~I¥J~m:

~rnJ~~ 0 ~~m-lif~f!l[, 1lWz?J+IEfI9JJim~~, ITtzf;1tr~ti!!f!l[~rs'(f]

~~r,El?!.\ft~-@~*,~~~~B~EfI9g~~.llig~EfI9m&

tX.tJAi&I¥J$W, IT:ffi£mWT(f]~$, e*~m1~fEl~rrHl, ~~

W~~EfI9!&.:g.~JJi1lL!f.M~~5t:., gttz1iltrMOO.l:*m, lit~~Drlto

~T-ft=~~, ~~m~e~~Tli§=+@m:~o-mMtt~~

~~(f]~~.~W~, @~~.~~~~, ~~(f]m~~~~1:iJ~IT

~~m~~~~~~T-ft=~~A~e~.~-~-§.li@m:

~~~, fE!.~~~li§~+=*~~e~~~~Mo ~~(f]m~~,

ill~**/J\lN¥J{$.m:~, gf\.~1JttlltT~(f];J~~~m, ffij~mllilZ§lIt

~~~~o ~~M.L~, .m:~rnJ~~~~m:~®~a~*~~)j{

~~. ffiE._, m~~.-.M@.EfI9~*o~m.(f]m.IDnm

~~$~~~OO~,IT~~~~~~~A.~,~IZ§~~~MOO~&,

ft~~~e~ffIT~~~~~~~~~ffii~.~m:~,~~m~(f]~

IZ§, lliIT~~~~~~~~~~m, ~H~~~~*gt~~~*~m

1rA.PJj~mmtJ (Jt.$.-Jt~*7-NJr1l(j.~) ~~ftX>c." ~rltf-f{rfPJf~~J$G}'[

.-*Jl.EfI9m., -~1Ij]Oj;J~H1L

~~~~*~ ••~rnJ~tz~MOOffij~lli~~.,~W~~!&

.:g.~I~(f]~~~~ffij~o~~T~~(f]~~~~,m~~~PJj~~,

$~~?!.\~~~-M~.~~EfI90~JJi1lW~,~~OO$~~M~fi

••{j;, W~.-(f].~m.. .~~~~~~-tz~mm(f]~*o

{iQfr~~lIt~*.§.~~~JJim i0PJJ (company), ~~~B~~JJiM itiib1rJ (corporation)~M~ 0 fiibJt(:.u:illMtJl.(f]!DJJ1J • .g~fB* El~ -a:rm

(Marconj)0PJ, ~~t:::fflt~~~.ti~W«~5JJG?Jff;!iHt9~ifIHlo ~-$

42 ME!IBBC

ffi~mDh.*~~••~, WB*~XOO.7~~.m~.h,rttlO[:@IW$C[15J$,iJt.f.t-ioM1!'Jf), -tt#-$,.f'JjU~MJ -l- e.)o {I}ff:t~[:@*~*~~

~.~~~~*~, ~•••~m~.~.~, ~~m~7~~~Miffi{o 1Z91lt. ¥A~.iligtglG~7.-~~A*~, W/II~>~m:Ht, ~••

~iligtglGm{i;~¥A~.~;j~\Hfiio~~gtr:iJ1'TtE*IDt, J:J-¥A~.m.­

M~ili~mr:iJh, ~~~~~m~~e~~m~~$M.,~~~m

0~~~~~iffi{0-ft=~~,~A~~~••~~~, ~~¥A~.

::F~r:iJ§g~glG~~~~~U"!.j?1tf!.@]~~, ~f§ffiA 1r'::Ff~D~, ~~

~~f.jJ:f:i!!~~~aA~a~1'T$IEff, mH;jtB1tf!.1r~J!!I/{~.m, ~I&f'fg

~~1~~~tlO1lt~P9mU9J~•••El'Z~qglG*0 -JijJ;!'~t*, ~~~

mm~OO~.D, ffW.mm~OO~~~, 1Z9~~~~~[:@*~*~

~ftt(¥Um-~.!io ~rm, ~~~~~m:~iSmtg~{'J¥A%t.,{ilJ~::F:@

~.M~~~,••A~ili~~m1lt~~.~~m.¥A~.~A.~:

.*~~~~~~~JJ3~$r'i'Ut5l~-ft-t;O~{i;,Jit~¥tdm.~~Mi,

~J[,,:f!I[J:, ~f~]l!m-%A.J:J-~~o (;r-:~~~A, -tt#-k~it~1ti!!f.

Jf)~~~~~m~, .~~~~~.~u~, ~~~~~~~ffl~.~~$,~~

!if1l~ llt.$-;f ~o) •

~J:m~, gt~.Hzm~.~7~~tt••m~~~~.~~

'W~, miliIDtEJJ37~[:@fPJJ:J-~§!l:glJT'[j:~3C~F,~gJ:J-0~~11~~

e-Jftt: tl':t-b?l'JJJr, ~4- (1990 .!t-f't) :k..M.1J}"Tj,I;~-1-{tJllfo fft 1986 .!t-~IIlii-~it.~ Jt4- ji .. (the Peacock Committee) a it.:S, - ,af'J 1990 .!t-ilTb? ~.t;t.~-it.~, >A:fJt.f!!l."tl'~~IIl~.t;t.WJ" .i..~Jl;fi!f.b?lY.$-, f!iJ ;(.~1:fIJtLt;f..'I1.b?;j;t.fi.o >r-i&, 1996 .!t-~111

• .t;t.WJ..#~a".~.~§.~~~~,1J}.~tl'.~••~.b?~~IIl~A..t;t.b?MUtlY.$-, /f.i1I~f'Jj1, JJ.tl'f;.1i,-IIj~, • .t;t.k"-IIj~.:t.~it., >;J.a#-ti.+.t#-e..~

>r-"T~ El mab?tA-ix:-r, e..~~~~"..o

~ ;mt 43

~, ~M••~ft~m~IZ9.~.~.~,.~::Fr:iJ~~~~~~

mJJ[, lZ9~djt~-flID~*r:iJf'fgm:m'i*~, @]¥UlJi{tJJ~~••~~~,

~~~~~~M~~mm~~~~~~o@~,~~m~••~~~~~, ~JU1M+J1!!X~tlOJit, .L-:U"!lfJl~5&hz*A, W~~*Jl:~glG

m;fFftflJ~~~*J3.~Um?

m~#m~~~~~J:~IJi{IZ9, IZ9m~.~~J:~~-OOg~~

*J3.~, WJ ili::F-5E~ret;fFftflJ'[j:, X;fFE8 [:@*~tM@:~.:f!I[~0~pJT

~.~o~~.H~* ••W[:@*~tM.E8~a.ffi.~~~.W.

~~.*., @~••~~W~~Am~.~, ~g~I&~~~fto

~~[:@, fH.gt~A~tB7 0~pJT~.~~~, ~gm.ePf~¥U~M,

3m~~m.Ao ¥WJ:, m~~~~~hJ[,\~::FD~'IW*5TMMt7~glG

m;f:~M~.~.~W,(A; ~*, ~1R~ili~m1*~, ~1r'::FD~J!¥U~~

ftW~-¥.1tf!.1r'ftf§~1WiTrifJ, .~lf!-~~f~l¥J.lI.~e*~~~,

~~~ftW~::F~~~.~~1t~~~o::F~~*0~m~.~~

glG••g~z.~~$, -@:~~-ft=~~~.m~~~:~~,

~~~.~IzT,~~A±ili~~m~~~~,~~~m~~~~,

YGglG7~~JJi.zJl~5&h~~~o

]l!mlfAm~~, .IDt~1r'J:x(!tJ!ZEJJ3,~9Jmm~::F[o].V,[~a~,

~~:f!I[H!~~JJi.~~Jl{.~I&]l!~fjf~51tIf'X~~~J:J-*lil:fia~flj~,

~~~~~H!fflJ!••~*m~~~~~***o~rm,.e~.,

~#~1lto~mM~~~~~~mlli,m~a~.~~~JJi.~**

PJTr:iJf'fgt:):h~l¥Jtitir:iJ§g'tt, f§~m*, ~~~Amo lHtfJJ[~~~tf,

~JJi.iiiU~*RXl¥Jm~~rl"l', ~~zpJTJ:J-~.lI*~~ta, 1Ji{1Z9~~

44 ME!ll1BBC

fif!.{f'PfJ~£t~}ji :Jlitat1l'-gt;J1t~A fff6J-fl!'!l f7g OO:g~ wn~x:i&Jff Z '¥- 0 g ~ft

!l!f:l:t!!fll.i¥Ji&ltcl':J. 1920 -+RfJ!]*lfltt~,fi11;, "=="11!Li..~Jl.t:tz4'fJ!]":::'1m, ¥it

Y-1iLt±.Yf,fi1~fj;J~ Z ar1i~'), ~~e*~{Nm~~~¥U, tlD*~:Jlitat1l'-~A;tt.

~tii&.ffim~Zf7g00i&Jffffi@~, mM, ®~~~~i&i¥J••, M

~J1t®*~~~o~~, ~~i&mi¥J~§ffiltW*~., IltftT~

~n~~& ~m~fi.fih.i¥Jm~~ho Nfi-@i&lt••m~

~-@i&••i&z~, ~m;tt.f7goo.m®*~@~~:Jliz~o~~,

Ilt~~~-nOO~~i¥JA~~:@.~CH.Morrison), ft~ltf.!I!ITfi, fif!.IDl:

~~~~h®~~o®~~T~i¥J~~~~., }ji:Jlim~~~ffi0~

PJT~, ffi0~@1Mo ;tt.fif!.-JtI;i&~, IUJJc,'i¥JftP¥M?~~~:Jli*£~ft¥1i

~Ww~i&m~#i¥J~~®eoft~~~.~-noo~~z~m~~

~~~~~T, ~ni&~~~mwf~~T, ~~~~, ffl~i¥Ji&ffi

§ MB:I:!?J/ff~ft~:Jlir:p t±\:r~o Ii+-4:f~i¥J~:::R, ftfF5tlD*~f~¥U••gj"

glfH~ JtI;$JJ[, *Ei~l'lJ~g*/ft§ [0]; ili~, -tlDfif!.fF5~~®gt;f±fPJ~~

~1j~tEmjj]~tl::lmfM8JEZ~, ~®i&~{~EJ~gt±\j:):I'i'-iJ.i¥J§§'-ij~i*

~o

~:Jlim~~~~.~~••~ @X/f~ffii&Jff@~, ~~~fi

0~pJT~;fI1tIj, f!1j5'Gjf;~j;JHP.l'f~i¥JJ!U~,:mJE, ::t~g~~JE~*O~?

~0~m~n~••0~.~i¥J~~i¥J-@~~,~~~~-ftOA

-4~~~m~~o~*, Ilt~±*~~.~~~~0~ffifi,@~

~M~i¥Ji&~./f~~OO,ft~.i¥Ji&.*Ei&Nfi.JE@.i¥J~~

~ftti~~m~~¥~i¥J:@.m,~EOO~m~, ~~*§~~m~~

*~, ®ft-ft=~-4~*~~~••~~~~~ B.~~~~gj"

MBo®~m~, ~••~*M~AA~~~;tt.fi~~~.tto~M••

~~~/f~f~~g~7i;~~Am., fg~litfim:~fJH~r!io m-, ~P.l'­

@M~AA~~*~Mm, 1Z9~~~ft~.~~fi~mMBo~~,.R~

wt±\m~jj]., ~~ro~EJ~.~@Mm:AA~~~.mMB~ti.,i&

JffI'lJj:J.ft:E'Tf§!.~f7g~tl::l-~ttf~ffiX, M«m~JlZfQJ~@lM~AAi¥JfJlijjl$o

@Mm:AA~#*~, ®/f~m~MEJ~ ••~, ®;tt.~$~~Ij/fI'lJ~

~~~~i¥J~$~~~~o ~J1t, .:JliM~AA~~~, ~~~~, §

~~~.:Jli••ft-ft=~-4~~;tt.m-@M~AA~*,melit*~

~~:Jli~~ill[~~¥Ij~.~@1tIj,~-~r!ift.:Jli~Jt:.~, .~'~/f§

l'lJomo ~f.!f~i¥J-fl!'!l1tUJ3£'~~rr, ~~Ij_~zi¥J; ~-f,r!i, ft~.m.~

~~r:pi¥Jgj"~, ilil'lJ~mm~~~t±\o

~.~~~ ffi~~~.:Jli••~~TMm:AAi¥J~., ;tt.~m~

~ CGovernors) iligt~~~~~PJTf±oTJ, Ei3~fiT~-Jtf~., fif!.{f'5fu

gt;M~~-~i¥Ji&m~m*~.;tt.I~o~~-@~fi~~~hi¥J~

~ ~~.:Jlig~A~T-@~~ ;tt.r:pi¥J~m~~I'lJ~ft •••~

~, ~IE~i~~~mpJT~f1j, *mflJ.:Jli~~i¥J~mo~*Tm~

~~Mi¥J}ji:Jli~~, ~*~~~.~~~~~~~.~o

~~.:Jli••Z~m~~••~~~T~~.~~hzM~AAi¥J

)ff~, f~j:J.~~~:Jli~@.~$~i¥J~mmh;f.§.~, ~D*&~ti~

i¥J~rr, ~j:Jlitf*ill{lf!I~m~~ .92.~~¥U;tt.fif!.Mi&*rJj~J;W,~U

Mjzjt)ff~i¥J~m, iligt;~*T~~o ftfF5£'~Jfffiili, -mtJJft~:Jli*g~

~~~~ i0'i§jj ffi]:, r.t~~)(A~t~fi*7i;~fjF~ftji-, $.~, ft

-ft==-40'i§j~~~~, ~-,=@e§~ffi.M~~:Jlit±\i¥J,tt

~Dfffii~¥Ii~pJT3tt±:l.Jtti¥J~~&i*.oJ!J"!~~i¥J~, ~®.M'~mi

§~ftm-m, (John Reith) §~zT:Jlitl::li¥J, ~~, m-,fEJ,~~tm i0'i§jj

46 *1fJ:)fBBC

i¥Jm-1:E~*~:@' (General Manager), a{~f-(~jft.fi5$r.!L~:j=~0~~iS~

itiib1fJ z.{~, JJ!~~:ff+JEi¥J0~~&~z.~~o ~rmlfl-Wli¥J-Jtl;j'§j

~WWJ®§, ~3i:JfEJ:)J~~, lZ9~~~¥~~**&t/fm!Et~~-'¥-1JOAm

til, ~J1:Tf-jgfmm{51i¥JIJ''6!&A, ~*, :tER:*ffi/i1;~~1fi¥J¥~'6~~

~m, -.Ati~0~~&~i¥J~., lli~~~~:ffgA±~~, ~m

.~,~~Ili-i¥J~)(A*tJjo MJ5($i¥J.lltil~Jj~~~, f-f~{lr6J~gR:lG~

7k~~)(.1JAi¥J~~.,/f~J1X.: 1Z9~~:g~ti~ti~fJ;lJE;¥f1i¥JJtiI:~,

~*&t~~Ntio/f~&t~~rm§, MJ5($~~~&:ff~~Ntii¥J~

5!o ~~f~*, ~l!f/f~g/f~IL'iiiI~, lE~~-ti~~$~~.i¥J¥A

~., ~.fi~!&AZ.~m, M:tELlli/f~~~~~mi¥J4~~~, ~

4~~Ta~~i¥J~~~~itiib1fJz~~~llio~., ~$~*,

J5(mroWTffl~i¥J-$ffi~m., ~~~~~!&~m.M~i¥Jrr~-'¥­

*l3ZtB, {§'~~£~!f9'>'*m%ffij*i¥Jo gilH!fl&:tE~, @]¥U~~lJ'flt&J

1fD.i¥J••,R~~.~ft~:ff¥A~i¥JB§~~,W~~~m~m,

~~~~lJ'fltiib1f~.ll~~i¥J%~,&t~8.~.llT~*o~~,~

lftm*, :ffg~:;f~i¥JflMB~:'B-f~~~,{frfiflIDfH'8'ftit::k:m~ffi!1fJ

Z~.ll~~i¥Jgf*, ~1J~:fJJi¥Jt::k:~, ~~8*~£~T~~ffijf.&*i¥J~

~%, ~~i¥J~m, R~¥~~m~~.mitiib1fJi¥Jm%~~,

rfiA:L}PJr:t;i¥J;f§lU1Mt€:3t, -tzD~%i¥J~~.fli:L}~J: /f~, ~;f§.l::t

.z.m, m~DDn~~T!f9'ff~i¥J~.:ff~~i¥J~.,§~, ~lli~

5$h~~~~o m ,E~ti¥J@tEft~5!, ti:Jrj~~.fltiib1fZfflffi¥Jf.§.i'!

~.~, .~~~, ~:ff~mi¥Jt::k:~h:®~:tEm-Mfflff~$~

~iS~~tiib1fi¥J i¥A1T:tiU (Director-General), ~~tit~Tf-jgtEi0PJJ

~ffi~.:@.JWl~m~.lli¥J~fI:@'~,~~~~/f~o

~am*, -ft=~~~~~fltiib1f~~R:lG%,~~~aZ.%A

~~, ~~~»ff~~#~~Z~o~Jtl;~#~M7~~~~:tE~fI

~~i¥J~~L, :ff~~~~~~R:lG., %R:lG-@$*%Ai¥Jm.:~

*~IJ~~@::t~J5(.ti~lJ'fI~@t!titf[-i¥J**M~g,rjt:ff:j=§0:;f,:;:~i¥J

~~; J:)0~pJT:ff;ffHF~-'¥-~, *~gfiti!H~~0~j'j~i¥Jf$;jtfc, lE:tE

~~; fflff~Z$,#:tE~:ff ••~hi¥J~ft;~:ff&t~mmi¥J@~

~1JDm*lli&t~~7~~.fltiib1fzB~,8.~~m~~o'8'zm

~~:ff~ai¥JOO., ~/f~~&t~~Li¥J~mffij§,m~Mt::k:~~.

~~~i¥JIli-1Jm, lli/f~Ili-~~~~~~i¥J~~z~o'8'zmM

~~~Bi¥JOO~ ~1Z9:tE~~~#:tE~ff~:ffflJi¥J.#,~.fi~Jtl;.

##:tE~ffl~i¥J~*,!f9'~i¥J~~~~tl1f~*~~~.m.,@

¥jt:ff~&, ~l!ff~t5T*:f:fu'['~~, lligt/f:;f,:;:PJffgR:lGr}]0 &:ff-frm:fjj(:Wf

[g$~$i¥J:@'f~~~: :ffi¥JlliffR~A,[,\pJT~i¥J:@.~~rt:uoJfEm:tE~,

~*&~~~~,tl1fft~~~~MOOi¥J••tB~, ~:@.~tB~~~

mi¥J~ff1l, ~1J~i¥J~rt:u~jt~/fJEJ:)~'I'B:, lli/fJEJ:) §1Ti¥Jo ..

e"tf"3i.: !i 91-, ..L jt7tH-~Jl.lQ tIU!>~ ~fJ!T ~ ~ ("*,,*~), ~-1fy;l.;f: 1:: 91- ~;I} ~fJ!T ~1t>'J.lQ

~~~Jl.ctt~,~~a.~*~~A..Ljt.~~A*~~ ••~~_~.~~~("*"i;;1jf) lt~ .

49

M2.

m~~~••g*~A, ~mm~M~~~~*, ti~~~**

~mo~~m~m~~~z~,~~, ~~~~~~~#*~~llim

~, ~~~~ffl~o~~m~, ~~~~~A~~, ~~••~*H~~~~, ffi#a~.fi.~;t~~~-.~~m*~~oo~.

~~~~fu~.T~~~•••, ~~~~~ff~ ~~*~ffOO~

~••~fF~.~No

*!~~=15f~1tj::o ~~~M~~*~, M~~ 1¥A~Wm~~J,

j;J-&fN~M=1Jj'!L±~~1tj::ffij~~P]~.~'I?f~:m:pJT~lli~r.,'5~JoM

=.~#~~~.~~~••m*lli~~~N~$;.~~~u~~ar~~~.~~~, ~~z~, ~~~~~~o~~~m.~~~W

~Wffij~m~A, R~A~ti~~@mfi~~••m*m~~••~1tj::/G~JUmo

~~~*~ti~W§~~~, ~~&~~*W§~mk, ~2&

~, ft~~~Wm, w@m~m~, ~*~~••g*¥AffM~~~mk, ~IT~~~mm~w§, ~~*~~••g*~~~~*~~mH~~WEL *~'Jf:tE~1~~T~o .'Jf--.t, ~ft~ct@:PJT&, :tE~~

50 il'JEI!.BBC

.M~~••m*.&M~~m~~m~~~~~-~••~~~

f~--.tIUH*o mte~~~~{}]:~IMfUteIt&AttbtfJ, ~.!¥i{}]:~?2J~, ~~

(l'!\m) (The Listener)j~fUO::r:f~fUl!U.li1••~IUJ~;ft*4, EiiHUll<;~

I!t~IUJ~~;ft, ~Uft~~fU~DI!t{!P~~~IJJlttbtf,}J!;~~.&7M

~~m=~~m~o~~lli~~~m$~,~~••ttbtfft~(l'!\m)

~ll<;m@~~, B@mte7m=~m-~~~.,~m~~~~.~

~••ttbtfteIt&1fZ~1T I~WJ~ttb*~5m§~J ~MfUo mflBlm:t~!Mt

~~~~~, @¥~E••~--.t~M~~*~~~~~~--.tIUJ~o

M~~~.~~§~, ~~mftlttbtfJ~R$tt,m~E~~

~~~~, lfZ~m~~~~~~~#r,E~~~~m~~o~~~

M~tJ\1¥JM§, :::t~ff{PJIUJ~W§ ~1!p~mU~~ § ~.fY3 0 ~m:il*~

M§ ~j;J-Fa'~~1JA, 51illb7~~m~~~~¥JI~,t., J:)l!t~:.tFiI'J

§~~~~m~o-nn~~~Mm:~illb&~~*~-~lia~+li

.~, (~#: ~••~~••~#*R~~~~~~~~o#*R.~.T~

~).~-~~~~, ImM~~~&~~~~~~D~J--~~~

~••ttb*mf::tt~mU~--I:g:~Am~~JJ~JmJo?&1~, E~~¥}m:

Im~~~f~*f~f@~~.ji~,~iHJ'~1f, m{::tt~~~BIU~oJ.1~

m-~~*, ~~.~~=lli-e~.mo::r:~~~W~~~, m

~1~~7ftil*~zW~PJf1~, ~~ IJ~il*SlDl!tJ --mMz::r:~-{~:t~

."ift£.: Ut~:.»~-fJJjIJ-fIJ,*"1929 Ji'-jt.JJ. l*J~:r: ,,:C*.J1G-'lt;f{.$,Y. ,7;);t,*i!t,*"~4k.w

~~~1tAJjM(, • .3U~:l>l*.KiA-. 1991 Ji'-j(,J] ,,;.t*-t-.::.~iIt~*.iEJfl. 1i:%i-HiJ. :#,

~;t~~*~~K~~~&~~~,*.J1G-~~~~~~.~#~~~~~~.~ffi~,*"­

-nt Jlt)f~ ii.)f 4t; III 4'- 0 -Ito Jlt - *-. r~~J $, T fJ,. M.~ a ji jjl.f!I.~ oJ; ;f{.J.lJi. <f 1:.4. -II!..~Y-*~.~~. ~~~~*~*~~~~~~o ~<f~-~;tMM«~~»(~~n

F -;if; AT. r"ifiJl>r -tJi'-~#5.t~ ~~ ..=.-t-f$-;if;)'

m, ~*mJfl;;mu~ IB!~J mf::tto mf~~-~lJmfY3, ~~~jjt!illmtf

*~~!f!.Mm§apfT{!p~~{}]:, mm'I1fIDili~z~:1't{iQ~ Ittbtf J ~

1UJ~$m.~o.~, ~~ili::r:~~~ ~~@~*~W~, ~mm

~~*••••z~, m.=lli-e~.ma Wm~~~7~~,

ffii~~~glG~7¥~m-~~5i)i::1J;::r:W15.m;~7, .'I1fili{~l1:.~I1to ~

~il*~M§ ~~.m¥lJ, ~~••ttbtfff!~IU.mJfl;;••mH~, J-:)Im~

~:g:~A~Jo

~M§~*zM, B~~, Im*J*~I~x~*.,M~~~

.,~.W.*Jffi~~o~~ili~~••••, ~~~~~~Im

* J ff!~j;J-fIBI¥~A~Jt{71ffii~Umo E!=L1j~mP!'f~~-{lBIti:m, §lf~~

M§lf~m-1r~, ~*fY3~t~tettb*mft~*1io ~-fIBI:tt~1*~

~m~; mtf~g~m~§~, ili~j;J-~A~Wf; ~J-:Jj!H~ili~J-:J-1*flj

.~, ~-~~#~.flBlmtf~~A, 0~~$m~m~M~~ffim

5E~§~om-M~.1~.-g~, Ittbtf~37Ij{ll¥:R:jff~~, .:1J1IXIItffii"*Jo

m-fIBImfY3~m*~oo~.~IUJ.o~~~~$~~~~ ••ffii§,

371J1}]:¥:R:jff~~:t~~~J}l.ttb~~1~Jt 0 *~m~A.t~~ 1~~lJ:.m

*JM§*~.~, @.~~~, mJfl;;~~m~~w§, ~~~I~

~J}l.m*J PfT~{.~A~pfT~fF~, ffii*1t1l:t.~iI!: rm~J *Jto

~.~.~ffii§, ~~¥:R:jff~A:t~.:1J~*.,®~:t~••~A

1~*_, ~ft:fi~~~¥:R:.~o g,f;mf~~-1IBI~.*m, ~~J}l.m

~R~~, Mz::r:~~*1~tli:l¥Jtfi&X:$JL\, B::r:{*~~~~~.i&~.

$, {~Jl:.~-m*~o

~={I*~Ij.IUIM§Lfil*~~~NoD~' m-11*~m~~~.*~.

I

III

1~1II

(1\

52 MEI~BBC

~, rzg~~l§m~T-~~~~,g.~~M.:.!t~~~~~~~o

fJ~ I~~.M~~~J, :.!t9='~~lj'J'{~tzDJlt, ~~~m~~~£;?&,

fJ~mi§.PJ:l1f~~T, lj'J'M:;£~r:uft~~~o ~?F~~mJ§~~{V:,

r:u,t;):tE~~~~N~i7'J, Ht~@]~)(fPG:$:~r:ijfm'l1:, ~~Ij, x~OJJI\-@~

~~~~~~~MmJ§m~~~~,~~~~~~~~£1f~mi§?

.~m~~.~~., ~~ffi&~.~o

~~.Mg.~-n=t4ft~~mm-~~~~,~M+~o

m=~ili~~~-n:='t4~~o.~~*••T, ~m:~~Jlt~

J;)~., ~M1i4 C... J:., i!~#;-:Jt..-~,j}f¥J#*R, $.-{~5U~_k 7), m

~~~~~lg.J~~••, mft.~~:.!t*~ffi~A~lj'J'Bm.,

~~~~0~~~.~..~M~fi.~~~o~@~ ••!¥J~.A

~fiUjfIJ5fi± (Lord Beveridge), '8'x:f$:.T~-~¥.!f~~, ~Mlj'J'

~+~, ~¥UTJOO~~~(l962.if-), ~MXrzg~&:~~~~.(Pilking­

ton Committee) Et9.M&:,{~~[lir, lj'J'rm:~rl'l~~!i~.~~~~, ~Jlt

X®~m:~~~T=4o&:~~~ ••~.~-nh~~~., ~T

*~~~~~~+=~, ffi~, ~~X~~T:='4, ~-ntn~JOO

~o .T*~~1¥J (Annan) ¥IHs'~.~:5!:M~~+1i4, ~-ntn4

~.o 8~T*~m~W~~~~~~~, ~l§~~~U*, -~~

~:f:~JmBlii1~, lj'J'ep&:'~~*€1T~~.Mg.-l&ir~Et9Mrl'l~,t;)fF{*~:

~~.~m~~.~~~~ m:~~*, B~a*8~A.~, ft~

tE*§~i*m....t~f~lE, *~~RtE~&*mirJJJx, 1;E1~l§ifJ~~~

51'_, ~Jltr:ij~-mo~~~~:$~, ~-@~~.~r:uU~~.l§

f);f-;&, .-r-J:., 1964 If-1I9#;i·blk.ft.5t.~ 7 -=-If-, &;';¥jZEl $, 1981 If-1I9-1::;}j, (;if#.;)

~~~.%~a!l9~~.~a*.~ElM~~,*1006lf-~M.

ffi••~~.~, ~~~~~~.~~.Mg.~••m~oill.~

-.t.1~l§-{IBI~~.~~*JmTj(;,1E1-t-£iliR/f~~tE~@~~.!¥J

.M~~, .l§-~~l§ft*~w~~~~o

fI};g, ~m:~~m:='il*:W~1iir*ilir:u,t;)if~~~l§••~~~ir*ff,x,

rzg~t::1l'~5t53UmilmT l1:R:m~~.J ~§t\l, tt51b:WR-J:lfPGo *W-.t.,

~m:~~:.!tiii1il*::sZ:, iliR/fi&J~ffl:$MJzIj;M~it*ff,x, {~~]!~BYHfrHffl

ffi:='{t*~~T~~ §~, ~-@~9t~.mtg.JJ!~I:tE:g~······

J;X&:.!tfii1t-m:n······~{~0~B1U93&.Mfl~;mJo frir*::X:~~illj;9=', ~&

m~fl~;m&:,~~ 1,t;)mif~:Wm{§~:ni*~zJ, mili~MF~T I~.J 11­

Al§.m~~.~r:u~tto ~~, ~:=.~ili~~TI:.!t~~:nJ~ilm

~, 1~~~I~~~*~W:.!tfii1#ij7l-~*&:tm~J, rffi~~Uil*i¥,xili~~~

~.Mg.Et9#ij5i-JJiMfl~;m, l&{~T iri*¥~o /fi&J, i7'J 9='l~J'~~~

~q:§J~~ 10j:U~;mJ, 12iKI3T~~N~~~o

~*~~m-Ji[, 0~fl~;m~1~g.~JJiM15Ib, §Et9/ftE.flJ,

*~/ffr~ft~~.o~~,~::X::$:.m&~~Jlt~~Et9.~,~Jlt,

~1~~Wg.~JEt9m+=~~,l§~~l&.m:WM~mJ§~~::sZ:

& a~r:ij~ffi-§T~~.m~m:~~~~o~*ft~~~.M~

~fIBI~Wf~:tE:JtE~ ~i&Jf~9='11U~1:B :f~Et9W~, ~lj M:;]!~SJ3M: g.~

••15Ib, :$:*~/fr:ij,t;)~rm~pJTmo :.!t~, 10~~~;mJ milBlm;~,

~~~.T1:R:m~~.-@ff;m, fJ~OO.AJJ!~-~~e, /fm~

Jlt~iElo ~~.Mg.~{:;tt:B"J~~;m, /f~~F~~T~mH51AD~, /f

~~-$ffiAD~~*~~.om.B"J~*~l§~;m~~m.~ffi

~A±~~.ff, ~~~~~~~~~5tm~~~~Et9~~,g.~

54 *1C!'-BBC

~JftEiIl*l:lJtig~1m Vg. Jj~$r~~~mo • ~~Ji-I¥J~$j Er ~§3:f:f/ffOJ.

!f,fffitk~E.AA-=Ym~mw,:mU9§1B i:Jtf-t!!Jilim!J l¥J*ltig, J:lUf6J~ i:Jtffu

~m!J~~~mm~.~omOOIff~i~~Wg.itkJZ~l¥Jim

~~fEJ, :f:fE!ljX~~o

~=~I¥J:Jt~~~, W$~ff~~, ~~m~~~, R/f~M-=Y

T~~J1~gfrEU.:v:.~tl"' "g~~tll¥J*I:1J, § l¥JiBR~f$~~~5J1G;

ft(lltl*J:lU, {~~:Jtffu~~~1TfOJf~I fF, ~1TJ1~1~j;)-3!EfFJ5fi$l¥Jm

i'J, tlD:f*[1j~ljfL :f:t'f~~~", tBJt&MfU", J&1~Jt&*I", ~fF~JtW~if",

tlW~*I",W~~~~Mg~~J&~~~~~~~~~o Vg~~:f:f­

~ljfl*~,xmJE, AA-=yg~'t~J:rP0P]I¥JJBHft, M~~~0P]f.f1Bg~

~$jl¥Jm1T, :f:fJ5JT~~ (~;fJl.-Nj-iII'l CVisnews) iEJt:i!Jtf1?-1m~IJ-r): i&j~

~~EIj.:v:.~~M¥~~~",~~~$A,M~~llt.~~:f:f~1B~.

~~ff~Io ffi1B:f:fTm~mJE. ff~m~I¥J~~~zm~, 4mMm.:v:.~~fr~~o M~, *~~:f:f-~$mm~l¥Ji~~J~~,~

~,xI¥J+1J]~XtY~tlDr:

*m~~~~~~, ~~~~A$~§~, ~~rr~$~m

~m.*.~~~M.m, ~~.*~~D

m~ ft~~~T~~*!f,fffitkr, ~~.~.~~~I¥JM~~

12tZ-o ft(~'I1f-WU, ~m~m~fl*~,xZfF.f, ~m~j;)M:f:fflJ1Bt~:f:f!f,f

ffitkl¥J••ZM~~Zo~llt-*, R~~:f:f!f,fffitkZ••~~Er~

:;a;~, ~~:;a;1T~~m, m. i:f:fflJ1B~:f:f~1BJ :;a; § .1¥J~plG, J:lU

*l:lJatt~z. R~~llt-m5E~~noo, ®/f~~~o~llt. ~~

~~J1~g~ r~*Iffij~te$1f;ZJi- J ffij1T~. ~1:lJ~JfEJ:1JDJfEo

T'

§3Ji-, ~=~~:f:f~~. m~T~~~~g~.~I¥J*I:1J, ~~

f-tl!t:f:fJ5fiTm. :ftfrT~§31TM~!f,fff!1*I¥J~+nil*W~+-ti,*, j;J&i~

mW@.itkJl¥Jm+n"'+-tW+A~, .:f:fm.m~~~®*Zi.

~~J~*~.o~l!t, ~1Bm~m~~., ft~m~~:f:fW~~~

~~-~*I:1Jl¥Jfl~®~, m~~~mE~te~m~tto~~m

JE, ~;;lF~)t1~~U.P].~$$jZfflHWr§:RI¥J.OOfOJ~, 1§~U~~!Jf

.g~/fm§3W®~~M:f:fffWg.oft($~$, m.~~~#~~

I¥J~~, ~~rg~J~m~~~I¥J, ~~~~ffiEr~±~. ~~~

~ffu~*ZL6u&fl!HT¥~miIJo (~.~. jj:.ff At:t:;f- J"lf1?Jt;k;jIt~t4t-. "i3t1::

{f. ~r m't CA:..j(:.Jti4'7r~~r m). Yh ~ ~ f1?-#t,fJ; 1tifn m. ;f: ~ Jtjj -;ft -R3}Z, f1?~

..ft.7r 3tz.i!t.*'o -ilt1OOA1-tJt;jIt~f~.f5J~,I!I~ 1:: ~~;f~". {f.~1P--±if~"TCSuez)

.#.M. :.ff~~~A-±~.1~a~-iltf1?..ft..M.#~)•

~®, ~~*:f:f~~.E~, .~~M~~MI¥J~~, .tt~OO

J:l¥Jitkg*~m.ff~o-ft-tO~RmM. ~••~~~I¥J.~.

Oihi.: 19561f-11 II. ~ii<- (~*Jt~{f-±il.i-T/*~f0,jik~JlUjl)~~Y;OVUllf,~~*

il.i-Tf0"ftil J/t. (i!1 II *. ll:: ~":lt ~1I~.tt (Said) ~Rtiltf0~ Jl(.. ;r-~-lt II MH·HI~~•. ~~.*~~••#.&*o.II•••~~Jt-lt~.f0~.~.•~.~A±f0.:t~"- 0 -Jlt:t-. ilt1f-*-~1 ~,jikii:. -;f;f0. ~;ij:Jt 19821f-.~ ll:: *"t..0--lt I'"fflt-~~Jl(.z~~~~M~~.*.~~•••~~~A.~~~~7~~z.~~~~f0Tffl.~~~.; C •. -It•• ~, .ftL;r-~.~.~~flAf0,.~A±z~, ~.RJtr*

~S!l••• ~ii.;tr~a1t.i..#C;jftz~~,1Qe.Jo (~Jt Glasgow University MediaGroup, 1985, War and Peace News, London: Open University Press.) ,ji{i.. i¥J1&iA:l­-Af0Jt, ~~;jfth~*•••••~;r-flf0t*. -lt~~~• .i..#~~~*il.f0~

~.4Jt;r-~,.~~:;f-~*o~Jt~4••••~RJtt~S!l•••~a;tr~~;trfl

~*C~~JI1-iJ!.{-r:sC..A.TiTe.. {Uft~{.:tJ:.lffaJl7.-t-Jl.f0JtJtbtC~~~;r-iUt;/](tt

~.~.~~,.~~~~f0~.1f-M,;r-M1f-R~~f0~-;f;~~~~~,~~-~~

;1t~ffi,~ ~ J1< .fi-.~iIiJ 5Ji '*~ ~ f0 tt~. -=..£ 'l!1 ~#,-~ffi, iIiJ ~Ji ~~ f0 A o (JtEconomist,

19911f-lOJl26 El,p.71.)) • .i!-.Jtt*JJI..;tr;f'±'~Zi)it.-;f;iii'\~~, ~*",;f,.fil.;jft"*,JJ:L

56 it:JE~BBC

1§~~*~:ffi"~~± (Dr. C. C. O'Brien) ~JJr~1±;!'t~mZpg, mH'JJ$~

=.~~, §~~~.~g~~$Wm$AD~M~, ~~Wg~.

g:~A±f§[r::1]~~flj, 1~rJ.ffltl:f~~)C~~W§~~~o ~~±lzll!tW~

~if!Z)ff~1-r~~, §ifH&~~rij~gfJl:f:~[r::1]?fr"~~~JJH1itfih~~W§ (i1/!,

~~jIJ 7 *~ (f.J1Ij.;i. '<t~~, iE!.~~~~*fti,j~4iG-WJ-ir{f.J~-1t~i!I!l), "ff,1"Fg

~m=.if~~~pg~o ®Z~±1~~I!t~, ib~jft~FtzDI!t-&!~, 1it!.§3l:f

-JEtif!Z1~Lt.~~l§l, .tttzD, 1it!.$~~I!tfjg~1~¥Ij~~if!Z)ff~§"frij, gB

g~ RTE .if~*I¥J~i1'i§ilifjg~"~.¥it~~llli,'i"~, ~if!Z)fff.tI!t

r~*/f'l3to ("tf#-: ~1iIiiMi1M~~{;i;#-*~*-~i1!TiJ,~~~7 "*-;ttjq-J'I1)rb)

t.\,~~-~15tYHr, e...~&-ti.1937 -+.iE.A.A~.i..1fi~~, 1949 -+$,]~4-Elz-ZQ)

/f~, ru1~J1t~~*~ffliJJlfi1U/f1±I!t,rm1±~IX~±~~~tzD*fi\G.1t,

~~~lI'~~4!f, £'~Jtg1-rW~fFW§ ~Afln~;%'g, i:*~:tlljfF4!fZ

!t&tf{W*~*fio rmill~tfih~ EI ~~}'[l[P~ &~:mJlj~ RTE .if~~,

~~~tfih~ili~~~MRTEW~~lI'~tfih~zM~~A~~,nm

fjg~J1t1-r0

~:m.~$*~BM~~~AI!t., W~, g~RTE~.1t~=

.if~~~§t., ili&t~~1±§"f~~rnJ~~W7&~~lI'~tfr&~ ~ RTE~

W~~if!Z)ff~~.®~~oWI!t[r::1]~, l:fru1if!Z~nrnJ~tfr&~, WR~

~~if!Z)ffW~~if!Z)ff~~~~~o~l:f~~~~, 1±tfr&~~~, ~n

if!Z)ff~B~ltfih~J*~/f., ~~E~~Itfr&~J E1~±~, UrW~~if!Z)ff~&~~~m~F",~mo.JLt:f.N*~~l:fill-@]., rmltfih~J

tzD*/f~B*~HH'F$fj;rm/J\{J\••' J'l1j1±~~if!Z)ff~~1H=,\Zr, ~1J

ZFa~~~~-aJ~g!f.&t~~7, :;t;!'t~firu1~~;jTJ~"~zW§ ~!t&~

F",~mo :f!;t'ii!2~, m-Mtta3B:H~~7-1~., 1'f\l[P~ttl:fru1$Ji-JJi~~

~mllim~, ~~~••tt~*.~~if!Z)ffmfi~~~ff~~,.~

1~jft/f1NrnJto ~*AJ'l!JrJ.~, ~l:fill-!J@'iF",~m~, ~fIBI~~lUlitJt{:r

ff!~JI;~JJi.tfr&~*~0

M§"f~~m=*.=,ili&t~mli.,~~M"ff,~m~Wm~.,

m!lffi®~IUJ~~*~~~~1:r$F",~mom=*iitJf.*IgjtZ1jt]3{J~~Fa~,

~m:~~l:f~~; -1Lli=~W-1L~[g~~M§"fIjtJ'lIj~nA~~1L

~o /f~, 1±*M(E. Short)lli1:r!OO.*!~*MFa', 1it!.m*7-{1~1lft;,t,

1~1~A~:LWtJD.¥+ =~ 0 ~~••~~*~@p~m~~ ~:M3~~'iiifH~,

A~Y-~~~~~fi~$o:f!;trr-1L~~~llifftfr&~~w~,I!t~

ili-~W~*~~~~M~.,~~-1L~~~,~.:f!;t~~~@.,

~~~1Lffi~m~~~~+=ffi*~l:fJJo~~fi\Gft~A~~,.~

1N't~&t~1~7 Itfr&~J ~1-r.mffl$W®:J'lIj, ill{~1'(:}~~~~g~fi~;\(::tiQ

~~tt.~*, ~~~~rrJ1tA-fIBI~1LAmfi\G~~~~~, ~~

~~ffi~3a~J1tAIjt~, rrmM&trij~f.t~~~~~~l:fM~.,

rm+=A~~~~J'lIJ~o tt~, ~l:f~§J~, +=A~iJ)t~ili~~a

*~~1LAo1±~~~~~±~W~ff*z~,mJEt~.~mm~7,

lZ9~rrmf~tt)-G, A1r~rijrJ.~~~ §~!lfi~m*~if!Zm.:f-~o ~~{,\

ff:w'~]3{JA±rm§, tzD*1it!.1r'~l§lm~~Jtl:~~~~~, mM~mf~

~A~~J3:g-rmfi\G~~~~, ~§"ff4gMi1it!.1r,~m}~\tzD~-JEto mJ1t;:M3~

~mif!Z~~m£'l:f~••, ~/fL~IZ9~8:!:m~~~A~~.rmi31~

~M7*~Jlffij, ili&t~-aJ~F~o :f!;t1l1'(:}1±1tilli~m~~~A~~jE~1L

~~+=~~, m~~*ff!~:M3~A~~o

m~.Mmm~.~, ~M7~m~~~ff$~flff~~.~~

WlEIJf:ro ;!'t$, {:ffilJ-{1I~~~1:rM~~/ffjg*~~li{l~pJTm~~li

58 jfJtJ!BBC

~MOO, ®mff®~ft~UM**ff$~~fto~@~~,~~llim

ff~~ft~~~~ffM®~mff,~~,~T~~~~~*llim~~,

~~mU~ffm~Z~~o~MffAA®~M~M~~~,~ff®m~

ili~~m~,~~®~A~,~*M~Z~~~ft*®~~~~M~,

®~m~~.~®~m~m~~o~~,.~®~, ~ff®m~~~

m~o H~jt± (Sir J. Duff) lEPfE~ft *~IJ:::tm;z~~, :tE~~5J1J®~m

I:f=lmili: ifif6tT1E®JwJlU, IEutM.ttoJ ~~, f!t~at~~~lJo {~IDH~ill:~li

S#, j:t.*~!¥J~-@A:tEI1MEFJ~Hffl<tR:®IfH~,~~, fNIEmt~*~®

~}2,,[/@, {B{iP.*J[;M%ltt:R:JJ~T0 gt:1}[3~1ii'5~®-"i:i]§li, ili~Ti-~~

~~!¥Jm~, 8~1ii'5••~m~, ~~®~~Z±, ~m~~~~ft

~!¥J~ft, rmJEM]J!§f!IJ~~~-=t~.Z±t@~M*i¥J&\~~FfJ0

@]li~H1i:~®Jft5t:, ~*~m~ftl1lJffl\:!¥Jil*{'t, ;f§~ffiITA~Q*o i'[,\

~~~~J~$ff, M&~MM*§rr~m;®*~~ft*OO*~.,

iliill:1i[3~-~m ~!¥Jil*i¥,xo {§.~-f!lJm~ftP~~:fJj!HJ~.~M~tIil, ~A

~~~~ (~*{*-~-==-jt~-=-'>JO : i~D*flt1r'tk:JE¥.f.LC~~ft'ii~Jo ­fvt:;-t::if.f!t~-;f:~~illW3~(Granada, -t,,*: *~-G k.1l:;iUji J'l ~X /~~ z

-)®~~I:f=l:t~lli, :j:,IjlfltpJTffi, ~~~1¥iJJfm~:;;!f~ft*~~, :tEfW~

*~~~~~m~*~m~ft~z~, ~~~ffi~*~~~~~,

~fZ9~~1¥i~ft*~fl¥lJ, ili~f*[ff~*i:R:m~ftZj;jJL~~®~mo

f!t®)L\r:pt-t~i,*i¥,x~~pJT~o §ai~-fL:AOif.1i:®a#{~, :FJI}~t~1:.(Mr.

T. Wedgwood Benn) ®ij-$, t-t~Jiltff1:.T1ti.o ~~, .§:rsfJ~~mEfj­

.:g-~®m*~ta, 51~T~$JjtjfIHJk"JlliJJ!, ®.x.~Afft~, ili~OO:&z

~E~m.#®~~To@.Tiliill:M~ ffi~~T-@~~, W~

.~~~IJjl~*fft{;lt-@~~, .wF~m1'Fm:&zmEfj-.:g-~, ®~fljffl

~-.wm.ili®~~, .~~~.m~*Bm, ~~m.I:f=l®~n~

~••#Zfflo O~~, ~~Afft~, m@~rr.:g-~.iliW~E~~

••~®~~, 1J!~§~e~, 7t11ME~ i~*J Zjf., §JL.~1JDj;)

~~o ~.®!~E:tE1D, ~~Di§:f1.TE8~~, ~§jfij~1~r+:J&[J})Il@E~,

~&~~~~.m~*E8~.o®~m~ft*~~&~.~~A~~,

~jf., 8~~••ffA~W.~®~~tt~m~, lli~••:&z.**~~~E~~••#®mh,fZ9~,i:R:m~ft*~~&~M~E8fft~o

:tE¥-@~~~A~lli, ~~~ft*&t-t, ~~~~~zm~ ~~

~~ff$?m*®~M~W,ffi~$*~~~~~~~, ~§jfijTill:~

~, ~EWf!t~~~ili;ffi~OO••®~~, ~~~®ffiotiB~m

~Mff~®~*~U~~~~®.~.,M••i:R:m~ft~~m.~~, ~~~'ii~$*~~ml:f=l, ~~~~;~-H.~r:p, U~~~

~.ff$Z~MIJ!~~E8j;jJL~m,~~~~~*.~o:tE~~,.

~®h.#m~*, fN.:tE-@MJE®~~~*~~~m~oMM,

~*~~$lli~~~1:.offifN.~,~1¥i~ft*ti~$#§~.m,

O"tf~i:.: ~967:, *~#d~W,",{i.'t*M!,r'lt17 V~·tlhhfL..fT-'ll-.~i) i;j;..ft.€f.]'!tlJL T,~~M.M!,~~-'ll-.'lt17, ~~t~~~a-'ll-•••~, ~.4&~.~..fT-'ll-.~i

('JFl/P4-El €f.] r~-~-'ll- •••~J CRadio One)) (JljJ:#-M4M!,~~-'ll-.'lt17:Z.ft.-fif

~~€f.];if~. $-JL *-;t ~ l1"*L *~••w,-t-l!lt!>-f.-~~~. ,~,7ijW:r-:fit5t.:#-it1:

.~~r~:Z~J€f.]g4~~.~.••:r-:fit~*&*~~S~ #~«~, ~.~M

-itt~ l!l ,~:r-: ~~M4 *.. 1!l~*f.H~.€f.] - fl!U.Il.-'-io oJ)~~ -AV-t!!.11i i/ll);f.±. -t- S *, I!p k'J ho

~.~~+~*~~t~€f.]~.,{i.~M.h~~~., ~JljJb.~§~~M.,7ij

~~~€f.]~4~~:Z: ~~~~~~. *~••w,"~~«~~~~b.:z:r-:~A~~~€f.]~M!,~~~o~*-;t~~,{i.~~m.€f.]*~,'t*~~~~-t-~~,~~~~~

~~k.~A~~~~~~~~,~~-io~~m~.1!lEl.4*~~~~,~~~~~

~ . *.\H- (Tony Benn) ..fT~, 1990 If-fI(.~ ~ ~~ ~ -t-1k ~ 0 * ~ ~ -{IM••%:ZM!,

~a-'ll-•• ~:#-19nlf-MM••,~1000lf-fI(.*.,*~~~*•••:z~~~~a•••.f~~o

60 *1EJ:!.BBC

~lIt-ti1gt~~ fliJ:tr'i¥J~$, ~tl::H~f*i¥J~~~, _* B {~/f~¥}g:~

~{~i¥JtNZ5Lo

f§.jf?;*{'*jf?;l2Bff,x:f'rill!H&~~TIff*1Wi¥JnUE, ~ff,x8)j~, 1~~~tI:1

~~{lL, m:~ir~M~Z{~J (~::tt. ~~iit.., r aJ'lp;jlf-:±:.tk: [:z.-ilirJ, 11o{;if­

1m:ffft.f0 ut~J), ~~i'§IU1~~i¥JpqOO$~§*epB!t1:~~lIt,:f'r~~Jm

#.rrl~~i¥J~M~, .~JM.~.o~~~*, m~.oo~~

AA.~$, .mAm~i¥J.~ ~m~~*i¥Ja~u~ .ff~/f~rr

Mff~.~.~.~ ~~M~;=~zOO:f'r-*~~OOi¥J~~, ~

MffB~~~~M~, .ff~¥nm~mo #~, m~*Mi¥J~$,

~~~~~~*~~:f'r~W~, ~~.~oo~.~lIt~a, ~~~*

~.~~, TIff.ff~.~~i¥J§.Z--ti1rrllto~*m@~~.g~

~, /f1!'f~~~1&:1It~~~mt~$n~~o ~.~~i¥J~§ El31L~~.¥

+=~, !¥J1ii~~TMJztj;;fJe.~pJT~JIlGi¥J~Jiffij, f§.m@~~tlD*.g~

~, ~M~~~••z$, /f~~~z~~m~, ~.m~.%~!¥J

Sifmo ~/f~!¥J~, ~~{rffP-ti1~~~nIJTT~~.HDE!¥J~iTJllar¥,

~~WlltB~~~~~ff.i¥Ji'§lU1pqOO§*, .¥lIt-ti1R~~~~, TIff

~~R~~mffffP~*~&~~mo~lItW*, .mt.~!¥J~~,-ti1

R:f'rrrJ:J T'I1ffZ5L:YJfl~J:Jir~,OOi1-T: ~ft~~*i¥J~{I*, ~-oo~.

~.i¥J{rM-ti1gt£,~m~~*, tlDlIt~Uir:t!t!!¥J~{*~~:::tffg~:lLo

m-t{'*~:t!t!~••pq$!¥J.~~~~,R:f'r-~=~MiM~~J.m-~o

Jt-5ITtj)t~F",~~:f'rlU1o ~fflfi±cWtLJGI,~fi± (Sir R. Lusty) ~1WE!JjEl

~~, rr;ffi-mfi± (Lord Hill) tI:1ff~••±-=f,!(;ZM, {&&~:j)t~m@

.omT~.*.*!¥J~., .ffi¥J±-=f,!(;M••~~.i¥J~~ ~~

~~.m~~!¥J~~o1W~-*,~A~Jztj;±-=~i¥J~~~~,±-=f,!(;~:

11£mP.!'~.i¥J~JmT, ~-{1I~!liffi~.:t:1§t 0 J mf~i¥J,(eH:tW1'-T.,

~~W*, X*~~~*~~*~, /f~, l£-1L*O~«WM, ~

.~.~~fi••i¥JM~, ~.~~~lItom.i¥J~$,.~~~@

~i¥J~~~~~fi, G-ti1~~~~./f~~*i¥J~~/f~~~mi¥J~

~W~o.~, m.i¥J~$, ~~~&BAttmz~, -ti1:f'r~~~m

1'-T.5't~H, 1El~r~m*~~~&~i¥J'I1fft5Go -tL*04{~:mMi¥J~~~

~, :1E/f~~~JJHtIHhb~Et9J!iT~'~o.'I'flJ~, ~~:f'r~~Aft1~lthh

• J ~1~:t:tR:T, ffi]PJT:f'ri¥J~m~.rr±-=~~~W±'3I~Ji~3!!~, ~~

~~1J1JDJ:)3Zfif1¥Jo

;ffi-mW±'3I~T~~i¥J{J~-=f-, 1M1Jt-~f~, {iQ./f1El1JotJt1aJztj;, ~

m~T{J:iTJ:)~. ~*~R;ffl£~~{fQl~~, -~J:)jii~i¥Ji:R:.~.m±-=,

~-~~IJ~iTi¥J~.~.o .~, mti'[1ff*rrft~~;li!!Lt., :I$]~m~Do

1M~.ff~fi*i¥JAffi]~, m.l£~m*.~i¥J~ ~m~~~~~

~.~., f§.~.~~Z/f~, X~m.~E!Jjo~~M~~, mllt~

1&: ... jJJI:Jt§:~Fs~, ~.~{&~AIiJ'L'i¥JB!tf.~o ~:1E/f:a~37Jmf*-=f-i¥J

'l1fft5G~TIffW~o ~TIff, {~1~~m~.ff~~~"1ffj:iiH§1'-T.*~~, ¥A1''T

*-ti1fttt.~~m~.~~i¥Jm~W3Zfif, ~1It, ~mm.*~~~

m~~*, :::tg~m{j'ff!~o

rr~••~~••zFs~, ±-=f,!(; (,*:;r.; ~1t~.J1IJ~&L£.,*) .~rr1-tP.!'

.i¥J.#T, «~~.*fi~~fti¥J.1J, rr~~~$, .m#~ff

$/J',L.'o Oi~rr~~'1NZ5LZ~, ±-=f,!(;=tff~{~:t!t!1'-T{~m:rJ'i.~N, :1EH~

~fiz~, ~~lrrir~~Mi¥J~#~J, ~~~~~.~~i¥J~~o

rrmtiM*T, ±-=f,!(;ili~~~~~~.M~, a~~~tI:1i¥J~JmWT

~i¥J~.'~~~.~••o~lIt,±-=~*E!Jj.~«fi~••i¥J.~,

62 ME!fBBC

f.§.&;,@:!~).~;tt*'h1!i¥J~.§f,3~r6JfJ~i¥JfT~o MJzIj;i¥J:rj]fJ~W;1FB -mf'T$,

E~:tE~~~iEe~~m*m~z.r~'1, iffUJE~~mfBz.~l¥J{~J.mfT~o

fiA~~, mm~~.~~~~~.M.~i¥J*~~ff~, ftW.~

~).~~, JJiU;s!:tElIto !f!f~itj(l¥Jmffi$~~li1iH* rthh~ J i¥J~fT~J9JZ.m

j], fJ~~:tE~r%'J.~z.mj]*?m(T, J1ll';[*Ij~"; 1.f:lj~W~~~:tEfJ!fi

~fT~Z.)i., :!'33L~f'Tz.Ao

m~~l¥J~~-~,~&T!f!f~~~~l¥Jff$,~~ff~JE$J9Jo

tlD*~fT~ftt~~J!t;¥JE~, ~fJ~~JE~J!t;A~;ijl~~{:I:l¥J~J9J, ~IjEJ

~:!'3fi~lItm~~~~~~~~~.o~~,m~~Mn±~ff~M

l¥J3L.o;tt~, ~*.n±ff~~~, ~@~.A~@:!:tE.M~~*

Z M~'5'tffiilVJi¥J'IWID, EJ'~~~~~T-$'f(~, ~sp.E.*~~~~

ll~o :tEft1tff~fT~M rl"l'1, RP{~ft ~t~fi -{1m ;1F~!f!f t±:l ffij fi;ijl{:I: l¥JA

., ~~*~~~m~*ft~~;tt{tI!{~~Aw£,~).lltftl!1r'::tEJ~)'WPfE,

~~fti¥J~$K~~~o~~m~l¥J~~,ft.fi~~o~~, ill~

~~~~:tEm~~~, ~J!t;m*~*~~*~~l¥JA,m~~@:!:tE~

.+=Az.~~®M, .~-J!t;~ml¥Jm~, ~~*~~$~~&fi

~.? ~~mJ!t;{~.A*~, m'f(:tE~:fEl&"~AYil.~i¥J*~~, 1Z§~f-(g

~~@:!-~m~®~~.-~~~::tEft~*,m~~~ftm.z.~

~ffi~.l¥J@~oftffi~, :tE~••±ff~, ftm~l¥J~$~.~T

~~o~~, ft~~EJ~~~~-~z.l¥J~$;*~,mm~~.~

Tm~l¥J~.~)i., ili&fi~~~~EJ~ft$~~M,wfi, .~fi

-J!t;~~.~, :tEOO~z.~, ¥J!t;A~~~m~~*ffi~~,ffij$~

B t~i¥J7t~iliftllt~fiIUH*o ~~~r",'1, m~tlDlItf~F¥l¥J-M~!!16,

ilift.~~~, 1It.~~~~wn~~~~mo

:tE*.f:I:~::tfitMrl"l'1, {tI!1iIJ::v:T ={IBI!f!f~/J,*Jl~~*, ~3U~J.m

M~ftA.~m~OOl¥J.~oA$~md~i¥Jm~~*, 1Z§~'f::M&

ullt..t~>,*'IN~, ili~{~~ J:. j] , ~~J:.m!: J!t;{+~J'!1n§!~tE i¥J~ 5!~)'

{;#;A$~~~~, 1Z§1It~*Jl~~l¥J$~R fiW!Hfio M~/J,*Jl:tE ~i'Js

n± (Sir R. Bellinger) l¥J~~T, ~U~;1Fm$Ji\lffij~.iX.E!:~:{§''f::ili­

.§f~~~.E!:l¥JiUflFmo ffi{*~&"M~/J,*Jl~~~BF7?J*~, Jrtjf:l'Jf:t±:l

M~m.l¥JA~E.WJE, ffi~$~l¥Jmfi ••, E.:tE~m~~~l¥J~

~~Az.$, m@:!~~~.o ~i'Jsn±fi~~~::tfit, ~*~mm

~~*~t±:lm~, ffijM~~~l¥JmJEili~m~Eg~~~m~m*o

{§.~. :tEM~~~BF7?Jm*~, $&fiMtt~~l¥Jmm~~, .~~

ft~*m~:tE)i.. ~~.M~..l¥J.m0 ~~~~m.M~. M&

IJ,*Jl§ll~:tE*m~±lEP1:I:~~*, m~~s'1fm~~).wHr!l rthh~J l¥JiffJt

m., f.§.~~~., ~~~iE$~~.~~$~W~mJ!t;if.§fftM*

., OO-J!t;M~~l¥J~*ili:tEllt~.~;~-l¥J~.~,ffW-mm

m~~$~~:tE~$~*~~~$~t±:l.~o~MA~~,~emm

~~t±:lfit§ll~~1tTJ!t;~rl"l'1, f.f:U~~{@:t~l¥J, 1Z§~.ttmR~~t~/J'*Jl

~gl¥J'I'~~T, m-~@~f~JE~~~1~pJTfil¥Jmm~~,~~~~~~

M~iJ*~o

-nE=4, ~~iJ*§*3L~mJE, .mmj]~@:!T~, B.~

:tl~ r.§<;:fti(lKJ -~:.mNL ~mwrwit~W:jl~NJJjHi7tt:l, ~lltffij*o

m-@.~t±:l~~~~S~~*l¥Jm., ~~~JE~.~~*~~~

~=lli.§<;:fti(lKl¥JK*o~~~~, ~@:!fi~:.mNJmm~~,~mwrm

m~~Wit~mNJmm~~. ffifl1t=OO~{J1:8"J{:I:$, &;,@:!¥~{{g1r,rJi

~~ffi~.§<;:fti(8"J~{~, ¥fmzW$l9J, fipJTT~Jo {{g1r'~~Iff!~W;tt

64 *1t,!l!BBC

~~~~~, ~PJT~~~~Jo fm1r'@.~;<$:lt¥IJ~~H~? M~~m

+.Jt~IDt~~~~m~, ~epJt~~E8~~~••••Z.~. ~

ffimJE, ®M~~~~z~m~~*~~ff~:±:~o~~. R~~m

~W.mM~~~- ••;~~~t~m•••~epm~. R~l£mA

~£~~~~~ffif, ;ft~mJlj::t~~mt~~ti~••••0 ~t~m.~

~M~~~a, ti~~~*3~~~gfi. OO~~ffif~~N~~~~

.1£~t~~~-@ 1~~.fI••J (National BroadcastingCounciU o 41)

*.-ft~~$~M~~ m=m~~•••••~~~A~+

=~, m~m®nX:~~JJ$JU~PJ,~,. %'H'fl£~fRA~3&~¥Ui&m1J

~~., @xm~~l£~~••e.z~m~~.~~1JR~ZT.

it'$J[f~~" ~.E8~, ~~ffjm:®~~E8.B~I~§i*~frJ(the General

Advisory Council) ZTE8={lBI/J'~Jlz.m•• Jlt=/J,mZ~Jl~, X~JHttfJ?

~~ I~~.fI••J Z~~~{:E. illL§.rgc~mJE. m=/J'~Jll£~:J1F

ZT. &::,~w~m.w.mMt-j:g~E8~1~&*~JJOOE8~~1-\,;*&~

~••f'F~JJm~o.x*~JE~®~e~~m~l¥J~*tt~?m~

7'G~~ r~.*~.J PJT~~'*JlZt-l~N7 0 ESJ~. JJ,t.~~t.t.E8~fF®§.

xtzO{i1J~~~{~mUm®1m1m~[P]l¥J{-\';*~B (~* T J;t!!./5"~$]). fm1r'¥IJ~

~®H~~~~?m~~~~r~~••~.JZ~m~~E8~m~

~, 1JDJ:..mM~E8t*m~~, J;J.& r~~.tm~. J ~:g~¥:tg~[}.W

e-thi.: JJL4-ii.#l-ir.J I*[@J. $.--jf,'tdllTIU;;.!I!!.JJ'.~'J1.JiX.ir.Jo 1*~iiliJ (England) Ji.,.Jt.~«. Aa*~8.k(~A4~.~*~~~!I!!..~~.~~). $.-~*~Ji.,r.~

iiliJ (Scotland). lii\~-.JI~J (Wales) * r:lt:.~jj'iiliJ (Northern lreland)o JtIl~Jt:.~

ilii!!: (}(,$.-,'t 1969 Jf->=<f£.) ~.ft.~~*-*~NiAJl1-~JtIl1~ir.Ji1i~. ~~ (1989) ir.J <~

i(iililll~~ll-+> ((,£"R>lIlf']91'l, p.4~7)'t. :flrJi~.a-tj{,aAo :flJtllI*~"-tj-Mh-t-J

4:lt:.~i(iiliir.J~-ft"'iJL• .t,($,"*-jf·ntir.J'Jt#. "fiil!.,'t Cathcart. R.• 1984, The Most

Contrary Region: the BEC in Northern Ireland 1924~ 1984, Belfast: Blackstaff Press.

@~~~~~E8:gm~PJTj:t[p]~JE~,*1[;M~IM~~m1J. {%~.-J~~

~*••Z.~E8~'~ Mm~MW~~~~••~~l ••~~

{mfr'-=-A~~ I~B~iUt~.J w:~g~E8Jt~; *~M*IDt, mt~I¥J~f'F

.*~~~~T~m~~~, .~~I~~••••J~~I~.~

.J, W~~JE~~§:±:tEmo

fr~t~mlli~'IWr5G~pJT~[P]. IDt*Mi~®ml!to ~t~m1l]JJi••

.~nX:~. ~~g•. ~~~.~~~ko~~ ~*~-••~~

~~, M~~~ff~~~ffimJE, ~~~~~B~.~~~~I~.

~'.J ~+~Jl3l§t±\. fE!.~~~~-/J'~Jl~k~~.ep~~ (gj~it~{f.J

-£ .... :ko#)""PJf~. Jt-1f1~OfjjtJtd1'HJl~1-t;¥Vt.zR~iIIftrJf;jJ,t:l:{f.J),ffi:f~&::,

~~~t~m.:I:-fuJJ~~pJTmA~~1T~~o~1r"J:jJ.L-~~{~, ~*-®

$*. m.~X~~~-ffi~.;®fr-fttO$~~E8ffi~~A,

~~-ffim~~~JJ~~E8~.,X~OO~~fto

1~~••••JE8nX:~~~~ff, @.#xwr~~.~e.J

z~m~~.~~~Z~ff~[P]oMfiE8~ff.R~~~~~m-ff

E8f:EWjY~li$, tzO*{mfr'B~~m~~miT-{:E(li..if-), ~IHm1r'~Y&::,~~

.@-$Z~, ::t~~~.m~~m~om~mJE~~z.m. ~*

&JI~*5$.{~T;f±xfi±pJT{@l.E8~mtJJji~Uo

1~~••••JE8~~, fr~~mm~~ffi~~~M~AZ~H

~W1l:H~~~~l¥JI~mW~~J. ~1T.B!~E8:ggW~*IJ: m~~.~

~:t~'3t~~••e.PJT~{:EE8*~o ~:7f-, rtthfrJ{:Efi1J~~~~~ili®

~~~mm~E8~§~m~, ili~~~~.ffi~mt±\~~~~l¥Jo

~~. ~=~Xm~o m-~x~ftmf*~f,*~x, {~1%r~~~fI••J

.t*TfflT11J~ei¥J!Ji.o (~,~. :ii*[fJftjt-l±.-~. ;E;ff*'tJ:-¥€-{f.J; ~Ji5-

66 Mf£~BBC

7 ~ .i.€r? Jlt.:J:€r? Y:J.afaJ~tsc..fti-~t€r? ~.fti-o )~=~1J1~ff,x~IJJi!~~rm~~o ~

ff,xmJE, $lD*~~ljtmWlWf&£JE~® .B::~~I¥JJ1tfljjil@-~~~-g-, J:)

~~IWlWfJ~J1tfl~~,~~&M~~~OOI¥J~~, ~M, ill®~

Wfili~~~~K~~JEI¥J~~om~~, ill®mJE~~.B::~J1tfl~Wf

1¥J~~ffi~*, ~~7$~I¥J~~N~:~H, ill.I¥J@.ili~~~

.~7m~I¥J~~*., ~~OO~I¥J~~, -~~~~J1tflWlWfm$

1¥J~.~~Wf, ~-~~U~.B::a~l¥JJ1tfl~Wf:Xm~-~~~~m

$1¥J~~tt~fiA~, ®~~~-~~IJ~.~.W~.~~~~~fi

1.B::~J1tfl.WfJ.~~~I¥JM~~.~, ili.~7~®.Wf.

1], MlfiP,1I'~l'lg~~fFi?H~~J, f:EmffiIU1I¥JA~, J:)flJ~¥~~:j1HT: ~

~, illl!I!pJTml¥J¥~, 'MBW~:l:~pJT~~~~)(:1'f~W~if~lfrmoIWlWfJ

&;\~~~pJT~fffliimA~, 1.§.~~~1~¥U~~Wfi¥J[r'lJ~, B~IJ:::fllg*:!=l1::.

~~I¥J&.rm~o~*ill®A~~&.~.~I~.~:::f~~~.,

IWlWfJ mJ:)t8~m1~l!t-IfF~Wf: :::fi@J, ~m~i¥J~, ~~Wf~

&1J1AfJ:)MljJE~:l:~~~R[i~~*zW¥, lf~~±:~.flJo ~~, ill

ltili~~~-Mm~OO~~, ~*N~.JE~M••~.Wf~fi&~

A~,~~Nlf~~~M~~A.~&zA.~~§,-Wili~ff~o

~Jit, X~-~IJ·I~~I¥J1.§..: ~lf IWlWfJ W 1~~WfJ OO~1¥J1F-f1~,

1~~mWfJ±:~WlmWfJ~~~Wf~~lli®~~, ~~~B.~

&mJjI~~~I¥J~¥Ao *f;'£WM~~, {I}19.~~fiP,1~~.~7 I~~

~WfJ ~~±:~f:EfPJ~1T~~.m., ~t~~*, tif:EJit-m~~A,

Wf~~~.I¥J-M~~fffl~~lliOO~~, *~.A~.M~o

~~~F",~, ~ill~.1J§~~-1LE.=i=f.Jj Ij1tM~~zW¥, IWlWfJ

~Jit~7*~~-m~~o IlElfUI-t± (SirW. Haley) ;j~m-&f.:tJU~fIj6~~f{

I¥Jm., ~S®~~~Jit~~Z~, OO~~:::fm~, ~fffl.Mm~1¥J

~Wili~~~~~~Bo1.§.~$~¥,OO~~Nlf~~~~, ~~~

~~~#WZ±o :::fi@J, ~ I~Wf J ~mk~£f.M, ~ftUr-]'tN~J:.~~

~, ~£f.lf~~, ~~~~~.~: ~~~~~i=f.~*, -~~~W

~~.g:g$ (-tf#: ~jj~~~.tj.f!p)\~,fHlj):l:~~~mt:pt1tOJiJH~o ¥U7~

=*i!tJf:*~zM, ~t*~'tNi7l:::t~7"~, ®~.wr:::t~.~1~¥U

7:W:.~ ~~~)(:1f~tJiJU!Io ~mlfi~3Ii~tE~U-@[;f§~r'SJ,~W-{~A

1I'~1¥;m~, ~~ilJw¥-m~m~Jm~~~~R[i~fB~z5i-,SI¥J~mf~

%'JEl¥JifJ§, f;tt:fF.~lIJOO~Azmo -1LE.=i=f.Mgtf~l¥Jm;frlfl, :*

aJ:.1:iJJ:)m~liltg;g 7 ~W¥E.*~ff~~!f7(i7l-~&*t~)(:1'f;i~\t*m~~D

Jito

@ Cff~I:iJ~~§35i--@]$o J:)Cif~rm §, 1;£*¥9.~~511i® § J1:r~

~~M~, lilt., .@~~~~§.~W~~J:.~.~m.i¥J~.,

~~®JE~.M~~z~, RWflf-@.-~.~.~m~o*~~

~~W§, ~~ili~~lF-fffi~m~~, 1.§.~~M~J:.~~., ~N~

A~~~~J:.~~®~~.Wf~~:*:~~B~~.@~~J1tflWl*

pJTflt&I¥Ji1'i§t:p, fr:!i7~~~.tt;$, ~~~7~7.Z1~I¥J¥o Mm:~

:tE-1LE.=i=f.f~JEZ1~, :J:tf)71J7m.~ Im~J1tfl~f{ J il911*~, l!t~

~~7mJJ[~*o ~-, '8g$mJ7m1~:l:~l!fu't1:R~~~~~tt, [r'lJW¥,

~.I¥J~~ili~~~lilt~~~~~tt~§, ~ill@m~~~~*J1t~

.~oillOO~m~~~~~lIJ~~ffi~~i1900~, m~fffl~o~m.

I¥JOOUA, ~~~~W~ffi~$~~~~( ••M~~.~€r?~~A)ffi

:fIQ:F-fI¥J§mtQ5JiS;z'tW, ~~~/J\m0

68 mlfBBC

~~@., ft~~~~~~, -ftE=~~~~~~, ~~mlli

&"~!¥Jg~ft~,{§.t:':{I":§[J~:ui:t~1jI'flirT-fthO-1f.{~*M~J.*OOfJt

ffijfJ!~E.~m~~mtl¥J:t~1J:5tm~liJo il:!1i~1~~-ftE=~~m:i!*1¥J

m+~, ft~~.~~~~-M••~~ W~~••~~~~••

tbb~pggr)(5J~~1i*r,,~~ffijlj[g;l¥Jr,,~~, ~~Wf~~~~~o ffij~~mft

i¥Jg;~, ~~1T1t.;;il~~~I¥J~~,f!lJ~~1t.;;i~~IJjUllJ*~0 r,,~~:tE~,

*~.Wji$t~::afjg~~~ffij7'E:5t:t~mf;J:t:, ffij~~ir:fj[~~*~~~§§

f~¥UmiJE, Ij Ig;~§lI¥J:illL~~~~~::a)I;~;@t ~1i*l!lli~ir:fj[m~Ro :illL

E.., :tEft!¥J*~.~~*, Ij Ig;~~~iE./F~it:m1l!~mx.'f~ltWT~::a:tE~~

••tbb~~••ji~$, ~~7~:fj[~mffi, .*I¥J~mm.:tE~~

~••tbb~*~~••~~, -~~*M~/FJEo

ItbbWfJ~e~~, ~m~w~~§~~~~~,~e~m~~

:Jt.:tE~1i*~I¥J.f::E, ~m:i!*~~M.:y Itbb~J i'-Ifjg (~-t- mHf<, $.- x..I<. ~

-t- jJl{.;J.-'f- 5i.;ff ~1IJ), ffe~JE~J.~f:!t¥A~:Ff~~"6J§§~*f~¥U~ff~~ij~

~o §3lf-JiUi~Jt (~-t-1i-it) mJE, ~~••tbb~JJ!~ 1~J.:Jt.El~PJT

~'B~:fR~~~J'!X:!lt-§~~~~,~1~~H:illL3C:f,JFfI1§I¥J~.J,:fR1it

fEJ~JfJ'!X:~~mi§ 1*~'M'§g~~ rtbbWf~:7H l¥J:tJii1Jo~JlfX5l::t-mWfit1,

:illL~*~1¥5~~Jo !l9'm:i!*["j:l]~~*~~ ••tbbWfmi:!H7'E7t~~j][, i~

i11tl~.mft~.:fIfI1§~.~J,:illL}J[*~~~tEllUJl¥Jji~JI,§gJ'!X:~ltbbWfJ

fi$~.!¥J~.(5J., ~*~.mft~§!¥J&JJ!~M7m~wm~, ~

JJ!~1Jo~jL

.~~~.~~~, ~~••tbbWf~*.~m••~.A~~.

l¥J1Jyt~~.J!; E..f)t-ft=O~f~*M, Ii;§~Je*~:Ff~1)t$~OO

• A~~, g;~ili7-~fEJm~:fj[I¥J*~~~$~.Aft~~§~&

., illft~.~m.~JE~~~~,~::ae~7'E:5t~¥Afi7m+E.

~mJEo ~~~~~~••~Wf~~, ~~~~~~~~fi7m+E

~l¥JmJE~~ ~~••~~I¥J~~~~~~~, ft~.~~~oo.

A*.~.J!~ffi@JJ!, ft~~~m7~.AI¥J~~.£®~~iE.

~~~~, ~~~.ttWf:Jt.~~m~.~,~~~~~M~~~;~

~ft{l'~El2~M@J~, {§'ft*A~~J!:f~~PJT/FJE, ~ln~~ft{l"f)t*1~

lf~7i-W-~ytwpiilft{l'~m{:!t~B~~o~~, ~~~H~Jtl:;wpft1mifJ,

&:\~12§.~~ 0 §3-1JOO, -fLhO-1f.{~1T~~R5*~~~, ~1iZ:WT(McKin­

sey) 0"i'lJ~@§~~1Jyt~wp{t1, :ui."6J~XJU~~ytwp{t1!¥J-tl; ["j:l]

1'~:t-m, m:~~*~~PJT~~~ 10#.Jf~~~ J (the Public Accounts

Committee) :W- l{il~~~Wf J (the Estimates Committee) .pJT~llil¥J~~

.~, ~~~m~~ftl¥J~~~$oill:tEft~*,3Cm~~••~~

J'!X:1i:1¥J Ii}#~~~ffi!WfJ (Public Inquiry Board) WM:iz!j;~/F["j:l], t:':1¥J

:uiEYj7.f7~~1J'fI~~:tE]!!~~J.M, I![Je~~~L'lpX;1i:l¥JrfHJLo ~~,

3Cm~ffi!Wfl¥Jm~~::a~A~m, ~~~~mffij~o

~~, m~N~.J!~A, ffi/Fmiffij~~m~~.~Y~A, ~

Y~~~A~~l¥Jomm*A:tE~-1f.~lfIUJ0.m~.ffij~*~~~,

~~e~7wp~o~~, ft~~.::a~, ~~~~I¥J~~, ~*1J'.

~~Affi!ft@JJ!~~:j:.tt~~~, ["j:l]~fjg~~-~*.m7m, ~~J=J,.~

~~y~~§lffi~~~~!¥J&~, ~./F~o~~ff:tE~~Jtl:;mft,

ft~~~ffi, :tE~~~.tbb~~~~*0#~~, ~Bmlli0mftft

.if-,ijc: i!;i1.ff] I~ rfJ4- Jl *"J ·t1. 'jf::r- M#'-1tl-t-ff]-~#l-t:Wi--,iij. 'E It'*= Itl-ij;-IWJ-$i.at r~,

(k~~.)~.*,*=._+~A±ff]~~.I~••««ff]~~.~~•. ~~~•1!It~-.

70 RI.!BBC

1r'I¥Jt!tw, tlD*:tE£f!Jtl:;~rvnj~~ijg~mG:lz:, ili~*mi~~Yi-:WfJ!4-!tli-mb

*Jl¥JmW, ~ft~~~:tE~®.~m~

.~, m••A,.ftW.+-.mm~®mG:lz:~••~~~.

1M, ~:Yilifi*itrYMOOflU?<.~~'tm\i, ~Jtl:;.1M'§ti5TiffiijjU!*J i:l:~

~ffi~*J (Regional Advisory Councils), tJ-& i-mb*J *~JM:;fr.~~

OOmG:lz:~M~m.*o~Jtl:;## ••l¥Jm~*, m:tEB~#~fi*,

'§f15T*¥-JJ\13A, ;t'tCP~~-§f15;frfrm:l:~:n'I1:~~5cl'§-~~~ * (the

Local Radio Advisory Committees), ®~-fl?!l~1'*I¥J~~*X;fr~=+~

I~A~, ~.~~~~, M~~-n~~~Z~~:lz:I¥J~:n~l'§-~

mtlz.~~~~o

~~ilt~.+=f~W.+=fl~J~;f.!I!~.~,.ruli*J::l*lJ, pgcp13

~-Jtl:;.~~m~, ;t'tCP~Jtl:;~~~~.~, ®~~~~;t't.~o ~

lit, .+=fl~.-~,xtlD~~, ithh*J iH!~!<if~;t't~~, ~~~Ji±~

A~W~Jii~IJo :tE~~lMmthh*I¥J.-@M~:tk~fr~::X:M!, m,~,~

fBi~lJU~I±J, ~~~Pff:;fBiff$~¥Ji1T:R; .~~M~~ffl~z.-, ;t'~

*~~T~:tE~I¥J~~~mithh*JW~B~~~lMmi0~Jz.~,

MUif-fl?!l3mtfffrulf*o {§.{E:/&lli:~~~:tkB*~~¥}~&¥Ji1T:R~A~,

~~;t't$M~l¥Jfi~±~, ~~¥}~A~~o~~ ~.~~~, ff

$A..I¥J~~m:tEB~~ffi~~lMm-mb**~*~fi,~ili~~~,

tR:m~~*t*~-m:1&~A..~j]or,FftJ-, i¥Ji1T:RJ-~J;J-&'iUiJftQ(M!.)

:tIHTIf!P~~f]{, 7:J~ffitR:m~~ *pfT~~¥:m, OO~~tlD~~;t'tfii1

~*-~~ffi;fr~~~~~offi~~{E~~OO.~~ffi~~m,ftlli

~~~~~.~mR, ••~m~~~Am~, ~~lMmthh*M.~

I¥J_~&.~~~W§z.~:lz:tt,~~ti®••~~~o.ff¥Jifi:R

~A, ~*;t'tff$~~kff$, ;t'ttR:~~:tE~tR:m~~*, ~~@~

Yi-*o ~~, ¥Jifi:RllimM~.®~mfi.~~~~~., ~~~~

fft, W$jG~;f§~ 0

M~:tk~;t't$.~(~~~~~~~*~~~~)m~, ~~lMmthh

* £\~ur~;t't*€lN~*&W~~~f~ftfo ~1'*:l:~, ft1r,llimJ;J-:tE~M!m~

~-@.~~.~o~Jtl:;*€lMWI~.#~#ffi~m~~~, ®~ffi

ithh*J*~~~~o .~, lli:~~*, ~~~~*€lN~ml¥J~~,

~~;fd:*I¥J~~~ ~~;f$j (~.M- T rW1-t- J) tr5~'5t~~.&1M, i:J2JM:f~1,j'} i 1M

mthh*Jm:lz:~±~~~*€lN*$~~j]~z.mmo{§'JM:~~~~tR:

~tll¥J-¥fft®§, ~~f$.~~~lMmthh*l¥Jo tlD*tR:m~~1ir1)l:1¥J

rtJ~m~~, fii11r,~~mf&''5t~m~;f§rul~jH~~, fili1r,~jG~~tI~

M~l¥Jo.~, ~~-~, $~lli~~~OO.~~~m~~~M.o

~~JJfmith*~;t'tpg-B'~WYi-:g:~I¥J;fr*&I*tlDfPJ~im, ~1Tthh~nft!.?

.+'='fr~~lit~pfTmiHo ••~, ~~lJfl~~,xIDt~~, i7t~thh*§,!B~£\

~, ~M~fiWffWm.~imJ®~~~I*o~~ ~@.~i:J2~

-¥~~~ffl~W~~~mthh*~ffl~M~¥-JI¥JA.~, ~~~~~~thh

~~lJU~&t imHJlfl~ftfJ ®j§~, ~f~Jtllim~, ~~~Rj1Ti10~Z.

~, B'!WaJ:F~~~o fl~::X:i:J2m~, ~~~W'5tJi~IZ*~, ~,*,

Wr!i1iflJ, tJ-&;1'tfii1~rm~:nflJ~Z.., :l$]B'!1JDJ;)i~gffiJJo fl~::X:lliM7JUm

~, ~~~rulim*z.~~~$Jz.~, ~B'!~~~gffiJo~Jtl:;BTM

*, ~gffiJ~I~Wi't~~[Pf§, 1F~/J\~; ~i&JfJ(;*,~Jl1,j'}, ~~lMm

thh*~~~~~~ffi~.W*ff, ~;1't~~~W0m~W~rul~~~

~jfffi, 1±'f:B*,ill~-@0:tt~~~~~~'I'Fffi5Cr, rul~~IZ.~W~

~l¥JtlfIJZ.[Pf§, ~:efH!~~m®k? k~f-t~1'*~:l:if2*n)8? ft*J~"Jt

72 *1E~BBC

1~. ret~~~JJifMf&j~e.*~~-{1m0~pJT~Et9~tfiJ,1±J!t-~tfiJEt9ft

~••M*& ~~~~M~~~AI~ft~~-ffi~~~~Et9B~

fl. M-'f~m iW mo {ElJi~t ~{1!'!I$J1ffm §, t::* Jir 8 *~tfiJ gl(;]"!~ Et9:=t~,

~~~ffM~, m~~1±*.~~J!t~h$~o

1±§MrU]1&pJT1~il&m~:tE~~~f*Et9'llh7lT. ~{f'~&:'~~*~EYj.

If&j~ J ~l'n!ff::E, &:,~[t:i]!ffl!;~;f§IUJ$~Et9f7qM§fr:R, .L-~&m:~fffi:R

~~~~, ~EYj~IUJ~~~MWIff~#Et9M~f&j~~o1±~&~~

1JHIf&j~1±~-1700 Et9~j'lU9};;ZJf~, ft~jfr,,~m!JL"t'H~'-~r,,~Et9A, ~~}'[

~lJ~~~§LHI*Et9~~lJf,*~, !Z9~Effi[.~5G5G~~Et9fi!J*1J0

73

~3.

1~~JJi~f&j~JEt9~=ffi••~#~I~~~f&j~~Jo~ffi~#

Et9t*~{.v:~~{~~~§Lf~, 13t1!f~ffif~~§Lf, M1!f~IJEE~~pql¥j"]§:Rft(

~13t1!fEt9mfrHm1Mn, :StEE~~JJi~f&j~~1To ~$:~4*. :=t:gJJi

~Et91¥1~=J3[~-,¥, )tEE¥I3il&*,~~:Rt~t¥¥I3~i~Jm:R(;f1'l ~~-~f). ft13t~1J

~f7qil&fffi:Ro~.Et9 •••~:=t~~~.$*il&m~.~*~~~

••7~mpqM§fr:R®*o1±~@]"!mEt9~m$,A~.~~~••

~/J'\Et9¥13il&.~ilJfj~~*~{1f, ~gl(;]!!*Et9 l.tH¥~WrJ z-Ao

JJi~.:m§frJ3[EEpqil&fl'~1t~~, ~J!7 -{.v:IEA~-TM1lZ:~ CR.

Jenkins); {it!.~l'H¥-,~§ EE Et9~ ~{§~, TIEB.ft~ § 2 Et9t(f~~PfT~

lIil$jo JJi~.:mfj~1±fiPA.tH:pqil&$:RM'. ~~pqil&$i¥J.~Z-, ~f§

&".m~i¥J.o M.tt~Jt:J:§ JL,', *lJ.1Jlit~1:E pqi6n'¥~m Nt~:@.JJifM.:m,

JE.t)~13tz*1!fW}'[)tf11Ji¥JMrl3', IIJm-pqil&fl'~~~~JJifMf&jWr=1!fz

OOi¥J.~; pqil&$R~~••~-Hi¥JJJifMil&m. ®1f&j~J*Jirft

~B1ji;.~as~:@., ~1J~~5G~i¥J.1Jo =1!fZ5H~. M1lZ:~$1T/f

~o~m~-*~~~MttWr~M.tt.~~~~M®§~&7~~~

:mi¥J1Til&r",~o 1:E~1F~~AIEA~§3ZM. fit!.e.*~::7tF7fjr~5hLrj:ili~.

~~/f~~JJi~.~:±::gasJirffi~~~~o~®.~-W:±:~f7q$~

74 ME!!BBC

~~~~~~®§, ®m~~~~~rr~~$, ~~~-~, rr~~

z~fi~~~~~n, ~*R.WL~~~~~m~~~~ffl, @®

~&~mM~~~M~~~~m-ff*~.m~~~~~$~,ti

~B~~~$~~Mffi~~,~~T~~tt~~.~Wo

mM~.~X~~m*T~-M.~~~~omrr,~0~~~

f~, IJfm~~8~~J:JIT[~rr~MMffifH$1~¥U~§~11t:rrJ:JM, 00

i&nu~~~f§nu~rr~M~*Jl~Ilf~J::f~T-®, &-fif!fr'~A~l¥.Jm

~lJiffi$~z~, ~m~~m&iBz~p*, ~Z~P"*lt9ftEJ-ESo 1Z9~{$J

~L~~~$~, rr~~~~ffi±~~~mA~ilifflt9, 1Z9~lJimm

~*~IBf}~, ~~~~fjgtE~~~1JDo ~~, '±:~~1UJ~JlU&fh%lli

fQj~~fjgm~lJim~~~~., lZ9~ji~~$~RmWlm&i&mfrj~~

~~, ~~~~~~m.~~w.~~, m~.~.~T;~~-H

~~~, ~~~~.M~ti~~~frjo

~~, ~M*~, IJim$m.lli.~It9~.~&, ~~~~~~

~~~~~o~~~~~, OOi&nu*wr~11tJ~~IlfA~Z~, ~

MT1N*-~It9;jFiEA~m, &-~~lJimi&~~.m~~1!WT~~o ~

~, II@-ffJf-}±~.~~W~~~~pJT~m, ~~~R~1&~'~~~fJT

1t9~m:!tkz~, ~~tlD~o [QJ~, ~*P3fi±~~mti~~'§.~(H. Bow·

den, JJL~ e...~ -fi'- Jt~ ~.:;L ~ *- #j- ± (Lord AylestoneJ).... tOJm.±FiJ (RH. Cross­

man): :tE~51*~ (Macmillan) ~1¥.J~1&~I2:9if.Mrl"liJ (I959~1963), ~

m~~rj~5~~ (R. Butler) 0 rrflt § af:£~, fltW~¥-t (F. Peart) W'l!l

~m. (W. Whitelaw) ~j&1~J"!.~~XR~3'(:mto :tEm®xJ!3'(:mt$, ~

mW~~~fi*~.~~T~11t,~~"~B~~~m~.....~,~:¥:mJJl, -tr~:f:if!(O]~~~rMl$~~.75i@~ ~ ~fYj, rrmtm'llffi£T,

~~iE~A~~WIT[.ffi~z~*(_4.~)~••J!, ~~~~~

~fjgT0 flt~;g~, ~tlDmtmtEff~X~3'(:mt,rr!!!:1J~{§~£~L,

~~~~M1T$£'~~~~fiJm-~no @rr~I¥.J*~!'HI$~~±~r'i"'J

ff-:¥:~i&$Z~, mJffi:fiJm-~U:P}~~~ijgi¥rr, lZ9~tlD*~~~g:~~

(Home Secretary, -tf-tt-: #:fjfj. Secretary of State) rrfLT~~W~~!J'm

tibWt~W~¥A1T~11t~, ~~1N~~~~if~T ~~g:WnU9F:J;:~ (Minis­

terofState) ~~~, 1Z9~1&~:::t~~~JimBm$~~Ao 1.tB, rr

.i&.nuW.M$~~~, ~~Ji.~11t~r'i"'JIlfA~m.~~ffiti~

iE~~ftEJ-ES, ~iEffi~~~iEA~ ~~:::t~~WffirMl~B~~fiM

~~11t~~~•••~, mtm.~.~~~~~fYjB.~,~m~

:P}o

r~~Wtib~!!*J ~M=J'llJf'*:)(~~~~~~fYj. '§.fl5T~tmffl

~~tE~W*!!*~~~BMo :P}T*fL~lJf,*:)(~~~, ~~~~ttitz

~:1JOO~~~ .... ~~~~~~w~~®~~m.omtET-®$~~

., m®&:)(~*~~.m~11t.~~~~w.~~~m~,m@&:)(~~*~~.m~11tW~n.m~~~(rnA)~.M@~~.~~

~~Z*d';1E, ~rr[QJ-@:f:-[g:1J 0 ret~m:f~~m~f.t!!!:1Jms~flJ (~~-1kt

>1t1.l-.w;.JY - i..ckj,J., I!par*l/t.WJ~~M.~>t!~-jJf11trht'), ~J1,t&~Ati~~

{£fi:iJ:fi~o

~m-ffi:)(~$, m-@~~•••~tt~~m+=a EmtE

~~.m~11t~~~••~~.~r~~~fffi:iJ~~~~JIt9&~,

~~r~11tJ~~T~~!J'mz~I¥.J~*It9~OO~.~o[QJ~, *!tk

ljJ\m~~~.m~11t:F1~m~ff{ilJT.W]'~W§J,~~.J:I;tl'~W§1t9

~~, rr*!tkm-f,*8~~EY'l, ~~[J rffi.WJ~{':tlliJ ~;ft*4... ' ..~

76 a~BBC

EJ1±.:m~fF.ff~, m&7.®1'!:@G~M:WWG~~;gmJom~&t~IDt,

.®~*~~~~W§hffi~~••~*~~~~lliffim~, rMzHJ

M.A::tE.mmh~, *15"m~w§.®1'!~~ffioffiM, m~Ij~%

1¥JMiillfI'E1fi57=@~*-~~iJi:mt&J*m~Tm=1'!~~1'i §:@Gtf

A, Mz::tE~W§$mlliTm=1'!~~ffio

~/f'&Ati~m@m5E~EW/f'K~.,~~m@~~••t&J*1¥Ji1'i §'E1fi5Tfi~ti'H~E;%tf, lli&t~~~t±\~~mo .t:ttlo, ~ r~* J

••3m~tt.~, .MMm~T.15"~fi, MzN~~&*:I*:1¥Jm5E,

.~~~~m~~ ~~m@fifil±Jm~OOm**,~ffijmA~~

K~~r<=l~ rt&J1IJ ~~1t£$J&1~T.m, ~fr'~Jl1~fEl&".m~; ~o

*7~~, X~{T~/F~)(:? -$~m~~fl£¥Am.!E:1J1¥J¥JJ$7~o ffi~~iJi

:m~*~MtJ.*, -@:~~¥Am.£,~~)j'f.toij:*~~J7'Jn~j'%~~::E~

~.*~,OX~&~m.15"~A~~~~~.I¥J-~;::tEIltMmr,

~ff~~~.~~~~~~.~¥AOO.~ft$tt, ~~~~~~.15"

~A~m~AZ-, ::tE~~.:m~*~*, ~~~.~~~M~~~

lli~n~o~~.*0~.#~~®~~ ••fF.f, ~~••t&J*-@:

/f'B~~¥Um@~J"!~fi~~1¥J.15"::tE.ff!Yl~OO$I±J}]',~JmfZ;l{EJ1to

®m@~~$, .15"~fil¥J~~, ~~~~rt&J*Jffi/f'~~~; ~

Oif-ti.: *1~L.~~1t€r.}4n r>lt-j}:#u h\"-!1Ullit1bn:mm1t.Hi-.tt.t.H, 1!L r~1tJ 1H~­

~M~~,~~~~~~,~~~#~~~~m£#n,*K~R~~~h\"~~~m~

~~, ..;/.2>l~~~~~€r.}at.o 1991.1f-;f7J, r~1tJ Jt..fft:l:4$'r r~ltI.J ~Ilit, 7l:..tf-1!t'OJiI~~, A.1f-K,*,i1!.A5Z.iM ($, r 5Z.ltI.J (STAR, satellite television for Asian region)

€r.}lJjiftz.-), jEffl~ 1993 .1f-i1!.A-1t-iM, jl:.kJlII$,Jit1~plJjffo i!-~~~#&1f, 1br~

1tJ*~.t.:l:o.tf-~it~.n.~*~T, *m~~.1ti!••3~~~.t.&f~$.--ftI!,: km€r.} r~~.,f)j-iII'l~J (CNN) .tf-m~r·'~~A~, .J{i'oJ!lL~, *mh\"~WJ1t~* ..;/.$.- r ~tifJ .,f)j-iII'l~kh\t$i!- CNN «'4'-, -ik~i'J;'o ~ _~, .i!1m-!lo;f;~·~Ul~..;!i'A~,;.!.)#JJI.~o

)i., f;f~{TM'I1f~T, QJtJ?G~.15"~)i.:f:iQt±rfJt, ffijH~;I1f~T~Ij/f'

QJ, ~.~~~~mw.o.mm~~~, ~~~-~~~$~~~

fltw, IDt~~~iJHit&JtI~J:!:l/f'11::;~~11'1I/f'~~OJ~? M:§;JFtlOllto mt~~

M/f'~~~~,tt~~~.mt&JtlmW~M~~~M~~~~~~~o

M~~~.mt&JtI~~§~~~~~~fi.tt~.®, g~-~

{@:1~ml±Jwp=mfR, ?JJ'RPml±J.®~ § fF.f, ff!~1~¥Ij&"fF.f~~~*J~J%fif:~

~~o ~&t~mt~~-f[BIm5E, ::tE-fLnO~{-t1Wf~5Ifillf§IUlg:~tI§

~~~mfR, ~~~~ff!~M~r~tlJ~~m~~tlo ~~~~~~

.®ttw§~m5E, &t~~~ffl~ffij~, ~*~~~~.m~tI~~

r~*J ~i&;f.,~J%~~~~, ~{&¥}m~.®ttW§, {1=ttlO* r~1IJ

Mz/f'~*~~, ~&t7~~{T~rl=l~;lmffg~51 ft~mfRo ~~;f.,~J%fif:::tE-fL

nO~~~l±JmOO~;lm, ~~~~.mm*Mm&t~~m~~.~.

®ttw§, ~llt~&t•••*~~, m.J%~w*~r~tlJ~~&t

llt~~{ii!~~~o

~~••~*f.lt~{Tmt~~m7F, ~1'T.:mtJmU%~~!JlJ7'J~~)(:

~~~m~m~~mM&~>i-~~~~~m~?m+~~8~~X5E

Zo ~Iltz)i., ~fI50t?JJ'~*r~tlJ r~BtJ.fLI¥J~~, ¥f1~Etr~

.~c1'!PJT:f*~~~~.Lr~~z~~~f~J0 tttlOIPJ~{ii!lff~~~~~

.~~*~~~~~.~, M$~~I±J~r~tlJI¥J§D, MzH8~

~-fL~li~OO~~ho@~Hm~mm~~*8~::tE~$~h~,

)7IJA*!j7\f~~,xz-O~? m~1±J~~~~I¥J~~, &"fF.f*:I*1E::tEti1f{~tJ

••~~~~~Mo&t~~*, Mllth.~A*~ ~.7~~.~

~1J~Jt{tp, /f'ff!~jzjj;~M~~••iJiij* B~3mf'Fzm5E~~J!lJo ¥}

IDt, RP~*:I*:!'MIlt7~~~Xm5E, !'M~~~.:miJiij*.~~jjt1T~¥f1~,

78 MEJ!BBC

~.~~~~Mm.o.m~~~,~~••a*~~~~••~A

m~, q.m~~~$~m, ~m~~~~T~~~~$~~~o~

~*itkf~nBM:tE.ep, ~i!fH!~31UA~-f~:)(, ~H!¥H'F~ii (if~:

"ii(it.Jk.~~-m~$tif.)o R~m~§f~, ft§lF~:R:&tW:m~~~:f:~, :fJ<:~

~lli*~~••a*••q.m$~~~tt, ~*~~.mo 8

m+~.~~~MT~M~§f~W~~••a*~~~, ~.ep~

~~~~*~a*J~$~~Z••, ~~~~~~~~$~~m.

~o~~~~~*~~~~~~~, ~~••a*~~m~ffi~~,~i!f~~W~m~Tm.~m~o@~,$.M~~M~m~.hW

~*~~~m*~*~~••a*.~~~~@§, ~~@*, *itk

zm~, ~~~~M~~~*a*~~~~W~J~.h,~~~@

§ Jo ffij~~••awrtE~mZT,f{f.~e*!f~M&t03=tij~~~$~,

~fftTW~'~••~~*; ~M§~R~1£~~'lff~~1:.~,::t*~

*a*fllli~~i¥JW~o

~~~*~~••a*~~.~~~if-t;fSl., fllj~~~i;~ ~fj£*

~mi¥JJi!f~t-lo ft~~*WJ~ffij§, m~ljfjirm*m~f~i¥~*~~~,

O-thic: ~~ ~-fttt#-$.,$t.i..., *"'*" 111 J\l, ~~. 111 ~~-I;£-r;Jt'xd~itit:>t!::Jj ;f;..~A.~

~~~~~~~o~~,~*~M~~.~~~.~~,~~~~k~~*, ~~~*

~~o~~~k, ~~~~~~~A~~~,$~~~~~~~.~~X.A.~, o~

't"iX.#-X,*~.ft± (Samuel Johnson), *~ ~*i"illt-1Zf~A~tb~ft~,t.~ ~~~ ~

J.t~'rtiX.o .JI\.-z:t-z~1ZfTI'Jt$!-~F;tle.:¥t'*,;ttb~:ft.;;i±*1835 -'f-$!-1847 -'f-:$)-~lJ

llft: ~~.;;i±f"J~£1881 -'f-i" ~1Zf Iii] ~.J'J 0 £*ilt~~ 1t-r~tt, flll 1966 -'f-illt­iJ!.A~~"iltIH-#;-At~Jt, ;f;.ll~Mo 1978 If-. ~it;#l;~Mt.*.t~1Zf~:J.#it>1'1f;t"il.;

1985 -'f-itJl, it~-Jlt-):.tiJ!.~~I'Jt, ~1&tE. 1989 -'f-*:t'T~l'Jto nyI-. -.!Lj'J 1957-'f-,~TJ.t.:$)-E~~~*~~*.1t4~.~-#;-4.~~*A~~-ft"il.~••otE.«~

~i!c"~lfJ. ~it;#l;illt-.'f~·rt, ~£ 1959 -+i" lItj¥.;o jlJ T 1964lf-. i";fl ;t~,t1.~M$~~~~,~¥.;Mt~~~~iX.,-Jlt-~~-+.~~A.GtE.it~~iJ!.~M~.~~~~

~Mt~"~1970 -+f..j¥';k.~.'f~.fli.#£i~L

.$.A~~1:.~.~ ••, m~~~~~~~~~:tE~~~*m~

~~hll1, f,5j'~~~o .$.M~Tmt,fi¥J.h, ~1~ftj~:fI"11;g~&:,~

~A~~mm, ~~~~~A~~~~••, ~*R*~8~~~~

~; .'I~;fN*/F~tzD~o .*J]:tE-~=O~1~~m~r::p, lii.~~JL

~m${4'1£.flr::plli:F.w.~11*:)(, @~JJ[m~/F~.ep~mJLo ~*, ill

~PfT~~ ~+[7]B¥:!~IjJ, 1.f\.eP.fI@§/F1~&t.eP~~(·m--t-~ElZJ*J) ~

A~*mf~~$~, ~1TfEfPJi¥J¥IiH~~Wf~o m~um~1£~Mtt*~.eP

e.~, ~~A~e.~m~., ~H~m~m~.~, ill~~~~

&:'~o /F~, $.~, ~+[7] B¥:!~UJ~ff1£, ~i9K~~-:=.t~~M~IfB,

tzD*~~:tE~*f,5j'*31UA~f~zmr, ff,;te*~1~¥UT¥Iit~, /F~&t~~

~~*mf~••JfEj;)lii~, 3&ffij~/F~~i!f~m0 mt,f~~~~i¥J'I~

~, ~~JfE~~~, $.~~~*~~~~~o~~Z~, i!f~.~

-~~mi¥JM~~.~~, m~~~mJL~~.fla*~m~oo, •

&"~~lli:MBR:lG.::v:i¥Ji*~~W.mWTZ~~. (the Nationalist Parties)

:tE~ili~~8~•••o-nlili~, &"~~~~~~~~lliT-ili

m~, ~*~~mtma*/F1~fj£$f:HPJ~•••, ~:;FW~e*,!f$9C

thhic: 1ll~:t. fHrtt**IIl·tl~'J~1~'(;, jlJ T 1980 -+1\~~ Ii4 };.A.(Mrs. Thatcher).i..J.tZ*, G~1it.A.o ~*~'J-T, 1985lf-X-*" *1Il~~j-~~~$."it"t:~htG~-ia~

:;tA~.te.it.Jt "M.-~.i!~" (The Edge of the Union) (JH~~±;'-5J (RealLives].~~-&). ~~&~~~a~~.M~*~$.±~:$)-+M.,J*JJ.t~k*~.~~

~,~~&/.1~*~IIl~~~~.~~~~o~~~~.~~A.~~~~Iii]~~Iii]*~

ft/.1*, At••ALfta, ~*~~~o .~. ~~.J.t.*l~O-+~~~~~G.

.,~~~~*~~~. ~#~#-~Mt.~~&~.~.~~A~,*IIl~*&~GA.

fpj.tE.#-, *1Il1R:ij}·tl~'JJi11*"*-# M 111 tb ~.tlJ. ~p,~ d1 ~#"f 1"f-~, 1988 If-~A *,*~~~~~:$)-~~~~, .~r~~~.J, ~*z-~~~~Ax*~*,,*-#MI1I

tbtE. J*J ~~~A..o 1lII#-~1Il k.;j!.1.~j-.~tE. 1980 -+R1*'f~T~ r·~it~JMJ. -$.~t..tt1:-lfJ,t:'l~-te.it~~~X&~Buchan, N. and Summer, T. (eds) .1989, Glasnost

in Britain? Against censorship and in defence of the world. London: Macmillan.

80 *1t!!.BBC

.~~••m•••~.~~.o~.~~ ft~m=@~~.~~

mm:lz:, ~!ltrn7GT, ft!!1f'tQ,Jl.t¥~lf~.1ig~~1f.~7t~¥U~i& ••

.~~~~m, ~m••~~.o~~.i&~~T~k~~ffi,W~

.ff~~~~m~fflT, ill~.~mm~~~~~~••m.~:lz:~

fF~M:m~i!r-$.~, 1m1ftJtQ,J:.J!ltfF~m~~~, mtr3t~.~

-tL1\li1f.~~T~~,xmko (l"f~: ~~M~~lf;{.J!JfJ1!!.~ fI-J ~ ~:t-tf. 1966

.,. y:,q~. ~ ;kkil.JlJl r..'!i]~~1~Ji. £. -t- H"-lf:fI-J J1t.:t ..~at r..,o )m+.=.f~~mtr3t-~,xmk~~m.m .m7i-~Ii~$~~~1JAo

~~,xtE\.:y i&Jffm1J, m:lz:pfTgw~ I~k~J (Prescribing Departments),

~~~k~~~~§~ffw7i-••, ~~~~~§~••~~~ffi~

mk, ~~tQ,~I~~~~J~~~lffflm~omt~,~~~*~~

••m.WI~k~J~~IW®tt*,~~~$~~.Ti&Jff~~

••~~~*W~ft!!~*I¥Ji&~fUM'Ifl3'¥~Jom ~'Ifl3'¥~~*filJmU~?*itk

~!It:lz:lfmlm, § I¥J~ l~m.~t1-g-~*fljf,itI¥JMmT, ff:f$w51­

••W§I¥Jff.W••Jo~~mklf~&mm-~z~ott~,.~

~~••m.~~7i-m.1J®, ~lf••m~.~I¥Jff~(~~••*~~<'][. :K.$.-Jt-tf.Ul~fI-J~*), fg~~~J\,\~Jm*fF~f-tM, anf7J~~lm

lftJ~m~kI¥Jo ~51-, Im.J~~~~~~-g-I~*~~J~Mm

Tff:f~~51-••, ill¥U~§i*Wk:illflfjj1'ft~~~.g~nJ§? $.~,

~@k~;fI~~~~m.o 'r::EJJ:.Jft(~§~B1j:!~••@:flU, ft(~B

PfT!&¥UZ.~I¥J't1:.~, ft(~H1U~0~~Z§~Ji'i~, ~{3t,!MJ.-g-1~1±\~

~~-g-0mm~kI¥J~*~~o~!It ••I¥Jm.ZT, ~.3m@A

~~-aI¥J~~, ~••~~~~~mo~*k~~~I¥J~.,mt~

~~~mUmI¥JA, ft(~~••~~wm.oW~1f.*B~.~,!It

- § :±~rflEJ. ~~~~••m.m5''f.~.mH~~~J:.J*.~~WPI¥JJ*

129, ~~I¥J~~tQ,Bm~;!t$o

••~~~mk, ~X~~m+~~oill~B~~~Xo~-tL

~01f.~-tL~~1f.Z~, ~~~~.~i&, ~.~~~m.~~I¥J

~., ~~~•••Ji'jj§1j;i;R:k, ;fIj]~BT1&, tQ,Jl.t~:t:EJ1igfI}1j

'~1J[~J'l[:o ~~)(:=g-mJJHiliJJ1ID, ~~I¥J~lHffIJ.~1¥~, fEl..~!jL.tan~

~~lm.J~Mi&lf~~~, m~~~~W~~~.Mm~I¥JJi'jj®o

iii.:1¥I'Ig~~)(:=g-m.=g-~rs~Z~, :tiJL\~~thh.Mi&I29JitWjfiiJt/f

~~", ~~~Jff~1fjIJi¥J1igID~~1291JtWEJ1ig~y, ~Jr~IfA~go /f

~, ~~~AAbt.~± (tl:do. 1974 .,.:J:t.~.I.AIiLL. ~j],*~"t~) Z~,

~~~~EJ~~m~~~m~~~mj],~~~~~~~-@~~m

~o~~, -tL~~1f.!&=g-~~.~~I¥J~&,.~~~••thh.§

Ji'iI¥J~oill~;!t~ffW~~, i&m~lfm1J~mk••~~, ~~B

t~~ff£~I¥J:Y<JII, ~~~fI};fElTo

••$.~, i&~m~.~~~m••lft, mMe~m1J~~+

tL11*lf~ B:tfu~JIUz!to *itkI¥J~ft!!11**,x, 'EI-2iT-~flPif'l1:.I¥Jmko 1t.

~, m.~~.~~.10~~.J~ ••~@:~;~~~ffW~~

J!fj~0~A~; /f1~*~ffiw51-~Ii~:g~~~51-*,xJ1!,m: § ~5t0~¥~f.R

0~••I29W~mo ~7i-, ~*~~.J'l[:x#&lf~~~~.ff,*

itk~nlfmk, ~~~~EJJ:.J~J:.J~~; ~lf, 1~f.R~~JJfmthh.,Q\

~~*~~, *AA~:lz:lf;fElrmmko

mt., ~~~~MxM.~~, 1~~wm.itkJI¥J~=+A~m

k, *itk~T.~m*~;i;R:••zM, ~~~••~~~j]oI29Jit,

~.~mTmt~I¥J~~, WI~~W••~J~~~~.~~oom~;

82 MEI!.BBC

~~~m:ll**~, EE~t~-f5:Hi¥~:>tftt:, iliff,t/fffgf£AJfj(fFm~i¥J

~~--~~, ~~~~mi¥J~@, ~~~&~~&~T~~~~:

tzO*lJiflil&w~~~~7, ~1J~ft-Il*i¥Jfl*:>tiliff,tl:iJffg~f~t±:l~1~, *~

tzollt, ~1J~m:ll*ili~~H[W~~~, mMifi¥J~:l:fu7, lZ9~ttIDnlGiI&m

ZMi¥JB~.~~, ~~~~~~~~~~Bi¥J~n, ~ili~~~~

~ft-!tkz~7o 0

8~ft: *~M~~••A~~~~.~~~~~fflfto~~Y~~~4~~~AA~~~~~%.*~~~A~~~~~a~~.~~*~£A~A~.~M~*~k.~~~

-;~~ ~ 1985lf-~4~ ~j.ll~. i't-M- 1990 If-&'~Nj-A~zJA.~o~Jl..~-~("tit'O)ft~c..~o

83

ff~Wr (l'1-;,r;t r*JA~-fd, ~~~~ 1~ft-Il*J ~lir5€~lJifltbhWri¥J IWi~

~tbh~!tkJ;~&~~~~M7ft-~mk,~m-~A~~m~®mk

~.~~I~ft-!tkJi¥Jofift-~m~W~,~ffi~~~~/f~~~l:iJ

fJ!#i¥Jtbh~mmW8, ;fN*/f~plgOOff~:RT-i5-WmfHtbhWri¥J1:Y$o~o

~~ttMOO8~m.~ m~~*fi.~~lIt, 1Z9~.~~i¥J••:>t

~1~ft-Il*Ji¥J••, **fi~~.~~••tbhWr~~~~~~~mk. tt~~m~T.~~~~*i¥J~~;~ft-Il*••liE••~mk

~~~~~m. -~-m~~.h~o

;fN~~§lf!tk~t±:li¥Jfj;,~~. ~WT)1IJ$~~r-m: mm~~Wri¥Ji*

kA~; t@JWrz~ITA~i¥Jf£lfn; j;)&t@JWrz:¥-~¥~15WQ;;fJ9JaJ3E~

i¥J~Ao 1;£~.lEtmk~fr~l:iJ,I;)1~~O, ~ft-!tk$~.L~-f5:1ffg~tt~1ff

.~.L~ 1:Y~!IH'Fi¥J:>tftt: 0

;fN~ 1¥Ji~~t@J~!tkJ ~t±:li¥J~,~~, ~#l!~i¥J~1ff.~o ~O

~~M~i¥J, ~ffi:>t~~Wi~Wlm.J, 1Z911ttili~~~~IJi.tbhWr

W~~iI&mzOOi¥J-ffi~~o~~~, ttg.m~*.i¥J~., ~~

lJ:.tbhfr#l:iJffgl:iJ,I;)t§:~~~IPJ.~o m~tt~1W*~M**i@ji¥JfJIJ-T.

~n~&~~~g.~~®.7ffi~, @~.m~~, m.~~*~

~OO-~W~~~&~, ~m#~~g~.W~~~~, ~~~~~

~~~lli~••M~~~~~.Z~ .~••~~m••~ffi~o

@¥ff~~, -fi~W~~~~7, 1~~Wg.~J~~WY~~o

mWfUl-1if[1~-~~~1t, ~-fLli=~1:*~.~~1TXIg fl J, fij§­~'t::lE~~~~~§5-~ lJ':fI*)j;1to

~~~~.$.~~m~x, W~~fl~@m*••om+~~m-~~.~xR~~7-#~#DPft••:fI~.~§~.~, ~~ I§MJ e*~1f£~~llt~.~~m.~~~ft~.f:E~~-=Yo~

~, ~mffix#§5~-~~~, &~~&ffW~~~*~o't::M~&

~~.~~~~~~, .~~~lJ':fIgfl~IT~~~*~lli~,W~

1z;llltrm~~7rQ5~o W1tt~IUl~m[911*~mJ:!£IDt~:1~'g]~IUl~~~

~M~~, ~m~T~~lJ':fIgflZ~, ~*~m7fi&~~m~~

~5I:gJl.~~~~i:&~~5I:gJl.Q"'bff, ~j;)~1:::E1i:1J~1~, .~~~IJi:fl~fl~

~~m~~~~~m~~.~, ~~IJi:fl~fl~~ffi&J-&~m,

m~~~IJi:flgfl~tlJE~J:JIU%sm~l¥J~t~l=f=I,&:\*~I¥J-j][lE~~f~,

't::&:\~13&*~~~fEJ~oret~1tt~~&~IU9JfH~i¥JtlJEW*~.i¥JrQ'~,

A11',~;gm~I3JIJi:fl~fllJ!~g,tIl:t~*~tELci¥J~;g~,~&t/fJE~1trT0

/f~ ~-fL~O~ftWAA, ~~W~T-~M~~~~.; #~,

mr'i'D~ (uHF) .if~l-W~~fEJ~W~l=f=I, j;)1}f3~1¥J11*14:~*, ~~iJf:fl

gfl~~~~~~.:fI~i¥J~~~mo~rm#~~~$Wf~B~~~

m~m, ~~~m~l3JlJi.gfl/f~m7m~.~~*~lliIT~,~

§1T1R:JE7'1S~mr'i'D~~~i¥J3mm,~m1m~1JDj;)7'1S~~~~~JEL¥J~

mom~B~fij§-~~~m, ~~m/f~fl.~~$W~m~,.~~

11"7'1S~~il:!iIT~, ~1~~~o

~13J.:fI.fl~~~mlli, ~*~~g~.i¥J-~M~ ili~W~

~~.7~~-~.~i¥J.~;~AA~*,R~~.&~mlli~*.

*3t~~sm~, ~11":lf~~§~§ 1T;/;R:JErr~i¥Jj'd~lIIk'U~1¥J 0 t,zD*~1~~

~g~~m~, ~~~:fIgfliQ&tWff.H£lliJ'!~~IT~i¥Jl~:7t*ff, :7tfi~~~'t::~m~~1}f3~m~i¥J~o~~' ~~IJi:fl~fl~~~~~

.i¥J~*3tlliIT.,~1tt~~UZT, .fl~~~~~*I¥JIT~,~.

/fff!~1:::E~~1T, 1Elm~§tWMOOm&I¥J'lilfID/f~o FJT-¥", lUl~mr'i'D

~.:fI~i¥J~il:!i~~, ~~~&~~~~~ni¥J~~~~, ~~&~

'@I~1*,~1¥J"l'J]{, m1?i~j;),t,zDW:lfi!t(ffm14:~o !ill~t,zDllt, 1EL1Nm~1¥J

-1~r",~~e*~1;£Il:t1$:fJ?, #DP B 1~¥}~~!j@!1J;Z1¥J'lilf1£ff.f, ~:7tff!~~

~~~m~, ~.~~$/f1?i¥}~~~~~OOI¥J~., .m~~~~

Tt~~, ~1~~I3J~.g1?i7'1S~AW§B~~~§~s:t¥U~£l.lilio

§5~, Wf~m*m~~~IJi:fl~1?i~~~, -&~m~m.l~

~~JW*, @.~~W~~.I~OOW••~J~+~~I¥J~~~~W~i¥J, ~H't::~~mfli¥JmsmiQ&~-&m.i¥J~om.m+~

~~~~, ~~~.gfl~~I~ff.f~~~~§l=f=I,~~*~~~~

~:@(;0~i&:mi¥J~~Jo j}fttt~*¥,xl¥JfrX~ljm, ~'g]~~ I~D~J ~

~lJimgflMff;/;R:~~~fl±~e~~~~§@~,W~I~ft~ffi

*~.flJ i¥J§§j], ~;g~gfl-JE1?i~~m-M1§FJT~llii¥J~mLmMffi~~J:!£*i¥J~?~:7t~ffi~~m~%fi±W~~, ffil=f=l~~$7~

~~:fIgfli¥JJt1:::E, ~~~1*r'i'D*~Et9~m~~, ~1l§~UjIk 1:i!:Jt~

~~J/f*~m~~I¥J£~, ~~A~om-MffifEJ~~M7~~~

*~t~~{j;,'E;~!¥J1§11*, #DP~~lJifigfl 1~~j;)~fki¥J~)jf, ¥fi~

86 MEI!BBC

~~'[j:l¥JJl!l!:fiJo 1J:3.~~M:f~%fi~'I'fr~D~151:f;-jft~m~nzrsiJi¥J1i1*oft!.?

~~7, ~~~~.mmWr J;j El Mi¥JnAmili1*~, ®~~'§ ~~IJ~

~~~1*~e@~~~~ ~~~~~/f'~~m~o!t~~~.~g

Wr~*ffi~i¥J~n, ~~~~~mjtom~l¥Ji&., ~~-n=~4

+-~-='+B, ~e~E8m,~:§':fp, ~~1fu~ <~9:1if~~{-U (Radio

Times).m.~m~~i¥J: 1~~~DlIt~l¥J.1lf-®§, fJG1r,~,~J[1Fm~I'l'~

IJ\{", ~=aff!~J.-j,:f#:§:ZIT~~Z, m~fJt1r,~,~;;jj~i¥Jo /f'~, ~D

*~~~m7.~i¥J~~, fJt~e@~m7~~i¥J~OO,~.,~H

1'fIHNmafJT:f;-jft~Tx:{i;, ~Yiligtm~J[~.~=a~AIDtfJt1r'~~oJm,~

m~~~m~~~mili7~~i¥JIDt~o

••L, m~:fp~~~±l¥Jffi#, ~~T-~~~~~l¥J~~o

El~~~IJ'~mWr~*, t:;-.~lIt1*~IJ.~i&.,~fii&.o~­

fL:A04{~!f!-M, .~l¥J$Bi&*,~~~~~:wr(R. Bevins) ~~~AJ;ji:t:

~5Ez, ~*:(£ I~ft-II*J I~Jl~Wg~II*J ~ Ivm,~~J Z$, ~1JD

fEllli:~ Imif~i:tJ (~t-.~4'~*¢) i¥Jf~~o .~i¥J~~~~Wr.~

~7~Jl!l!~••~ ~~!Z9l1t~~mili-ffi§.tt.~,~~~~El

IJJEl~l¥Jm-ifr$, t51~~~.m (~'Y:,'H~~~4;G-tAt-J) l¥J::r:wxo

~~-~lJm~, .~~}L,tiWD, f§.§P+:5t.~; t:;m~~~.~

~ gWrff!~~1*Effi~~~W§, ~~~I~.i¥Jtt$J~I~~~~

~ E8~~A~ili i¥JJ 0 fJt1r'~F",~~~IJ'~m1f~=a~~!C.~, fU~?Gft­

1lN~J::t$i¥JJ1tD ~§, ~~1N~'I'EI'i"-1jt~0 ~ngt~F.%:J3ZVltJ~*

••a: ~~*~~~•••••ff~n~.~, ~~••, £.~*~~*«~.~il/t.-{titJ *«tJfill., "Jl']#ec..M-T i.~Jo .~t.%~ i-1Jj.ft..~/~"IJ ~*~tp

~ .fIJJlH1t«.~*«» (TV Times)o ,(f. 1991 -+ 3}j *~ i!-#~Jt.znt, Jl&.:t•••~~~~~4~~fft, ~T.4.~~z*, ~A~~~.o

l¥JJR5*IDt, ~~!J'~mWrI:lJJ;J-§ E8:f;fu~~ffr'j § i¥JJ1tD W § ~J::t$o

m~~#~N~~~m~~~l¥J~§~~~~o~®~~~~~~i¥J

~1#-~, f~1'Ti¥JawrJtt.1±ffl(;~ifr$~®/f'1:lJ1~38i¥J, *~~~1JDJ;jc)<:

~, ~1j~'~~~!Z9JitffiJjt1&:&l¥JAz~.w.o mWr*:!~u!~~;g~, ~D

~§l¥Jffl~, ~~700~A~~, !Z9~m~~J1tl¥J~§, ~§MI:lJ~

~mZ~§.$.~i¥J-~o~*@~!Z9.~mWri¥J~-~~, WM

~D~§l¥JJ::t$~!t/f'RJit~, t:;~~'*~M~1JD, ~H~OO~Ai¥J­

f-I:f~*=o fJtJt1~, m~-Tl¥J'I~~/f'*l:lJfi~~~o

/f'~ fJt~m~~m~~~*~~N~,~~M~~.~mWr/f'

fig~~.~-~0~i&m~~*~l¥J.w.mo~D*.~~j)'-l¥JfiJa~~

ytj~OO~Al¥J.:lz):~®1W~••W~.w., ®/f'~Yb~.~1j£~A~i¥Jflj

~~~, W~ m~l¥J.%m.~m.I:lJ~~m~ m~~~.~m

Wr1~J;J-:lL~l¥JMmo {§.mE8~~7m:f~i¥J:f~%, -~11ttM~l¥J1&*~

~T, Jitsp~~.~mWr/f'~~moom*~l¥J~§, ~~t:;!t.~~

ml¥J• .w.offi.l¥J~n~~.~~A~Tm, ~~••~i&.l¥J.~

3!1HFII*~~, ~lJ:~Ujt~~~.~-ooJWr(YAaX--fi!!,.41G-,fJt~A.~)i¥J~W,

~~m/f'iliffW~••l¥J~*o.~~fJt, ~~~~~.m..%,

ft~~~~M••~i&m~, ~.~~~A~~~~~W,%~~~

~-g-0~flj~i¥J~$o 3OO.®0ZP:~!~ffki¥J1*~1j0J?Aff!~ff~,1*!Z9/f'

~~mn~~.~~Wrl¥J~~~~, m~~m~~~z~, !Z9~t:;~

§ 1ftJ~IDl:l¥J/f'=i:triJo ~7 mt:l¥J1*~Ij, ff!~ili~~J;J-~lllt~~IJ'~

gWr~/f'.¥a oom.~••~.~*~z§.o~OO~M~~1J'

~gWr/f'1~~.~Z$, ~~1:f11lJ.~.mi&.i¥J~~1fH, ~1j0m mgt

*~fB(:%IJ~7-1511fu1r'ff!~i¥J:f#flj-!t~fElruJi¥JFp~Jl!l!,1~¥1j:1G~~

88 MC!~BBC

~®m., ~~R~~m, ®H~~~.o

ft.~~~nOO, ~affW$m~~~~Mm~~®~~~~~

~*~fi~A~~~~ m.~~~~T~ 8~m~ffigA~*~

ft!JiJiill: r:p, &tffi ruJ ®J&JfH~ tI:H-I~'I1:~imB)j 0 ¥~J'jlgC~eW~l@Mm~~W~A~~.~ill:, ~~*B~mn~~~., ®~~U~~E~

~~~~.~A~, ~m~m~~*~~oftm.m~ZT, ~imft

~.H~.m~MZ~ ~~Mm~.®~~A~&OO~~~~*~

®~~, ~~**~~~~~?~~, 0m~~~~••, ~Mm~§r:p, ft~®~~~~~ruJ~~~Mm~.®~T~*.mZTmo/fi&1, j;/tl:lli(&~'I'~6L, taJ~~ti5~~~~®~1,*: ftf\t~*, &-M**i&:m~$;T~JLiffiZ~, 1ltt~~~f;7J~;fIj~, m~~J[m~~~.m

m.*~, &1lJJ~l:t~eW1ifflm, ~;;!F*~~~? ~~tlD*/fimeW~,

J'11j~PJT~j::~~J[~1jr~¥5t, /flE~fl7~.ft~1tQ0j:t¥~~;fIjZ~PJT

~:tJ~~~'lllr~OJ§?

~:t17\":t1:q:.eW~:t1-to:q:.rs', ~~ I-tO~1~ZMmJ ~~®51

WT~~, &-~, f\t§Cmft~~.eW~~Lm~im$, ~OOW1ltt~

~mm~~A&-OO~lli(om~, f\tm~~ft"mW~m*."®~§

llim, &-~, f\t~~T~~~~®~M, ~~~~ruJm~~~.~~

Fp50 [QJ:Ej!, &-~~JJim~*E!3~::ft~mJlj~1tf:~¥IZ.JJfst:r5<:~~, f\t~ft~~.W~~.r:p~~~~o~~, ft~~~~.~fi.~~~

MOO, ~J&$~~$lE~~~~l@JJimm.~ $~.®A~1ltt~~

.~~.~~~Wf\tftMmr:pllim~.~ ~~U~~o~.L, ffi1lttOO~, f\t~llim~Mm.m®*.~~~, ®f\t~m~*a~.~

llim~••, ~*OO~AU~Am~~.~ m~~~~~.m1iff~

®~Mo.~.m~~, f\t~mT~~*§J&~~im~~m@., m&t§f\t~*, /fN~~aJJim~§~ffiH~~om.~*, m@~§~

.~A&OO.~®~.$UM~~~m~:Ej!m@~M, ~m~*~~

lE~~~m~~, ~~~~MW~~ft0mOOM~fim~~, f\t~ffi

m~f§~~/f1~f¥JfF1:to ~~, f§ruJ~mJEWlc,,~~~X~a9:~OJE?

~~~~*m~, R~~®ffiH~~., W~ftffi[QJ~§, ~~~~

)71j~~f§[QJ~M~~§r:p, j;)~~@:J'1Ij~~Drii¥~, J'1IjMflf;E~A~B-9

f~=*~mfi~~ijg~~~D; ~~, JlRlGzt~, f\t:g:~~!E~~~¥}~1~]!!i%

~@~o~~~~@~~, 0mm~~A.®~um~~e~, ~~

~TMJEB-9~*:ili~~~~@~~, ~~~~:tJ~st~~, ]!!~U

*~~~m1~JE0m1W3zlj;~m~, rmMt§&~m~A, !B!~~P)~~;f1j

~.l:t;, ~P~W'Jf/ft4o

&-~, ~P1JeIJ:fI~~ ~ A/fijgftMm~mMfJ1~, ~l@IJ:m~~

(~~ir..4ll}"tJl':$)f¥J~J!, ~~~j;)~E!3~~f¥J000¥IZ~~M~;fIj, f~

~=*~~••oU~J'jl*~ .MeWMfI~~AA~lE~W~lE~~

., ~*&t~®~B~~~~m~~$m,oo~~~~~mM~~~

f¥JJ!:1.JOOo ~j}, ~:J3FIJ:mJ'jlf¥J.~51'±~ftQ~.llif~, ~.~~~~$o

*~.M*~~~~~m~$~, ~~~~, ~~~~.*~~~m

a ~/fft~.: .lE~.Z~, &OO~Mw~r:pm~R&-~m.,

~1~1W1±.~~a~§;fIjo ~.Z~, /fft~~~MflJ'jl~~~.1!:t:j?0~Mft~, m~~~~M~mllim~JJimm@~~z~, H~IJ:m*

~~~~&OO/f~~A~~, m~.B-9~~Mffifto

:flH,~~+=11*~lZ!3ff,x®*f¥Jfflij,~~, ~~~@/JVJ'~~~, 81W

&T1Jemm~.=¥¥~, fwmm,~,~~.lc,'WJZOO~AI¥JFp5~o ft~fL

90 ttI!BBC

nOif.{~!f-M, m~MH~A{}~~-OOrp,:m, ~~.~.15~~ITft

~U~rtt~~-¥$~5<:)(*, ®m.-¥r:t;~=@*:}#~~Amm~~F.15i¥JIDN

.~,m~.~~~••i¥Jo~ft~~••~~I~~ft~.~fi~,~tzD~~i¥JfF$M.~~WftfF~~~*~~*ffi~&I,ftfF'~~8~~

§1T~!£~M.~~mf~i5t:Pj~JE~wll,fPJJQ:<x~~mt*~~~O~?~

j@J, m~lJm~~#1±, ~R~J.TI!~m~®8, lf~~r)t~mt*i¥J11*~,

~~%'1TJft11'~~*~~ j.:)'it!f.~-¥$1T~~ffiUFJo

t.N~~+=f~~E~,x®*~.J'E;~, m~~~alMff~r!Je:p, ffiE*~!£~~~1Ji.~ ~mHi-mU'fi51:'J i¥Jnf*;~mIDt, ft 11'~~~~Dj1[m@;fI.1J-~~)i.~f!i~W~I3J5f!i~o ~j@J, ~iOO~~, ~j:ffi'iJilii:S31IJ~e:po ~

~~ft, A~ili~ffl§~~.~~, ~j:f~~~~~±.lli., ~*

1Ji.~~~~§, ~®~ft~Nffl&, ~j:f~~~~~~.o~~,

R~m@mU'fi~~)i.~~~~PfTWJ1it, ~j:f~fiU*'!~:stt~m)7}.tI'i¥Jo

ffl~*i¥J~, ~Mfi)i.fi~~@., ~.*§)i.~$, U~fi.#®

§, ~j:f~~*~~~H~~~m~~i¥J~.~~

~~~+~.®*~.~~,$~••~., ill*~~*, ~~

B~~~/f';f§~, ~~ft~V.arf.f (1970~1974) ±aZT, ~~IJ'M

~.~m~B*~~, m~~~~.ffl~~Tr1OOnIJiM~~~J~

~§±~~~.i¥J§ffi, ~ft~~/f'M~.NFI5U~~.Mm.7 0 (~ttJt*

~~~*~M~~*I~~~~~~~J~*_~~~?Q~~~r~~~~J~

;tj""filt;tJA~. ~ Jl:.i';.l. it.lt1$:~ ~-R-1--~:fR..~:!:ut_ tf ~;fflj1to) 8ft~:$[.:gr~1J

8-tf-ti.: *~4-}l i'"# 19771j'-{il:l::#!l:l::lll.%. Ji'J 'f~~-z-;f,t*-~3:. r;r;1"1 (~:#L) -!HiitJ. '£" **"-d#-tJi. ,n.jlj 1982lf-Jltil.~%1fJ~o ;;r-i!i, -ti.~.*%-z·,*vt r. ~k1t:#L*.*.~#.t~~~. *-~.*%*~~+a ~~#~*1t~.~*-;;r-~-z

... gj)\:#l..'!li.1t~~A,$.,*J"l~!f#'~•• ffl~:fIl..:I::atrQ' e...t-!;~ko

00, .M~.~~~.~~.#~ @W~ffi.~~~~~, ~~~

~.M~~~ft.M~~., $.L~*~Y~$~fflm~~~~;

R~M~m&~~, ~~~~.M~OO~~~~~~~~.o.~~

~.M~., ~~ft~fflLB~~M~~, ~~, R~.~~-B.

~@m~••~~OOMZ~ .~~~M~llim-mm, .~m••M~.~;fI.1Jo l:ttzD, ~7~§I roomz:*~J (Open University) ft.~

.ill.~~~~ft~~~~mlli,~~.~~~~~.~~~~~~

~zoom, ~ffl~~o¥Y, R~~mWg.~~.+E~~M7.

.~.~~~;fI, ®H~r~n••v~~J~~~~m~~~~m~, ~1J~~Lm~~ijl§lli;EJ!~"ll3'&o

~~®§, ~~~,~mw~.~, ~&~~~=~®*~~~

fmL'E;~, *,!1JDMl*~-1)f;f§.3t:5t~m~,'2fF~~~~rf.fft~I%~'Ill3'

ID~ ~OO••~~~;fI, ®ft~OOft-;fI~Z~, X~U.~~g

~oo~Zo~~••~~-~~~~~~~~, ~~~~~#ft~~-, ~~.~~.~m.~.1Jo'2~~7arf.f~~~.UfiZ~~~

I~, .OO~~fiOO••~~fflM.1J, V~¥@.Mm.; ®-H~

~,m@5.~W~~M~n§±~o~ft®§,~~~~~~~ft

~~~.~~.~~, ®~••~~~.~~~~ff.-@~M~~Z~®*.oftm.mIDZT,ft~mUm, ~~.Mg~.fiL~

~7.M.1J.~~., ~U~~~.~.~~~ffl~fflo~~A~lli

7 •••a, tt~, ®~~~.~W~.7••~.1J~~~~#~,7tmlli~m~~~.M~~W1OOn••V~NU~mfH, ~1~~'2fF~1t

~-H$m, M~~~*••oillm.~~a, WIT~~M7~~.~*6~.~, ••~W:t4~pJT§I§~$~FI5ljitJfFm, m~F1it.~o ~~

92 ii1E~BBC

~*¥-¥~i!*ffiHT$, !1~~~JJfffl}m~~-1l!'!IfH:m~i¥J*~~,-tiD

*¥~ft£~*¥-f~i!*1~¥U*~-t~ol1tr~,i¥J~~~, ~~i!*B!~EIJ~

-M~~i¥J•••~, ~~-OOA, B!~~~~r~*Ji¥J-.$,

mFF~~itlj~¥-f5jU$, l2S1~1~~R~~Tmfe~Ji~¥-f~i!*Z.{ftl¥J¥-f

~m~®Bo~*W~5jU$i¥J~. w~m~~.~.±ffl~~~~

§ i7'3Wi¥Jmfe, fllJ~~lJiflm~~ rlJij:lIlJim~3'!t!J~J Mz.~:::F[8J, tP.

gt~~tM~T~fj!lz., ¥}tP.1~:::F¥U§t.~~*~~:t~{v:zlWl'mPJTB!~

i¥J*~o ili~tB~~Jjii¥J~m, Mz.?F7I-1J~$1JDZ-T~o ~~IJi:mtfih~

i¥JM §, 1~~tiDl1t~5jUi¥Jfj!lfill, ~l2S1~tt~~~Ji\:mtfih~~r~~i!*J

z~i¥J~}lo$lD*mfe~~IJi:mm~i¥J/f'~~~i!*,®~$m(statute>,

flU~afJiZ~U9Hlft1&:f§~, {.§.E~=FWrtiJjlj~~:7\:;m/f'~, f:l.1iII~f!9jr,

00, ili.i¥J$m~1&-TmT¥-f~i!*M§t.~i¥J ••~~, ~TiliM.~

~••~.i¥J~~~ ~~lJimm~i¥J~~~~ tP.~¥}.~~offi

~~:@, ;fiflJffl $m.l--~mfe§t.~¥-f~:t~{.lli¥J~'m, ~£'~-2Iif-l!l!~

ffg'!j:, ~.en~fJ;Zl¥J$m.1J, w(;~~ffg~Amffl, f'F~~itUW~~i!*

~R~~i¥J$lfJz~~o

~ttMooMmi¥J,*~~~~W~~~:m,~~*v~~l¥J~~~,

f.§.flGi¥J~,E~l~, ~1&fW~~ili-1l!'!ImH5fi¥J~f'Ff!lG5&?Fm~~, ~fr'~

1~~E~mf~$J9JMz.ff, ~:::F:f§~o &"1&, ~.i¥Jm7*:::F~ffg~ffl~

M~i¥J$J9J, ~1&tP..:::F~••~~~mo1&®, w~~.:mtfih.i¥J

f1U-r*~, J:J~*~~i!*(mi~f»tt\*;tJl){'F~1T$i¥JtI~*?mt,1it.lfJit

~Trm~Jm@m~*.ffi.i¥J~~, .EWm/f'[8Jo ~~~~~

~ E8A:@&"§t.~i¥J~Jf, !1~~$lDJJi:mmWrmt~l¥J~~~.®§, ~

ffi~~~~ft.i¥J¥-f~o®m*~E8~=Fm~,m~i¥J~$tt~~~

95

~5.

~~~~~h, ~~~*~~~m~~zM~~~~$m,~~

~rM~~J~m+~,m+~Wm+A~~.,r~~wm.~J~

~~,x( jf; -t "", jf; -t-l:: #!-~ -t A,tt), J:J&:ffJlt=1l1X1ttZr, ~lJ{fEl&"~

~~~.~o~Mff~~$ffi@§,~m~~~r~~J~~~~ffl

~~~.~, ~~m~~~~M~ ~~~ffim~o~.~~ffi~

{1*xf!rJ~kTif~)(~$ff~tEjf, r~~J~~m~~~)(~::1JA, J:J&:::f

[OJ:JZ:tB~ § ~flflJ:~.&o 1$45-~ ,'E',~lli:fffEl~~:gMl1, ff,tm~~,xlJ[~

fi~~~N~~tBTMk~m~,*~u.m~~~~~wm~~.m

mH, ttmMmffi-Htt~x~, ~~~~m~.~~$T~~o

~;J:F~R]§~§3~mk, ~f!rJ~~.mm1fQJJ:J*tfMff~~m

+~., ~~R]§~z~$, ~~~~ffl.~~1flli~~~., ~

J:J~)(~fffOJ;1'tfigff,x~, !lffi-~{§' ~~, ~D:!i~H1§'~~ § ~:ff1P':ttt1JD*,~.

*_, ~~~~R]§~~QJ, ~fi~.m~.~:::fftgm~~mo~T

m@j~'&*u, J:J&tt~MkWWJF,xlJ[~f~fflzmk ('*" r;4-7j-~4~J11l;ff-t.-lf­

,ttJ), m~f~J..-:;'f.&ttm+~{I*,fE~t~k;1't:$JJr~)(A{'F~.*.ZtJJf7't:

~:$JJrz~fflo.~, ~T~M~~m.ft~~.ft~~,ff~~M

~:ffm~Z~o~~.~~~@~.z,~1±~~Z~o

96 ftJt!lBBC

§3)7i-, :tE*if~~Wf:tkm+7\1~~, m:='1~~ -jf,x~ljJ\JJ!-11f*if~,

lIt.eP~~~~Z{ifjto :tEIDt~ rtfihWrJ 1~tJ~:JitI:@(;Jj!,(11'j(~m:t'tQ;;fgH~

V;ZJfm, :&~1'T1Ji~:@(;)f;t~tJ1'F~.m~~(~i!~+$i.~,1Ui.1fJfl~)

zm~, ~~m~~~~~tfihWr~~~~~~ft~1Ji,@ffW~~:t't

~1Jim1~/f1~~tB--=f;J;~~,tzD*~~7ji*~Z3ttB, ~ljifJi~/f

1~mtB=-=f;§t~, .mJ!t;{11fjt~Efr~·1§fj§~~J!(m JlffkP'Ja~tUo :tE

*~Wf!tkZ M", {i'fjtm1~5t55U~- s;§tW--=f;§t~~, &~:~H~~{1§­

jtm1~Z~, 1W~sl~i'§~*l¥J~~o :ttwmGm~~~l¥JA.ffij§, fif1

fr'~tH~, ~Jli~MHMtfihllll'i § It.:&:t'tfif1ijI*J9PJ~ § l¥JSi~, *~e~~

t!Htt@~l¥J:@EE; :t:ffi1t::g, fif11r,m~l:t~m~l¥J-J!t;ji*3ttB(~t"*".

rn 1':.t.fll1*..wr¥JJlI.:f!), Im*JJ!~EE**L¥J¥A~Jf3tf"1::g*ZP:~5t., fffi/f

§gEEJ.w.:tEL¥JA.~~o :M'i'§BZJ!~l¥JA., *~~:V:~M~Z±, ft!!fr'~?J

~, tzD*-,*:l1J1JDtfih1!~jtL¥JM~, ~~~ID'}~i&.I&~ rnH~~~1JD¥A

~Jfl¥J~mo~~~~, &jtl¥J~*R/f~~mG7i&.m~~~l¥J~~

fffieo~*~~.~~~, /f.~~mWr:tE&Am.Zji*~Si~~

V;~ m~~~~lIt1'F~~1JD~Al¥J~~, ~.:&1It, /f~.~~::g

z~m~~m~omJ!t;~~~~~MZ-, iliftm~~~~~~~V;

w~.~l¥Jm~, 1'F~~~;&~ :tEADmM.mL¥J~~mm~l¥J

~[i~, ~~~ro~mtJ:tEi'Elfl'~~;ml¥JW:lFa~Zpq, 1f£~~1In~~L¥J¥A~Jf

~~ffi.m.L¥J~Ao~fffi, m~~A~~l¥JmOO~~, m*:ttWr~

81fli.: 1981-+frIJ!jht~!M'Jtl:.1;:.:$f">jlj;j,'tii1~-GT1i.1f;f;*it*-it*itoEl1~1;:$Jj;ll

~;M--i't;j,'tii1. it,lfL 1996 -+ 12 JI 31 El JJtH-~#*Jlk.ALJlJI~1~ • .tff#ltJlk.frlJttJ.t.o Jj 51r,~~-+*~~~TGM~~ .~*~•••~A-it1i.T;f;*it~P'J, *~~H-~

J.t.;Il~••~~~.aa•••mI.••~$Jj~~.~;it;T1i.1f;f;*.,M~M1-1j-~llF1llt.-l!jIkfrlJ~~o

,*, ffijm1)7i-l¥J¥H'T.~, MU~:fHlg~[I'lJ~:f:iQ~*~~L¥J~~o@/f~

~mm, ~J!t;••z±m~, .-OO~~~~B~~~*~~~A~

~, mll~:ttw~~ft~~~1'F~~~Zmo~~~~~/f~~M~

AM § .JL". {:£:f.w.~l¥J~Jj!x:*3ZtB m~g]!!~ QJ~o ~{J;{l¥J § ~:tE~*

~~~ff!tkZ~, ~lI-~tBm, ffijfl~ft*m, A.Z±l¥J~m,

~~&ftl¥JM~~~~Z~ ffij~~~Z~ W~~~QJMo

&jtfffi*l¥J~*,~W~~:t't••m?~ft!tk~m+~aB.~

:ttlltm~m~o~~~~*rtfih~Jm~EW~~M~n~l¥Jtfih~,

ff£~~Jj!x:Am7t:tD-W5fi.:::p#,x~, JfH'F.{1~J!t;f~jfo &'~ft:l*l¥J~fIBj

~~n:v:z~, ~~~m~~~~~tfih~ft-n~7\~§~IT~:t'tm

jtji*l¥JMfIJZ~~, [I'lJ~ili~~~~.rr.o ~fffi, Jf~l¥J'IWl7UlPW

}]'t7ti¥J~;+~iIilr1iI±LA.o ~~ IMlIJ i¥Jjl{*ftfjtmfU, ~JfJ:~R:*:tt

~~~§3~~§••~7~~¥AOOJfl¥J~*;m.-~MML¥J&jt

MflJ-.:i1if'FtJf&, ~.1~~iEAJE7t~, ~U~j;-ftJf~~i:, B*~~

mG7-11~'I1:{i'fjtl¥J~{$,ffi]pqjJf;ai~ilit~~:ttm\¥l~~tJ1'F~.f"1Zm,

~~ffW~#o~ff, m-w.~~~~~JJ!T~rr, ~~~~~~o

~~OOAW$ffij§,~.~~•• ~*~~•••••M"l¥J~A~~

~1It~*l¥Jf-J*, JJ!~~~§Ml¥J~$; 7Jj\~PfJt1f'J~:tEl¥Jf'Ft;E;, ?G=ff

i&.1&,I:Jji*{i'fjtl¥JMflJ, :i!I~7~¥A~Jf~Jj!X:~~~, ~:am1'T, •tEM[m'I!!~o

m+~f~i¥J;t'tt%~~W.+}\1'*fl~ji*Ml¥JtJT:tffi.!, ili~pJTm~,

-~:t't~ffWL¥Jff.o~J!t;~~.T~lIJMti, .tfihWr~\¥lffl.

~, ~§rr~k~ml¥J~~;~~. m~~~m~, mWr~~~~.

~~Wr, mmMi&.~m*~~~OO~o~~ffi-~~m~JJ!~§~~

~~§, ~j~~~e~~~L~, ~~OO~fu~~mn, ~~.~

t5hfrtE~ml~cp, llZAft!! (-ill!.) PJT~?JJEB!~:f'B[Iii¥Jjt~J1.o {I}~, ~~OO

~ili~~mn, ~M~ffW-OO~~i¥J~~, .~lm~Jm~IM

~~m~,~., .~.~~J, ~~~OO~(-ill!.)~.m~i¥JM_tt

*'tflfi5t.*m~¥A 1TRX*o1¥A~.t5hiii~J ~f§IUl{~ff,xLmJE~: Im~ J{1(rt;;~j;)J&f~ I~

~pJTm{~ft'Jff,xJj[J, rm li~Jlff,xJj[.¥A~.?$~)(A~~g:~f§~ J, W<:~

mM~$OO~~JE~fi~tt$o~.~~, .+~.~m5E~~~~

f~~~JJl1lt5h~~~)(A, ~~~~~if.wHr!i~~~, 1Z9~~fj &;,~m

3t~~ft'J~~~.xlJi, 8~~M~¥A~FI9:ft'J0mpJT~JE, ~;1F~~~

~$tt~~, ~~.-~¥A~B!.~~.m, ili~~~.~~~W~

~JJlmt5h~~~L~~~ft'J~5Eo~~~m, ~~~~~if.~~fjCP

~~, if.~¥A~.®~A8~~~$~~.~~o §~-n~=if.~

f~, MXPJT~1¥Jlfi=f.t:t:$z¥AJm.~~)(J, 1;£*r~~ni!!1T:i&I, ®:lZ9fu

1.&fm¥, 1Z9~{1(:fJHTft'J¥A~.$, ;!t~$Z*!~)(A iliR~g*1J.iJ$*i:j:~~

~.~fi5E.M~.~ ••, w~ma.~~~~~~-.Mfift'J,

~~~~M*, *§~~~.M.~~~z§m~~*i¥J.iii.o

~., lli~*.+~••=~~.~tt, 8~.Bm~o®:lZ9~

~ff,x;ijUE, M;{'JM;tbbif1¥J¥A~.?$~,fij;J.7tM~A~Z, ~IJ~MI/f'

1~~~-{fmfjJ, ~~.1tioz:~~tbbfrffij§, WJ1iit:g::ko ¥AJmM~.&JOO~

w&;,~~~ft'J~~, *~'tt1¥J~:~H§.~mi, ~m-j;Jf.k*~~Jllilo m

~-*, ~O*r~~J:ff,xmJE, ~~fr~RX~OTft'J*6*: ,®~j!)fflJ~~­

~Mrl'l~.f!p3i:{':t~PJT~~¥IJft'J¥A~., (1",#: *@l#di-t4-t"R!]:iJl,'!fi."foJ*-1b

~:.t\i" ~Jt!!.R!]~RJRl/X., i!i.-+*-\t~,iJf~::r;: M R!]l/X. Jb~·};,., 1!!:f;.*-o) ~M~~if.

~~¥A~ft'J~~MOO, t5hfr~~~*~.1ti~~.m, m~ffiM~~

@I~ {51, *tfr~1~1m.~ML JfU~~8o EE~t5h~~~~f§'i'~B:~

-~Mrl'l', ¥.;J~{m~{~~:::t~g.31!, ffij~j~~~ffi~pJT5EZ{~~~

~, .f!P{~j!)f.'U1f:E¥A~F~)(1~~.mz~~, !.ijJ!t~/f'f§~, t5hifili1~

~ffi~~~~~~~¥A~.z7t~~Jj[o~~, m~ft'J-OOMM~~

%~M~~~~~~~ft'J~~~A, ffij~xmJEjM~~7tMM~m

A, {J;.{-'¥rM~tfih~!.ijj!)f.'U~~~OOfffi~j;J.~5!l:ft'Jo&-1&, I¥A~.~~J

m~ft'J~~, ~~~~~~~~CPM~3i:M~.m, &j!)~~fiJ!t­

¥A~.*~M~~ff~~*, 8~~CPID~o~~, ~fflJ~j~~~

~~~t5h~W<:;!t~~~~zm~1¥J~~~m, ~ffij~$~m~~~~

it!:,ljli_, ;!t3i:t±1W\ftfr:pID~o

1t5h~M*J ~.+-t{~f§,;%fm~, ~mJEja~j;J. 1~3i:WJ~J

~A~:j:'ifffli~.~mu~, j;J.&mW~~ft!!i&~~~,ljIi.f9Jz~, ~~)J{M

t5hfrfiJT~g~1~¥U~¥A~.j;J.~Zff,xJj[o~fr~1f:E~1~ff,x~Jt*mj;J.~t±1,

~1J:N~~~~ft'Jm~.f9J~~1Em~~*~., &1Ti&.flF~AB!~~Ofi'iJ,

Ma$~~m1~~~5Emo m~IJ{~X.R~fm¥:f:~m: 1m~ff,xlJi~.~

:I:.~.H~*~EE_~a$~'B~oJ g~, ~fr~{f:E I$~-V;,'B~J £t~-$_pJTfIF

~m5E*~, W\~m~Ma$ti~t5h~z§m~~ft'Jfia~t±1, ~~

~&~il5umj 0 ~fffi, ~1tm~~{tf:, ~fr~{ffJ~t!<:/f't±1ff{i'iJ-~1j1~~

:iltt&.mpg!@:~~il5ur"'~~-.f![J~~~+/\{~, 1MJ!tw\~~/f'~, ~

m1&R~mJEM;M~~)J{mtbb~ft'J~~, ~~I~~~~~Ma$~

fFm~M;M~, m1fffmt±1ft'J~JEgIi1{~{tf:Jo

m.It5h.~J.+-t., ~Mlli7ffi~m~~-v;~.x, ~~

~JE7mm®:~IJ, rM~~Ofi'iJ~:f!I[I~~~pg.ffli51.m,ljIi..f9JJ, ¥.;J~PJT

100 a~BBC

1:JUEo J:)~11!lQ11!lQ VgJJi1lmU9Hfff §, ;f§IUJI¥JJt{:l] t±:l:f.w.~1iIi ,~~m-=~,

'8IDt: r~11tf1X:tJI EJ Jll¥JtlJ lIT, :g;:lWfB*~1~¥U~1:iJ1¥J § #, t:R:JE=!t~!,(A

l¥J~m, ill~IUJ~~~~m~~M~~~*~~~~OO,ill~m~~

ituoJ~~JJim~fT~~Bl¥J~fFL, JEJ:):f~IHH~~LI¥J1Il:li. EJ :=tf.i:1J,

;tt.$l$f1Xi!a~lIto 1t~, tzD*~fT1~¥UI¥J~;j~:::r::JE, ¥f\iTMmtl¥J r~

1:iJ1¥J§~J, {ggtmi~:::r::JEJ:) EJiTo

gt~*~iliU-~1ffi§, ~~JJim~fTill~&::'~~¥U r0:tt~t±:lIDi'iJ

~~~ fT J (the Public Expenditure Survey Committee) l¥J!ii~.J:!i!o f)ili:lJ'[~

~f.il¥Jfi~~IUJ.~, ~Srr~~~iliffimJE, ~~~~~JJim~fT

~$~m-=*t!tJ1!.*~~'ii1i:~U~)13t, ~~t~~J3BI~:f'JH!:I;'~mJJimmU~ ;

rm~~~Aili.~N~, ••fi~~~~~~, m~~.:::r::~~~.

JE~{i;I¥J~~o ~~JJim~fTr~~fjg~ep~:f'JHJUI~:mmU9H~:~1t,ill

~lIt.~~fTZ~.~~A~~lIt~~Mtt, ~:::r::0fto ••, rr~

~Sug-fljfi±9G~7 tfiiJ~, JilT7 mifiJtmU1H~]Jfi~J:)m~I¥J:f.w.:W:., ~J:)

mrt'stfiltrS£WI¥J;f§ IBJIfIF, ili~1~J:)••o EIDt~~JJ[m~ fTl:iJ1itc

1ffi*~ m~~:::r::0~7o~~~~JJim~.~.~fil¥J~5, ~*

i~~~¥U~PJ, ;tt.rl'l~~m~I¥Jffi(~~~i&:M1tmi~*~tIj7~*I¥J3Z

1t£m~f,*OOM:t, ~M~~~*I¥J~tlj, -1~j'ffi~7~~'ffl~fT

i¥JfEifiJt~&5Z ~Jjk, A;=!t~f1fR~J:) ~I¥J:l:tI11E, ill~~.E£J;]~~ 1It:Mz:::r::7

Mo 1t~, i&:Mi¥J~mffl.~~1M~~~JJ[m~.:1f\~~~, {f!Jm~

~.~~7.~I¥J.~, ~~~~M~~I¥J~~lli.~m~~7~*

l¥J~m,ili~-*,~~JJim~11t{ggt~$:g;:~*~.~~~I¥J~~,

f1X:J:IiEJ ~~=!t~AI¥J$EImZVg, ~JE1T~I¥J~9Gnl1:[pf;o ~*I¥J~.~,

ili~f~BtI1WiJ¥I¥J~FJE, fR*:::r::~~I1!lQJJim~11tfjg~ EJ 1T~~i¥Jo r1li:li.

JJim~g~J~®~;f§~l¥Jm:1J, 1ffi.'8.~~§1¥J0~W~UAM

r~I¥J~~, ft!!1f'~~~mi~W~~~~i¥J~*tr., :::r:::i&tlD~~~JJim

~fT-~, ~¥Ui&:MI¥J~f!jUo

1UJ~~VgM.ZMi&:~~l¥JmJE, .$~~*I¥J~, ~~•••

~~~~:lJ'[~t±:l~~Al¥Jffl~,~B~rl:iJ~~~m.**~lliW~

JjkI¥J~~ ~~~~:J:Iillt.~Mi&:$.~M~~~.~.@~VgM

~1¥J~1TJo lli:BiF-*, tbhl1tm{#7:::r::Yl¥Jffli1!ajt~, ill:J:!lllt1ffifFI¥J.

~W••~Bom~~~~lIt, ~~JJim~fTl¥J.gAft, ti~.$

~l¥Jili~Uf'*JtIl.mZJ:)., ~~:::r::ffl{:E;!'t~m, {ggtl:iJJ:JgflR7 0

g~.~m5ZMa~~, .$.~mJE~E7~~, ••m~JJim.ttM\~Vg~&., ~¥U7~Jff~.*I¥J~mUo jZ;;jl1t, E~*f§1UJ1¥J

m~~jt*~t±:l, ~~~.~., :Mzfif§IBJI¥J~~~~~~~~o~

~~B~~~:@G~*~I¥J~t±:l, R~~~JEJ¥J~m~, W&::'~~¥Uj~

ml¥J~~o~lIt, ~11!lQ.m~.:::r::~EJfifIF:=t, '8~~~~~m~~

~~MfT, jf)i&:*!~WM~$; tlD*~~f1X:*:ilt;J]D, :i&~~I±lLm,

~1J~.m:~~*i&JffI¥J~~, {§.rfJifjg~~~@~I¥J~~l!tZVg~ZJ

-1:iJ~1t£~A~~wr~tlD*f1X~§ Ml¥Jim:j!lW~$~~, ili~IJ{§.~

B-,¥~fjg¥f\1T 0 (if#-: 1970 -'f-f\*e!l il.-Jt!iJAA-ii:,!\ -lkei!-, it.~ 1It..:I:. 1." Jl.t.Jf.j-,*" 1;

€r.]-1'JHJ.t. gjo) ~,~.pJTmr&1¥J rf1X:*:ilt;J]DJ, §:f'l57 rfjf~AftZ1E1it

:ilt;J]D~7TJJ!PJT$;J]D~I¥J*Jlr., ~*A~i!&f*pJTW~I¥J••; ~t-1-.1¥J

Lt5i; m~, ,mfli, mM~~I¥J:ilt;J][JJo ~~Mi&$pJTIDtl¥Jr:::r::rrmz

102 MtI!BBC

~*~1JDJ, MU9.~'§f§ftpg-pJT~B-9::FJEmZ~*J1t1JD,f~B-9&"~

:~~t~itE~A~f¥:]wr~11J1JD~M~, ~~J&Jff~?2,~m{IE.g~{5J¥9.~JE~IJ,£'

~J[{R{IE~~il:11J1JDf¥:]~~~::i5Tit:f~Uo mtitJs5!JE~~f¥:]1&~Z-, gt

~m@1~m)JHitii&fritE~A~(~7t-1/1l~~r, If.J-'J:. # ~cM-1£ f9) ~&J~r'SJ

wr~zffif, iliJtt~~~~~7§5-~I¥JJ&JifU1§1jflo m@]J1t1JD*fi~f¥:]~

~tfHbt~1~, ~zffij*i¥JJtt~-:J:~mmffl: m)i-lJffi~IU~¥U@~m~m

~§?~~~~~&ffif~?~~, ~I~~~~m)i-~~$ffftf¥:]0

~'t~o j;~~f~J.fl~!3r~f~$:E.!I:!, ~~F~~, ~~f-l(;fr'£,~~lI~~ft:f)t

~~~~~~~OOf¥:]0ffln, $.L~~~~~M~*, ~~A~B

i¥J{§~-ffij~m:iit-7fr:iH~7frf¥:]f.f$@:~U, *~PJff~H~1~~@0ffl

n, ~@~~~~ffi¥Jm~m:l:-jgo

~1&, fml ,~jjJcf;1it~M~Mi&f¥:] :§-~IJ~5E, {mH~-:f)to ~{~if.X~

~~IDtf¥:]: IM~~pg~~)i-~mf¥:]mU~z~tBf¥:]71-~r",~:m, ;!t1t~@:

~IJB!~~D-r: ft¥9.::¥fm)i-~IU~'[~rJLz-rro~i¥Jfffar~tB, MA.mpg~&

~f¥:]~ § Z-r; ~!ltz)i-f¥:]m)i-~~, j;~&J&Jff.g~r~pJT~*f¥:];!tfi!!~&

~, ~IJMA.~)i-~&~I¥J~§oj ~Jtt~PJT~f¥:] IJE~fJ$~f¥:]~)i-~tBJ

mfBo ~7~J1f~5Ez1&, m7i-ij&~'11~r~iligtffg~1~¥U~~~~tii&fr

z~~~fmlI¥JM::¥f~~, ffij~~~fml~ffi~~.~Mf¥:], ~&~~~

$§5ff~~.mo~~~~.fr&~A*~!lt::¥fW ••, ~~-H~

~~, m)i-~&~$~~~~~.fr~ftfH6;j#1¥J-$f5J, !M~.fr*IDt,

~~~~;a;WJ~l¥Jo ~D~~A~:e~m)i-~&f9J$~~*~::F&"1E.pJT~

Mf¥:], ~a~::Fft~o~~m)i-~~I¥J~~#mPJ., @:~~~~.

~.frl¥J;a;ft!!.m~¥{:v:.®:*B*&ffft, JEj:~:f)t{~m)i-~&~$r~§lf§7M

i&L!¥J~~o

I.

f-l(;~~~L~~ ••~#f¥Jm., PJ~:E.!I:!tB-.*~!¥J~~ ~

ep 1.~!1*J »;!tfml,~jjJc{~)(, 1l!B~~~f~ff{~WfljU§7 T ~, f1l~~

.~.Wtft*&~;!'t:.~~&f9J zffif, pt.~~.ffi¥J§ :=t:l:-tM:v:.o :§)i-,

m&"~~ifj § pg~51 ~~~, ~§:t0m1M~~, ;fetfr*m*Mj:~*~

~:z¥f, ~*~~.~.Wt~~i&mz~~vJ~!¥Jo ~~~J1f~*, -mY

$f¥J~~§:=t~ffi, ~~z@~~T.~f¥J*~o~T~fr*mmffi

~*zm~~~~, ~~m.~tBffiM)(#M~JEB-9MJ&~*, ~~

••f¥J~~~:=t~~, ~~~~~m••f¥Jm.o ~JE••~~.~

.Wtz1JlJ~B-9IZ9*, fr~*!~)lA.f¥J::FJE, ffij/f~~l!E~)l:z~~f¥Jm~lJo

107

M 6 •

~*.~ft.~~~~M~~~~~.m••, m~.Mtt~i~,

~~~~•••••~~~Ro~®, ~~~aMoo.~m~, ~~

#*~®i, ~~~~.m•••~~~~.~••~g~m~.m£1it!? ~r:pm1jt~~~, tt~fJ~1+~~I~~J, m.rJiJ~{tf-j:g3::~ijt

~ML&o

~x~1¥Jfjg~@]~m.rJiJr",~moft!,? tzD:5~djt~fJ.mm~t8i;Eg~,

~;E.~fftt.M~m~1¥J~~, ~.rJiJ~m-j:g~ft~~*oW~, ~

f~ftM:f:lli1JIm-m~ii:~.rJiJr",~muft!,?

.m1¥J*j1f~~jJimifr1.~~fIJ~~~ ....~W'Ij{<,j)t~*~,~, {.mf9

R~~~W&~~~1¥JfJ~o~~,m~~.rJiJ~~$~1¥JA, ffK~

'lWblLr, ili~.~Wl'131i!!;fr~pJTfFPJTmL~,PJFm.~~1+~t~1¥J~

., .~~~~••*~~~§.~$~, ~*~~~~~tt.... ®#.Wtt.~~.o@~.~~ jJim~M~~-mHPem.~., ~

~~~~.~ImWl'ffi, ~~~~ft;E~Wl'ffi~.1¥Jffl., ff~~r:p

i'&J{)(~~III, m~\H~.••~}j~~~Afjg~:iOO~f~¥Uf~ijI, 1i3ei~~PJfjgo

108 *1EnBBC

M~••~*~*~, ~*.~*~••~m, ~~~~~M~»~

~~~~, ~~-*, ~~~~••Z~, ••~ttz.m~m&

~fi~~*~~e~~~fi~,~~~illo~~M~ZT,••~~~.1:X&'~J§I]JJi.~~~A., ~$~1T~ZM?~llF~f~~~~~Ij,fF~

¥J.\1TJt.~~miiJ~*~o Ol~.\A. fjE.$GJ-!lo~. -fl!!,1I'Hl1-t~*1£ff.Jat1~. .e.Yk.il'l-tt

$: J.1 7 it~ 0) f§1Z:I:-fu, ifu1l"PfTt.&~~~~, 1.t1.t~*ffi~'[~61, ~fflM

$~m~m~.~~~*, ~~~m.~~~~.~Z~*.$, •~~~*~.~o~~~~.~~.mZfi~~*~~Z~ ~*~

~iJ$~~1Jo~i!:BJ-@m~g.~~*mi-WfI~j(*, ~~~:;fJ~3&tR:~

~~~~~~~, WW.~••tt*~.~A.~~moffim,~~~~:ttf~tN15lT, jti.~1T~®i-WflmlfJ~A., ~x~g~J1fu1l"{J'§$

ffi~ff~~~OO.A.IDa, ~W~~W.ff.; ~ft~m~.~~m

6l~, ftQ1l"t.&*g,t~?~ ft~ ~~~W~3£ffi-WmmiiJ, ~~Z)1-, 3U~ifu~o m5~, ~~f.mli~f1..~~f'*i!:j::T, 1fu1l"tl01PJfm~1T11tn~? ifu1I"tlOiiiJ~g~ ~~, ~~1fu1l'Wt~fd:fJpfTJJ!1tjti ~§1i~JHEn~ ?

W**mi-WfI:fJ!aft9A.fJIDt, .:fJIJ.~~m-1m~, ~J!i;.~A.±I1!~

*lJ.~~*".mpfTmtfgff~i¥J~*o RSJ~, fJt1l"JJ!~.mf§IUJ~*~/J\

m,~rrTmm~OO.A.~~MJJi.ZM~~~,~~ ••~ffZ.,1Ij:*~Uiiifu1l"~~~~, ~~E!pmffim=~Zr~'~~.~T~1~ot10*~~~~., m5~1Ij::fJIJ.~~~To~W, .~~~~.~~~~oA

rrMfi~~~~A.~~*m.flma~?m5~RSJ~fifJ~e~~~T

*m.flm.;ma~M, *~~~~om:fJIJ..~~~, ~~A.~~

~MJc..,~J!i;.~ft~jfet~ft9~WZIF-f, ~Jtl;.~~~ZMe~a1<:~T

fifJo~~~.~m61~M.A.~., .:fJIJ.*~~~*~wm.,.

~~$.~, RSJ~, ft~M~i¥J~~ili.tt~R~~.~Z~, W~

~M~tt~m.o-ft=O~«~~.fI ••~nm-~, tR:~~ft

fJ~~ft~m~~mffi, ®~~~i¥Jrr.~A, ti~~B~~rr~.

~~W? *.t10~~:!i, J'l1J£'~~M!Mmi{&W-.~~o [OJ:fJIJ., 11i!1l"~.~~~~~~~~~BZfifJ.~~fi®~~BJJ!~.Jtl;rr~

~~~~~Z., M~~~$MZ~ft ••~~~~o~~.fI~fi.~~:.s;M~fF~? i1i!1l',£,{~~*m.£1t;j(m, 1L~~~~.fltfQ:J9'r'i'U

~••, m~~~~~~o~~~~, mm@*~ti~®~.~.m

~fi~I~~W., ~~~~~~~~?~.m••o 0

~~m*, ~~.flDfJ~~~W.Me.ESrr~., ft~.

ffiRA.fI~§~A., ~~.~~~, M~e~fJ~~r~.~~.

ffJ.~TM~i¥J.~, ~mftQ~~~.~W~M~ID~~rrm, ~

~¥.m.a ~_m.fI.k~~~., .~MA.$~$m, .~

~~.Do~~ti~~ff••fJZA.~~ffioBJ~~A.~~,~~.

ji.~~~x:J9'~~~~m.DZIF-f,1WJltj;.r"'g,t~1~MllU~~~o

fJtmA.~~ @~mm~~.:ttf~n~, .~~.~~JJijigfJ~~

O~ll: ~k~~ft.~~~ft~~~~.#~~~~~~~~*Affl4~o~~~~~~~. ~~~~ft~~*(.~)k~~*~A~,~~~~A~~~y~~*o.~

L. ~£L~~~(~~~, ~~, ~*~a~~~*. ~*~~~~i.~ff.J~Y.

.e.~aa~M)~~~~ft~~L.~T~~~~~~.n~~~o~~~ft,~+~

~~~ ia,*"~-ftJ It~L, fit~.;;tr.iit; -1!!/f.iJt.*-J JI-;.k.L, ftt1n~ji..;;tr~k~

(~-i;Ui..~) .;1] 0 -tt~"'~*.t-±il: (H. Enzensberg) ~t;, Jlot.~rif~~-it-~JJL~

~~JL~;f.U¥.£Bl]{Ut, R~~~"Bl]~~, ro Bl] ;;J;;fflI5l. ~ .....Y~~~ ijfiJ ft~~~~, ;f'Jj!.*-iJ!..fr~", ~ ~r~';Q.Bl]it·-:;o ~.iE.~ i.PJf;;tr;fftJ. -I!!..:fk.~~~jJl.~

Bl]~l £·t±i~ __~t .:1:.r~, "1 0 ii.~-ft ~ rift;. ;Jf 11:11.'- JJL ~Bl] A.PJfiitM-ijif JiUtBl] fiI i!.. "ffit~~~ a ,*"~~L, .f,l*~~'t±~-.t ~ (iUli.~-I!!..~"ftiU; ;Jf1l:~.h,-U:~~. -l!!..#-i!./f.;#-;Jf-l"l M"~ ottl £·t±i~ it. • 1iU1'~~'-k-1t~ 't;~. #.;~-tty:l.~~iJl.Jt.~j!. ~-1tBl] if!,

*" j!. :t\ tt. M JtI::. ottl £i!. .ilL

110 tt~BBC

~~~~.~~M~. ~~oo~ott~. ~m~ft.~.~Affm­

@••. ~U~~~~~@~~m~~ffl~~~~~.~~*.~?

~~. ~~~U~MM~.~ffl~~?U®~~.~@~e~~*~

~~~~o~~~~~~.®§.U~M~~ill.~. ~~~AR~

j'$'i§'m. $,gJftl~)m.l~o ;fZi:f?;Ifi~. ~p~~m~A.~.~~M~iif$

•. {t!J.1I"~~fjg~~9t~£-mJ!HHtt!.1I"JE-~f~~-llBl;('!l*~iL

~~{t!J.1I"~JEJJ!1t=1*~{PJm~t~~zlf-f. ~'JE*illifFm0 ~Bt~)Jim

*~, ~~mam¥~-OOlf-fft. B~~~~.~~~. ;fZ~~. ~

~~~~~.B.~~~MffWffl~~~ffl~~ill.a MU~ili~

fjg~M£.~~~~tm:~{$~-$_L, ¥U@ r~.~J !¥Jpg~~

~~. *.~_*illi••o~~~.~.~*.~~MT~.~~.{m11" &;'JE~ '!E. {t!J.1I',1ilm~JJ!~~{~19••ifd:.£-m~~~, {§'5"C;t't_iiP~mH9JT{Ji~~~r*~i!Jt~~~.1fI~~{IBl&~~~A~~i'§1t*o

~M. ~~~.~~ffl~. ~~~.~.~~~5"C~~{PJ?*

~£.~.§~*. B~~~~.~~.m.~£mo~~~.~.

~~£.~. ~~~ftW~*~~~. 9t~~~£-~~K~~~. U&9t~~£-~~~, ~N~T~~~$_, ~~~~~~z$o~~

~*. f!1j~~9t~!J[~m.~1tT{TMf~~W§. ~@~p§~~'B*~

MET£.~~~~.oam@~~upg, ~~~~B.M.~~m

AM~~£.~~~. mili~~~m~~$_o~*9t~.~m.~

~~mlli~~~£.~D~.~W~••~. ~ili~.~N~9t~o

.~*K~~~m•••~~M., 4r.~J.~~M. ~~A~. ~~~~*.~K.

M. Wolfe, 1984 The Churd:es and the British Broadcasting Corporation: 1922--1956,

London: scrnpress Ltd.

ft;fZl\t&~@F",~e~Bt~zM, ~fljfi± (#-1948 -+ 11 }] 2 E1) ~

~~~.~!.~~If-f. ~~B*~*~f§[I't]~~Mo 1t1f-f~A.r:Xr3lUF",~

effi~:~~~~B.~~~M*~~~~M~. mMft~&£.~

Zmmlf-f. ~ili~~~M~~~~®-.$tt~Z?~*~.M~~~~o®~mm~~: r~~~~~~~~m.JJ!~M~®~~.~M

-*. @g~~~~.~•.•~~ffl.~~~mo~~~~.~*~+R. ®9t~.~m.~~*~~~-@..~am~*~~~

.~~~~~ROO~~~o~~.~m.n~~~~®~m,~~~

~$:J;j[f~Afjg~~Kfi~o ~.pJT~~ifJ§. ~~~Jc.,~~:f:m;tJ!_~~

~{1Bl §i1!HJfJ;i1g~oJ~Mf~!¥J-f&133, 1~Att1.tijI.L-Jm:m:ep, 11!Ui~~

.m~Wrft~*f~~pg. ~;~frT{t!J.1I"PJT~~ug-flJfi±z:m$o {.El.mm~.tttt~E.~~~. ~~1t~ug-~W±R~~MOOm-f&~mm

Amij I~~~3. :j=~~XIDtT ~-f&g3; iff $ft1l',~ft~;tJ?. {mpJTIDt9t

~.mm.JJ!~~£.~~~M~~~~. _~LW;fZft~T~M~

~~IDt. ~~~~-®mIE~;fZffiMpJT~~~~o u&lfljfi±~¥~

~MIDt~: rfF!f~~£.~ffl{r:p. ili~Wr~~K~~.mta.iff$fEfPJifJ

§~~lliott~. ~®~~m~~~.~UN£.~M. ~~.~Wr

~~mllio@.~Z.ft~ ;fZ~~~£.~m~~.a U&r£.~~W£.{.*1E~~;fZ1I"~.*ijIn.! (~/JolJ!J iJl Jit). 8*~.r:);fZ1I"f,1;J

*~fl~)JA. i10$UTm.)jHL~~lli~~.oJrltJ'I-. ~~A~•. !J!f

~~.mWrr~~JJ!~u£.~~~~. ~~~~W~.~ffl~, ~

~~13:{PJ-{tt:19~~~~J. ~~~$, ~flJfi±~.r:)~~. {t!J.:j=~llim

~~z~. ~~llim~~®~~~~m~. ~~~m~~~o

~~A±~~%W.~. M~~.~m~~~T~~~~~WrM

112 *1t~BBC

JEI¥J~~~~llUf~~z~, #!:m~~~lf!&":fjsm~I¥J:V:~o/f~, ft~

fl(;1!"~:tEOOJJu#!:m~~I¥J~fli, *!fiB!b~OOr",~mo i&J*~1f.*tltit~Jl

~lItJj!;I,~, tf!1l1~:tE~f.I~f~, ~[J*fl(;~flf!l'tflf?Jt., ~;mm-~fZ &"T" fEj

~~A, ~~-lli#!:m~~~I¥J~~, ~M:tE~~~~JE~~~~~

~~J~Jmtllh~13!7jJ!fl§zf1~~, -ar1i'g~~~f-tM~?Jt.? ~!l~:f:~mf

~A,'E\~, fJ;{~:fjJtl;m~o /fIDfH~fIf!I73UnlG~~[Jfi'iJ#!:5E, ~~~~-flf!l

~tl1T~I¥J.{ft, '81JJ~-£,~j;J~tll¥J:V:~, #!:.¥U@f-tMf~-T~~

~a ~~~~~~~~.MtlIh~I¥J~~o~, _.tIt~fIf!IA:V:.IDfH

~~fl(;*A~~.~~tIt~#!:m~~o~~tIt:tE*.M~$m~&.

tit § a~-flf!l~ft~::Rj::~fjE, ~~fl(;j;JOOAft"~#!:JE~~.MtlIh~1¥J

J1[1!!1T~, f1~m:~A~*.j;J~~, ;t't.l.!I[~SJjo ~~lIt-flf!l73UA~

~j!~#!:m~~fr::tfrt' ... f1f!173UI¥J~~~~1'J~. M[~/f~o ~[J*~~

~l¥Jffi~:V:~••n§ffi~~m~~~, ~M~~.MtlIh~~lIt:V:.

~~~~OO~AM$W§~, ~~lli~E*~.o~~~&¥U@~f.I

0m~~I3!~{"F~~tll¥J~~f1~mff~1~jJ!fl§~,fl(;~1l1~, fl(;1!"pJT

~m~ifr±~!3%e~7C1f::. ~Uft~~~*!lffft~/frm~JUVf, t!1~~

m~~. ~~~~o~Lm~~, K~~*+li1f.*tltm~§~mm

~~~j;J~tlZ~pJTf"F1¥J1T~otltt£**~J!i&J~~~l¥Jf:Efi'iJ-fl!'!lA,

~*~~~~~.MtlIh~I3!~jJ!fl§~JEI¥J~~Do fl(;t!1/f~J!~. t!Pf~

~~~ :m~j;J~ft!lf511TfR~~;fI~, {i!!1!"~ § 1T~!l~~JE~~~

&~Jtl;#!:.~~~~~gz±. ~*fiA~~~.$l¥Jff~A~fi

WftP.1!"~~~l.!I[z±, ¥AgW:V:ftP.1!"~tFij~ffi{m~IE.1T~, j;Jz~

~~M[{"1~.1it[. ~ljgttltl¥J*Jl~{"FOO1fJIT. fl(;M[/f~t?,~~~-arffgz~o

BJiI*f*~0~fljf;itZ±. R";t't.:V:1:~. ~0m'j§'m~JE{g~m:

/f~~~$~~Am~~1¥J0~~~a m~~A.~~~~o~.

~~/f~~~Jl$~.gg(Moses). {i!!1!"/fffg~ §fE~L1Jrs~, :!&@]¥j]:tEE

WI¥J+~. ~~ftP.~.$~., mf~~:tEL1JT"I¥JDmili.$rm~, :tE

EW¥j]T"+~~L*. ~:fjf-tM~'t~jf~;fImxo fZ911t, {i!!1!',-£,~m~

pJTffg. ~~*IjIT, 1tJ:ilA1!',~mr:p-~~.J!*"ffi, W1S{i!;t~ftl:lJj;J~

~l¥Jft~z~~~W. mf~~f-tM~I¥J~m.~m~TM~*"ffiW~

~. #1~~~. B~~1&-~mtll¥J'tflf%. ~~A/fml~Zo

~*~1It, tIt&"~~~ll€?ifrJ~±=:'+1f.MW~~~Wf*,~~I¥J~~,

~~• .mo mt!1~fl(;§~:m~m.~~PJo i~:t:&tltmfB. ~~.M~~

~*~I¥J{:E~z-, J{i!!~: i:tE~f*1¥fE@:~~fF!fffr$o fl(;/f~%L~*,

fE!JlE@:l¥Jmm$W{"§{ml¥J~~, Y~HH-tM~l.!I[/fffgM[1T/f'~o ~fliR:T {§

~I¥J~~. ~~lli~~~.~;~fliR:7Jl~~m~. §~,m~~w

§ifHl¥J:~;~%~ili~/fRI:lJWl, mf{J![{~I¥J~~ili~~mf.1tt~JEo J{i!!~~fm

3'E~: ittfl(;~*, WJ~~A1!',{§{r:n~~~, M[/f~.:jfjHt£~A~I¥J~*

Jffl1:~Z-oJll€?iflJ~±l¥Jft!~ • .l:tz~tIt:tE-f1-t-1f.~*~~T~1¥J

~~, ~olli-~: iflt1!"/f~~t~~1f::i¥J~~~~o flt1!"7t~{W~§11.,1f,1

~~@:, mfmJtl;[R,If,J~~1ffilfi~1mfflG{51, OO~A&"r:p~~-{l!'!IA~IJ~

1It~~mf1T~o J~)i-. -f1-tOi:f.tIt~*~¥~~~~~*~~~. lli

~~7;f§~ l¥J~g: ifl(;1!',j;J lUJ~zJ[,'R~fl(;1!',~ml¥Jt!tJlL, tlt1!"f1~

PJT¥I¥J § ffi~:fj*U1tJI¥J.{:E, ~~fj(;1!',~m~~fi*IJ1tJI¥J~:f;Jl, tlt1!"

~~~fi.J!, ~lIt~fl(;~~~~~M~oflt~m.mM~*~.m

-Tl¥Jm~W~M~~ ••, .IDfH;t't.~~.~~~mt!tl¥Jotlt~:tE~~

~~~~L~R:j$J" fE!1tt-~Ffl(;1!"~ B, fl(;1!"M[/fiH~~R:j$J,/f1J5<:, m

IE~O~tIt§NMpJT~. Jj~t~JJ1M-~mfEoJ

114 a~BBC

~~ -:t=;-~ 1 :§:-J:J~-zrt,i?r±1ttr=ffFfH!¥Jm7't~'I'Jlj~¥, ftP:tr~~1?,~J:JS3' Jl\" 'A _/........ I==f 1IV\. ~ Tm'l~

3~M~~~.M~.A~~~*W., ft~m~.~.~~~. M

m~fi1J, %Aft1f:£tjtfll.o ftP;tr~t.ltWJSill~t::f:lfti&m (neutralism) ~fffl~

1f~iii$~A~ M:;.1tmJ1t~ Iffi~~~55U~J (indifferentism), fiQ.fI'~tPJ:;'

~J1tfffl#~.M~.A~, ~ill~&~~~~ffi~!¥J.~o~fffl,.

3~.~Miii$W~~M~~Mtt, ~~~••~.~~~, ~OO~~

ff::tE~.:t~¥~JfEJ:J[PJ.~Wl~ti,fE!.W{)J~f~1~1JDJ:J~f$o PJT~t:Pft

i&m, ~Uf;t~M~fJEffl<~••~!¥J~~, ~1miJlt~, nm'tB.J!~.:t~

$~~ffl<~Nf;to.3~~~~~ITOOffflM~.~~~~o

~~.M.1t~ft~ .~~-••~$.~~m!¥J~M~~~

:ft~WfF~(impartiality)o*~~0#$f=IH8mjfr$,::tE1B~BW:0}J"J¥J­

H.$;fffl~~@$$~~R*N~,~~~~.~.~~N~0m

PJTf~f*ff~~f~~., ~fI"~~~*~$ijI~l¥JfFm, M~r'&JMJ!I!~

~~Ao~~.M.~~~§M~*~, ~ill@$$Mffi$~~~I,

~@R~~~1!t:W~~~fi1JOO~, §3~@~U~¥fJ!**~~~itkfMlJi:

~~fi1J 0 fJtfl"PJT:j)j~~.~$~~, ~Wfl:t;~~~~~~l%r*~, ~

/f~DJ:t;~~~~~r*~~*"~'f'€i&"®o *~J:Jr*'§fF~~tUfJlJfF~$

~~~, ~~~~*fr~ff~~~$m!¥J~*o ~~~~$~fF~~

tUffIJ, ::Jt~~::tEJ!!;lXm*$'§ (Chief Justice Marshall) ~T, .~[PJ~

$~~~. @~~~*tttt::tE~~~~~, L~~~~~$~~fflo

~m~fffl~, ~.m~~.M••tt~~~~.~$~!¥JW~m~fi~m:, ~~*"~'f'€i&"@o

~*~~.M.~~._ft1tl¥Jft ••~~~~., ~~~~~

J:Jm, fJt1l'~PJT~M@§~mU9JMm$, .nff~f~55U~§z~~AWAj

~Aft, m.~~~M~M~lli~~*o~J1t. fJt~~*~~~~~

I~••~~~~5, ~~~~~-&~~~ffAWm~A~fr~fi

~~~~, ~~Dfi1JWP1i5§,§tZI.fF~, .¥J1t EH:J:iQ. ~ljfJt1l'~1F~J'[MmfH~fJ

§~fFA~~%Jr",~~o

::tEJ1t, ug-5fIj~±~[PJ-;I:~~~r::p, fij*mECf§lUJ~tPAJ'~§ 0 ::tE

~-1i:m~ij I~-n~fF7=+1'\£FtJi&, ~~}jfl1#t1XWre*~~:;'~jHE

:ftpg1~~1!;IJ;\\JEo ug-5fIj~±m: I~.¥~a, 'IPfi51e~~~M:;'~-@A~

~;=E;, ~fu1JD~-=fA~l:.. ~~-@m~~~l9Jo fi.LItjHFW~~m,

fJt~ft~@*~~Ro am-a, me~~a~@h&~~Wl~,~

fi:.7 -f5f1J ~WffiF~o ::tE~~!IHTz~, ?ff~ff::tE~@155U~~, 1E!.~

••~., ~-ffi~~~~*g~-~~A.~e~~~.~ill-ffi

m~.ff:m.~mi51e••~*t1X•••~~.~, ~~~~~~

-~~;\\JE1J~. tt~~~ff~~h~~~~ill-ffi.ff.Z~,illffi

1!;IJ*~m$iQ~~,~§ ib~ffflf.t:J1Co J