IT Essentials Cisco

8/9/2019 IT Essentials Cisco

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I T Essen t ia lsPC Har dw are and So f t w a re

Com pan ion Gu ide

2 2 0 - 6 0 1 , 6 0 2 , 6 0 3 , 6 0 4

N ew Co u r se ( 2 0 0 6 )

W r i t e r s

Dav i d An f i n so n . Ken Qu am m e


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Abou t t he A+ Cer t i f i cat ion

A+ Essen t ia ls (220-601)

with one of the following

A+ I T Techn i ci an (220-602)

A+ Rem ot e Sup por t Techn ician (220-603)

A+ Depo t Techn ician (220-604)


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W h at I s Com p TI A A+

Cer t i f i ca t ion?

Com p TI A A+ cer t i f icat i on is an industry-wide,

vendor-neutral certification program developed andsponsored by the Comput ing Techno logyI ndu st r y Associ at i on ( Com pTI A) .

The CompTIA A+ certification shows that you havea basic competence in supporting microcomputers.


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W h o I s Co m p TI A?


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A+ Essen t i al s ( 22 0 - 60 1 )

Ex am Ob j ect i ves

I n t r oduc t i on t o t h e Pe rsona l Com pu t e r

Safe Lab Pr ocedu r es an d Tool Use

Com pu t e r Assem b l y - St ep by St ep

Basics o f Pr even t a t i v e Ma in t enance and

Troub leshoo t i ng

Fun dam en t a l Opera t i n g Sys tem s

Fun dam ent a l Pr in t e rs and Scann ers

Fu n d a m en t al N et w o r k s

Secur i t y

Com m un ica t i on Sk i l l s


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Ex am Essen t ia ls


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Computer Hardware

Module #1


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Th e Com p le t e PC


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Describe a Computer System A computer system is a combination

of Hardware & Software, which worksaccording the given instructions.

H a r d w a r e is a physically touchablethings used in computer systems.

S o f t w a r e is a set of instruction /commands to make the ComputerHardware workable. (Non-touchable)


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Basic Types of Personal Computers

Desktop PC

Tower PC

Mini Tower PC

Laptop PC

Palmtop PC


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Persona l Com pu t er

Componen ts

Disp lay dev ices

I n p u t d ev i ces

Adap t e r ca rds

Por t s an d cab les

Coo l in g sys t em s

Mothe r boa r ds

Processors

M e m o r y

St or age d ev ices

Pow er sup p l i es


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Ty pes o f Sy st em Boar ds Nonintegrated System Board

W/O integrated peripherals

Have to install all devices on Slots

Integrated System Board

Built-in Devices on the system board e.g.

sound / VGA / LAN / Modem etc.


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Syst em Boar d Com pon en t s

Chipsets Expansion slots

Memory slots and externalcache

CPU and processor slots orsockets

Power connectors

Onboard disk driveconnectors

Keyboar d connect o rs

Per iphe ra l po r t andconnec to rs

BI OS ch ip

CMOS ba t t er y

Ju m p er s an d D I Ps w i t c h e s

F i r m w a r e


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A Typical Motherboard Chipset


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A new Motherboard Chipsets


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Sy st em Boar d For m Fact o r s

Advanced Technology (AT)

Advanced Technology Extended (ATX)

Micro ATX

New Low-profile Extended (NLX)

Balanced Technology Extended (BTX)

Low Profile Extended (LPX)

New Others like IBM & Dell designs their own

motherboards.


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AT and ATX motherboards

AT (left) and ATX (right) motherboards for quick visual comparison


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Micro ATX Micro ATX


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Micro BTX motherboard Micro BTX motherboard


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ATX Motherboard


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Motherboard with new Tech


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Motherboard Processor Heatsink


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Understanding CPUs


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Processor Based Terms The maximum number of clock cycles that

a CPU can handle in a given period of timeis referred to as its clock speed .

The speed at which a CPU and the rest ofthe PC operate known as sy st em b u sspeed or Fr on t Side Bus

1 hertz (1 Hz) = 1 cycle per second

1 megahertz (1 MHz) = 1 million cycles per second

1 gigahertz (1 GHz) = 1 billion cycles per second


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Characteristics of Processors

Hype r t h r ead ing

Mul t i co r e T h r o t t l i n g

Micr ocod e ( MMX)

Ov er c lock in g

Cache

Vo l t age Regu la t o r Modu le

Speed

B a n d w i d t h


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Dual Core / Core 2 Duo Processor


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Cen t r a l Pr ocessin g Un i t ( CPU)

Pr ocessor Sock et & Slo t


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Processor Types & Technologies


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PGA (Pin Grid Array) The PGA package is used by the Intel Xeon processor,

which has 603 pins


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PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array) The PPGA package is used by early Intel

Celeron processors, which have 370 pins


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FCPGA

(flip chip pin grid array)The FC-PGA package is used in Pentium III and

Intel Celeron processors, which use 370 pins


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FC- PGA2 ( I HS)

(flip chip pin grid array-2)

Pentium III and Intel Celeron processor 370 pins

Pentium 4 processor (478 pins)

C G


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FC-LGA4

Flip Chip Land Grid Array 4 FC (Flip Chip) means that the processor die is

on top of the substrate on the opposite sidefrom the LAND contacts

OOI OLGA


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OOI or OLGA

(Organic Land Grid Array)The OOI i s used by t he Pen t i um 4 p rocessor , w h i ch h as 42 3 p in s

S E C C


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S.E.C.C.

(Single Edge Contact Cartridge) The S.E.C.C. package was used in the Intel Pentium

II processors, which have 242 contacts and thePentium II Xeon and Pentium III Xeon

processors, which have 330 contacts

S E P


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S.E.P.

Single Edge Processor The S.E.P. package was used by early Intel Celeron

processors, which have 242 contacts

S k t/Sl t T d th


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Socket/Slot Types and the

Processors They Support Socket 4 Pentium 60/66, Pentium 60/66 Over Drive

Socket 5 Pentium 75-133, Pentium 75+ OverDrive, AMD K5

Socket 6* 486DX4, 486 Pentium OverDrive

Socket 7 Pentium 75-200, Pentium 75+ OverDrive, PentiumMMX, AMD K6

Super Socket 7 AMD K6-2, K6-III

Socket 8 Pentium Pro

Slot 1 Pentium II, Pentium III, Celeron, all SECC and SECC2

Slot 2 Pentium II Xeon, Pentium III Xeon

Slot A Early AMD Athlon Socket 370 PPGA processors, including Pentium III and Celeron

Socket 423 Early Pentium 4

Socket A (Socket 462) AMD Athlon, Athlon XP, AthlonXP-M, Athlon MP, Thunderbird, Duron, Sempron



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Processors They Support Socket 478 Pentium 4, Pentium 4 Extreme

Edition, Celeron

Socket 479 Pentium M, Celeron M Socket 486 80486

Socket 563 AMD mobile Athlon XP-M

Socket 603 Intel Xeon

Socket 604 Intel Xeon with Micro FCPGA

Socket 754 Athlon 64, Sempron, Turion 64

Socket 771 Xeon 50x0 dual-core

Socket 775 Pentium 4, Pentium D dual- core,Celeron D

Socket 939 Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2,Opteron 100-series



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Processors They Support Socket 940 Athlon 64 FX (FX-51), Opteron

Socket 1207 Replaces Socket 940when used with Opteronmultiprocessor systems

Socket AM2 AMD single-processor systems,

replaces Socket 754 and Socket939

Socket S1 AMD-based mobile platforms,replaces Socket 754 in the mobile

sector PAC418 Itanium

PAC611 Itanium 2


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Peripheral ports and connectors

Mod em Ser ia l

LAN Par al le l LPT1

S- Video Ou t PS/ 2 Por t s

DVI USB Por t s

VGA Au d io Por t s


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Ex t er n a l Con n ect ion s

Plu g s, Por t s , Jack s, an d Con n ect or s


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D-su bm in iat u r e Con n ect o r s

Con n ect or Gend er Use

DE9 Male Serial portDE9 Female Connector on a serial cableDB25 Male Serial port or connector on a parallel cable

DB25 Female Parallel port, or connector on a serialcableDA15 Female Game port or MIDI portDA15 Male Connector on a game peripheral cable or

MIDI cableDE15 Female Video port (has three rows of 5

pins as opposed to two rows)DE15 Male Connector on a monitor cable


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RJ-SeriesRJ- 1 1 RJ- 4 5


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Ex p an sion Slo t s

ISA (International Standard Architecture)

PCI (Peripherals Component Interconnect)

AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port)

PCIe (PCI enhanced)

CNR (Comm. Network Riser)

AMR (Audio Modem Riser)


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ISA / EISA Expansion Slots

PC Bu s 8 bits wide 7-MHz speed Manual configuration

I SA Bus 16 bits wide 7-MHz speed Manual configuration


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PCI Expansion SlotsPCI Bus

32 bits wide 33-MHz speed Self-configuring


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PCI - X PCI-X is a 64-bit-wide bus

The PCI-X 2.0 standard features four speed grades(measured in MHz):

PCI-X 66,

PCI-X 133,

PCI-X 266,

PCI-X 533.


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AGP Expansion SlotAn AGP slot is a PCI slot, but one with adirect connection to the Northbridge.


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AMR Expansion Slot


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PCI Express Slot & Architecture


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PCIe x1 x4 PCIe motherboards also contain slots with

fewer lanes. Currently, 1 and 4 are themost common general-purpose PCIe slots.


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Slots Types and Bandwidth


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Types of of Memory Syn ch r on ou s Dyn am ic RAM

D I M M

DDR

DDR2

RDRAM

R I M M SoDI MM

MicroD I MM

SRAM

ROM

CMOS


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RAM Layout


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144-pin SoDIMM


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DIMM, DDR, DDR2, DDR3


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SIMMs installed on board


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DDR and DDR2 Difference


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Rambus Dynamic RAM

On boar d Flopp y and Har d Disk


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Connec to rs FDDs (Floppy Disk Drives)

Advanced Technology Attachment(ATA) 528MB

Enhanced IDE (EIDE/PATA) 144PB Serial ATA (SATA) .

Ultra DMA (UDMA) technology

SCSI


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Har d Disk Dr i ve Sy st em s Cont ro l le r

Har d D isk Host Adap t er


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Flopp y Dr i v es

Flopp y Dr iv e Size Num ber o f Tr ack s Capac i ty

514 DD 40 360KB

514 HD 80 1.2MB

312 DD 80 720KB

312 HD 80 1.44MB

312 ED 80 2.88MB


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Floppy Disk Data Cable


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SATA & IDE Hard Disk DrivesWith Data Cables Connectivity


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BI OS Ch ip

CMOS Bat t er y Date

Time

Hard drive configuration

Memory


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CD- ROM Dr iv es CD- R an d CD- RW Dr iv es

DVD- ROM Dr iv es DVD Bu r n ers


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Ot h er St o r age Med ia Rem ov ab le St o r age

Tape Back u p Dev ices

Flash Mem or y

SD AND OTHER MEMORY CARDS

USB-At t ach ed Ex t e rn a l Disk Dr iv es

Advanced D ig i t a l St o r age

HD DVD

Blu - r ay D isc


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Vid eo Tech n o log ies M o n o c h r o m e

EGA an d CGA

VGA

SuperVGA

XGA

DVI

HDMI ( High-Definition Multimedia Interface)

Com po si t e Video


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M o n i t o r s Dot Pi t ch The shortest distance

between two dots of the same coloron the monitor.

Refr esh Rat e(Technically called thevert ical scan frequency.)


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Basic D iagn ost ic Pr oced u r es Def in e t he Pr ob lem

Ch eck t h e Sim ple St u f f Fi r s t

Check t o See I f I t s User Er ro r Rest a r t t he Com pu t e r

Det e r m i n e I f t h e Pr o b lem I s Har d w ar e orSo f t w are Re la ted

I f t h e Pr o b l em I s H ar d w a r e Rel at ed , Det er m i n e

W hich Com ponen t I s Fa i l i ng

Check Serv i ce I n f o r m at ion Sour ces

I f I t A in t Br ok e Ask fo r Help


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Lapt op s v s. Desk t op s Por tab i l i t y

Cost Per fo rmance

Expandab i l i t y

Qu a l i t y o f Con st r u ct ion


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Lap t op Case Lap t op Mo t he rb oar ds

daughterboard


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Lapt op Pr ocessor s Lap t op p rocesso rs m oun t t o t he

m o t h er b o ar d d i f f er e n t l y t h a n d esk t o p

processors .

Lap t op p r ocesso rs ru n a t l ow er vo l t agesand clock speeds t h an d esk t op p r ocessor s.

Lapt op p r ocessor s h ave

act i ve s leep an d

slo w - d o w n m o d es.


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Lap t op Mem or y 144-pin SoDIMM


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DDR MI CRODI MM 1 7 2 PI N


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Storage Desktop Hard Disk vs Laptop Hard Disk


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Laptop Hard Disk Connectivity Laptop Hard Disk Master Slave Settings


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CDROM / DVD ROM Drives Desktop CDROM vs Laptop CDROM


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I n p u t Dev ices LAPTOPS Keyboards

Mice an d Po in t in g Dev ices Trackball

Touchpad

Touchpoint

Touch screen


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LCD Reso lu t io n s

LCD Video St an d ar d s

Nam e Reso lu t ion Rat io

Extended Graphics Array (XGA) 800 600 4:3

1024 768 4:3

Super eXtended Graphics Array plus (SXGA+) 1400 1050 4.3

Ultra eXtended Graphics Array (UXGA) 1600 1200 4.3

Widescreen Ultra eXtended (WUXGA) 1920 1200 16:10


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Ex p an sion Bu s an d Por t s PCMCI A ( PC Car d ) Ex p an s ion Bu s

Personal Computer Memory CardInternational Association.

(PCMCIA 2)(PCMCIA 3)

(PCMCIA 5)

Bandwidth = 32-bitBus Speed = 33MHz.

Data-rate = 132Mbps


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Pow er Syst em s Advanced Configurat ion and Power

I nterface (ACPI ) , ACPI defines common interfaces for

hardware recognition and configuration

and, more important, powermanagement.


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Globa l St a t es f o r Pow er G0 state (All Devices are running)

G1 power-saving (Sub modes S1S4) S1 is the most power-hungry sleep mode.

S2 uses less power than S1 (Processor is Off)

S3 is also called Standby in Windows. S4 is called Hibernation in Windows.

G2 power state is called soft off.

G3 Mechanical Off.

P S


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Pr ocessor St a t es C0 is the operational state; no power is being saved.

C1, or Halt, is a powered-down state, but the

processor can return to action nearly instantaneously. C2, sometimes called Stop-Clock, uses less power

than C1. The processor is still visible to softwareapplications but takes longer to wake up if a request

is made. C3 is Sleep mode. In this state, the processor cache is

flushed, and it will take a few seconds for theprocessor to be available.

D i S


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Dev ice St a t es D0 Fu l ly On is the full operating

state. D1 and D2 are intermediate power

states. Neither uses full power, and

each device specifically defines itsown D1 and D2 states.

I n D3 Of f , the device is completelypowered down and not responsive.

Di i L t P b l


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Diagn osing Lap t op Pr ob lem s Pow er Con cern s

Video I ssues I n p u t Pr o b lem s

N et w o r k in g Tr o u b l es

L t d P t b l D i


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Lapt op s and Por t ab le Dev ices Verify AC power (e.g. LEDs, swap AC adapter)

Verify DC power

Remove unneeded peripherals

Plug in external monitor

Toggle Fn keys

Check LCD cutoff switch

Verify backlight functionality and pixilation

Stylus issues (e.g. digitizer problems)

Unique laptop keypad issues

Antenna wires

Softwares


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Operating System Software

Microsoft Windows 98, XP, 2000, 2003

Application Software

MS Office, Media Players, Games, etc.

Driver

Piece of software to make hardware

workable with Operating System.

Unders tand ingOper at i ng Syst em s


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Role o f Oper a t in g Sy st em

Micr oso f t Oper a t ing Sy st em s


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DOS W i n d ow s 1

W i n d ow s 2 W i n d ow s 3 .x W i n d ow s 9 5 W i n d ow s 9 8

W i n d o w s Me W i n d o w s N T W i n d ow s 2 0 0 0 W i n d o w s XP

W i n d ow s 2 0 0 3 W i n d o w s Vi st a W i n d ow s 2 0 0 8

Using Operating Systems


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Windows GUI components My Computer

My Network Places Control Panel The command prompt

The Windows Registry Virtual memory System files

Windows Explorer File and disk management

Elem en t s o f a W ind ow


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Control Panel


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Vi r t u a l Mem o r y


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Sw ap Fi le

Pag e Fi l e

Key Boo t Fi les


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NTLDR

BOOT.I NI BOOTSECT.DOS

NTDETECT.COM NTBOOTDD.SYS

NTOSKRNL.EXE

Hardware Abstraction Layer HAL.DLL

Disk Partitions


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Primary Partition

Extended Partition Logical Partition

Unallocated Space

File Systems


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Get t in g D isk s Read y t o St or e Fi les

an d Pr o g r a m s Fi le A l lo cat io n Tab le ( FAT)

FAT16

FAT32. NTFS / HPFS

CDFS

FAT12


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File System / Data Write Structure


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Internal Mechanism

Fi le Man agem ent


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Fi les an d Fold er s

Each file has a filename of up to 255characters.

Certain characters, such as a period (.)

and slash (\ or /), are prohibited in thefilename.

An extension (generally three or four

characters) can be added to identify thefiles type.

Fi le syst em At t r i bu t es &Advanced At t r i bu t es


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Read On ly

Hidden

Arch i v ing

I n d e x i n g

Compress ion

Encryp t ion

Fi le Per m ission s


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Full Control,

Modify Read & Execute

Read and Write

Capab i l i t i es o f W in dow s Ex p lo r er


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Viewing files and directories

Opening programs or data files

Creating directories and files Copying objects (files or directories) to other locations

Moving objects (files or directories) to other locations

Deleting or renaming objects (files or directories)

Searching for a particular file or type of file

Changing file attributes

Formatting new disks (such as floppy disks)

N av ig at in g an d Usin g W in d o w sExp lorer


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Ex pan d in g a Fo ld er

Col lap s in g a Fold er

Select in g Mu l t ip le Fi les

Op en in g a Fi le

Ch ang in g t h e View Typ e

Fin d in g Sp eci f ic Fi les

Installing Operating Systems


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I ns t a l la t i on Pr er equ i si t es


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I n st a l la t io n Ty p e

l ll


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Typical Installation

Full InstallationMinimal Installation

Custom Installation

I n st a l la t io n Met h o d s


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Met hod Clean I ns ta l la t i on Upgr ade

Unattended Install Yes Yes

Bootable Media Yes No

Sysprep Yes No

Remote Install Yes No

Press Any Key to Boot From CD


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Welcome to Setup


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End-User License Agreement


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Create or Delete Partitions


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Format the Installation Drive


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Formatting Installation Drive


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Regional and Language Options


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Personalize Your Software


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Product Key / Serial Number


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Computer Name / Admin Password


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Date and Time Settings


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Network Settings


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Workgroup or Domain Settings


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Welcome to Windows / Complete


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Automatic Update Enable / Disable


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Skip the Internet Connect Screen


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Skip


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Thank You!


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Identifying WindowsFile-Related Problems

System files not found


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y

Configuration file issues Swap file issues

Boot issues


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Use a Windows startup disk

Boot.ini


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NTLDR

Ntdetect.com

Copy these files in Floppy Disk A: andboot computer from Floppy which willbypass the active partition and

booting files and you will have anormal windows XP Start.

Use Last Known Good Configuration

This feature will allow you to undoh th t d bl i


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any changes that caused problems in

the CurrentControlSet registry key,which defines hardware and driversettings. The Last Known Good

Configuration feature replaces thecontents of the CurrentControlSetregistry key with a backup copy that

was last used to successfully start upthe operating system.

Use System Restore

Once Windows XP boots into Safe mode,click the Start button access the All


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click the Start button, access the All

Programs | Accessories | System Toolsmenu, and select System Restore. Becauseyoure running in Safe mode, the onlyoption on the opening screen of the SystemRestore wizard is Restore My Computer ToAn Earlier Time, and its selected bydefault, so just click Next. Then, follow

along with the wizard to select a restorepoint and begin the restoration procedure.

Use Recovery Console

Once the system begins booting from


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the CD, simply follow the prompts

that will allow the loading of the basicfiles needed to run Setup. When you

see the Welcome To Setup screen,press R to start the Recovery Console

Command Func t i on

ATTRIB Changes the attributes of a file or folder.BATCH Runs the commands specified in a text file so that you can

perform many tasks in one step.CHKDSK Runs the hard disk checker.COPY Copies files from removable media to the system folders.

(Note: With the console you cannot use wildcards!)


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(Note: With the console, you cannot use wildcards!)DIR Lists the contents of a directory.DISKPART Creates or deletes disk partitions.ENABLE Enables a specified service or driver.EXTRACT Extracts compressed installation files (ones with

.CABextensions) to the system partition. This command only

works if you run the console from the installation CD.FIXBOOT Writes a new boot sector on the system partition.FIXMBR Writes a new Master Boot Record for the partition boot sectorFORMAT Formats the selected disk.

HELP Displays a list of available Recovery Console commands.LISTSVC Lists all services and drivers running in Windows.LOGON Logs on to Windows.MAP Displays the drive letter mappings currently recognized. Can

be helpful to use before DISKPART.

Identifying Windows-BasedTroubleshooting Utilities

Disk Managem ent Too ls

Even t View er


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Even t View er

FORMAT.EXE

CHKDSK

DEFRAG.EXE

NTBACKUP.EXE

MSCONFI G.EXE REGEDI T.EXE

CMD

ATTRI B.EXE

EXTRACT.EXE

EDI T.COM

Fix a corrupt Boot.ini

Bootcfg /parameter

/ S h d k f ll d ll d ll


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/Ad dScans the disk for all Windows installations and allows youto add any new ones to the Boot.ini file.

/Scan Scans the disk for all Windows installations.

/List Lists each entry in the Boot.ini file.

/Defau l tSets default operating system as the main boot entry.

/Rebui ldCompletely re-creates the Boot.ini file. The user mustconfirm each step.

/Redi rect Allows the boot operation to be redirected to aspecific port when using the Headless Administration feature.

The Redirect parameter takes two parameters of its own, [PortBaudrate ] [UseBiosSettings].

/Disab lered i rec t Disables the redirection.

Fix a corrupt partition boot sector

To use the Fixboot tool, from theR C l d t


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Recovery Console command prompt,

type Fixboot [drive]:

Where [drive] is the letter of thedrive to which you want to write anew partition boot sector.

Fix a corrupt master boot record

To use the Fixmbr tool, from theR C l d t


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Recovery Console command prompt,

type Fixmbr [device_name]

Where [device_name] is the devicepathname of the drive to which you want

to write a new master boot record.e.g. for C: = DeviceHardDisk0

Disable automatic restart

press [F8] to display the WindowsAdvanced Options Menu Then select


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Advanced Options Menu. Then, select

the Disable The Automatic Restart OnSystem Failure item and press [Enter]

Restore from a backup

Windows Backup Tool

Thi d P B k T l


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Third Party Backup Tool

Partition Image etc.

Perform an in-place upgrade

Booting from CD and choosing torepair the old installed Operating


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repair the old installed Operating

System is known as in-place upgrade.

Upgrading the Operating System


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Installing Device Drivers

1 L t d i f th d i


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1 . Locate drivers for the device.

2 . Connect the device to yourcomputer (either internally or

externally). 3 . Load or install the proper drivers.

4 . Configure the device.

Optimizing Windows 2000and Windows XP

Managing virtual memory

De fragmenting disks


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De-fragmenting disks

Using caches

Managing temporary files


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Understanding Printer andScanner Fundamentals

Impact printers Bubble-jet printers


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Laser printers

Other printers Printer interfaces and supplies

Scanners and their components Flatbed scanners Sheet-fed scanners

Handheld scanners Scanner interfaces

I m p act Pr i n t e r s

use some form of impact and aninked ribbon to make an imprint on


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inked ribbon to make an imprint on

the paper. In a manner of speaking,typewriters are like impact printers.

There are two major types of impactprinters:

Da isy - W heel Pr in t er s

Dot - Mat r i x Pr i n t er s

Daisy -W h eel Pr i n t er s

The i r speed i s ra t ed by th e nu m ber o f char act e rs per second(cps ) t h ey c an p r i n t .


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Dot -Mat r ix Pr in t er s

The p i ns i n t h e p r i n t - head a re w rapped w i t h c o il s o f w i re t ocrea te a so leno id and a re he ld i n t he r est pos it i on by acom b i na t i on o f a sm a ll m agne t and a s p r i ng To t r i gge r a


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com b i na t i on o f a sm a l l m agne t and a s p r i ng . To t r i gge r a

pa r t i cu l a r p i n , t he p r i n t e r con t ro l l er sends a si gna l t o t he p r i n t -head , w h i ch ene rg i zes t he w i res a round t he

app rop r i a te p r i n t w i re . Th i s t u r nst h e p r i n t w i r e i n t o an

e lect rom agnet , w h i ch r epel s t hep r i n t p i n , f o r c ing i t agai nst t hei n k r i b b o n a n d m ak i n g a d o t o nt he pape r .

Bu bb le- Jet Pr in t er s

In a bubble-jet printer, bubbles of inkare sprayed onto a page and form


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are sprayed onto a page and form

patterns that resemble the itemsbeing printed.

Par t s o f a Ty p ica l Bu b b le-Je tP r in te r

Printhead/ink cartridge


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Head carriage, belt, and steppermotor

Paper-feed mechanism

Control, interface, and power circuitry

Printer Carriage & Stepper Motor


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Typical Bubble-Jet PrinterFront View


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Laser Pr in t er s

There are two major types of pageprinters: those that use the


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p

electrophotographic (EP) printprocess and those that use the light-

emitting diode (LED) print process. El ect r o p h o t o g r a p h i c ( EP)

LED Pag e Pr in t er s

Elect r opho t og r aph i c ( EP) LaserP r i n te r s

THE TONER CARTRI DGE

THE LASER SCAN NI NG ASSEMBLY

HI GH- VOLTAGE POW ER SUPPLY


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HI GH VOLTAGE POW ER SUPPLY

PAPER-TRANSPORT ASSEMBLY

FUSI NG ASSEMBLY

Laser Printer Process (side view)


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Paper Feed and Exit Function

The pape r - t ranspo r t assemb ly i s respons ib le f o rm o v i n g t h e p ap er t h r o u g h t h e p r i n t e r . I t co n si st s o f amo to r and seve ra l rubbe r i zed ro l l e rs t ha t each


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pe r fo rm s a d i f f eren t f unc t i on .

The transfer corona assembly

W h e n t h e l a s e r w r i t e s t h e i m a g e s o n t h epho tosens i t i ve d rum, t he t one r t hen s t i c ks t o t heexp osed ar eas; Th e t r a n s fer co ro n a a sse m b ly i s g iven


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a h igh -vo l t age cha rge , w h i ch i s t r ans fe r red t o t hepape r w h i ch pu l l s t he t one r f r om the pho tosens i t i ved r u m .

FUSI NG ASSEMBLY

EP laser p r in t e rs inco r por a t e a dev ice k now n as a f use r w h ich uses t w o ro l l er s t h a t app l y p ressu r e and hea t t ofuse th e p last i c t one r p a r t i cles to t he paper .


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You may have no t i ced tha t pages f rom e i t he r a l ase rp r i n t e r o r a cop ier ( w h i ch u ses a sim i l ar dev i ce) com eou t w a rm . Th is i s because o f t h e fuser .

The EP print process /Laser Printers


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Ot h er Ty pes o f Pr in t er s

Sol id in k Solid-ink printerswork much like bubble-jet

printers: However, in a solid-ink printer, the ink is in


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p , p ,

a waxy solid form rather than in liquid form.

The r ma l Thermal printerswork by using a printhead the

width of the paper. When it needs to print, theprinthead heats and cools spots on the printhead.

Dye sub l im a t i on

Dye-sublimation printers are used most often in thegraphics or printing industries.

Pr in t er I n t er faces an d Su pp l i es

SERI AL

PARALLEL


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UNI VERSAL SERI AL BUS ( USB)

NETWORK

I NFRARED

SCSI

W I RELESS

Scan n er s an d Th e i rComponen ts

Glass plate and cover

Scanning head


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Stepper motor

Interface

A typical scanner Processand its components


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Ch ar g e Cou p led Dev ice ( CCD)Con t act I m age Sen so r ( CI S)

A charge coupled device (CCD) arrayis a device inside a scanner that


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converts photons (particles of light)into electricity.

CIS technology replaces the mirrorsand CCD array with a sensor as longas the glass plate is wide. The light

source is a set of LEDs that runs thelength of the glass plate as well.

Scanner Types

Fla t b ed Scan n er s

Sh eet - Fed Scan n er s


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Han dh e ld Scann er s

Flat b ed Scan n er

Sh eet Fed Scann er

Net w o r k in g Fu n d am en t a ls


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Computer Networks

A network links two or more computerstogether to communicate and share


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resources. A computer network allows computers to

link to each others resources.

Understanding NetworkingFundamentals

LANs vs . W ANs

Pr i m ar y n et w o r k co m p o n en t s


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N et w o rk opera t i ng s y st em s ( N OSs)

N et w o r k t o p o lo g ies

Net w o r k co m m u n i cat io n s

N et w o r k co m m u n i cat i on p r o t o co ls

Pr o t oco l addr essing

N et w o r k ar ch i t e ct u r es

LANs vs. W ANs

Local area networks (LANs) wereintroduced to connect computers in a

i l ffi


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single office. Wide area networks (WANs)

expanded the LANs to includenetworks outside the localenvironment and also to distribute

resources across distances.

Local Ar ea Net w or k s ( LANs)

LANs are simply the linking ofcomputers to share resources within

l d i t


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a closed environment.

W id e Ar ea N et w o r k s ( W AN s)

WANs can span buildings, states,countries, and even continental

b d i


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boundaries.

Pr im ar y Net w o r k Co m p o n en t s

Servers

Servers offer networks the capability of centralizingthe control of resources and can thus reduced i i t ti diffi lti


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administrative difficulties.

Clients or workstations

Workstationsare the computers on which thenetwork users do their work, performing activitiessuch as word processing, database design, graphicdesign, e-mail, and other office or personal tasks.

Resources

Net w o r k Resou r ces

Printers and other peripherals

Files

A li ti


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Applications

Disk storage


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Peer - t o -Peer Net w o r k s

In a peer-to-peer network, thecomputers act as both service

providers and service requestors


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providers and service requestors.

Cl ien t - Ser v er Resou r ce Mod e l

Server-based networks use a dedicated, centralizedserver.


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N et w o r k To p o lo g ies

Bus (can be both logical and Physical

Star (physical only)

Ring (can be both logical and Physical


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Ring (can be both logical and Physical

Mesh (can be both logical and Physical

Hybrid (usually physical)

Bu s Top o log y

A bus is the simplest physicaltopology. It consists of a single cable

that runs to every workstation


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that runs to every workstation.

St ar Top o log y

A physical star topology branches eachnetwork device off a central device called a

hub making it very easy to add a new


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hub, making it very easy to add a newworkstation. Also, if any workstation goesdown, it does not affect the entire network.

Rin g Top o lo g y

A physical ring topology is a unique topology. Eachcomputer connects to two other computers,

joining them in a circle and creating a

unidirectional path where messages move from


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unidirectional path where messages move fromworkstation to workstation.

Each entity participating in

the ring reads a message

and then regenerates it

and hands it to its neighbor

on a different network cable.

Mesh Top o log y

In Mesh physical topology, each deviceis connected to every other device


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Hyb r id Topo logy

The hybrid topology is simply a mix of theother topologies. It would be impossible to

illustrate it, because there are manycombinations


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illustrate it, because there are manycombinations.


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The 7 Layers of OSI Model

1.Application layer

2.Presentation layer

3 Session layer


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3.Session layer

4.Transport layer

5.Network layer

6.Data Link layer

7.Physical layer


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I EEE 8 0 2 Pr o j ect Mod e ls

802.1 Internetworking

802.2 Logic Link Control

802.3 CSMA/CD LAN

802.4 Token Bus LAN 802 5 T k Ri LAN


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802.5 Token Ring LAN

802.6 Metropolitan Area Network

802.7 Broadband Technical Advisory Group

802.8 Fiber Optic Technical Advisory Group

802.9 Integrated Voice/Data Networks

802.10 Network Security

802.11 Wireless Networks

802.12 Demand Priority Access LAN

N et w o r k Co m m u n icat io nPro toco ls

TCP/IP

IPX/SPX

NetBEUI/NetBIOS


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/

AppleTalk

TCP/ I P

Transm ission Cont rol Protocol/ I nternetProtocol (TCP/ I P) suiteis called a suite

because its a collection of protocols.


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p I n t er n e t Pr o t o co l ( I P) Handles the

movement of data between computers as well

as network node addressing

Tr ansm ission Con t r o l Pr o t oco l ( TCP)

Handles the reliable delivery of data

I PX/ SPX

I nternetwork Packet Exchange/ SequencedPacket Exchange ( IPX/ SPX) is the default

communication protocol for versions of theNovell NetWare operating system


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pNovell NetWare operating system

The two main protocols in IPX/SPX are IPX

and SPX. IPX provides similar functions to TCP.

SPX provides functions similar to the TCP/IP

suite protocols IP and UDP.

Net BEUI / Net BI OS

NetBEUI (pronounced net-boo-ee) isan acronym formed from NetBIOS

Extended User Interface. originallydeveloped by IBM and Sytek to manage


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g ydeveloped by IBM and Sytek to managedata exchange and network access.

AppleTalk

AppleTalk is not just a protocol; it is aproprietary network architecture for

Macintosh computers. It uses a busand typically either shielded or


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pand typically either shielded orunshielded cable.


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The IP address structure


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IP ClassesTheir Min & Max Ranges


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I d en t i f y in g Co m m o n Net w or k Med iaCabl ing

Coax ia l cab le(or coax) contains acenter conductor made of copper,

surrounded by a plastic jacket, with abraided shield over the jacket


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braided shield over the jacket

Tw ist ed - Pa ir

Tw ist ed - pa i r cabling is usually classified intwo types: unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)and shielded twisted-pair (STP).

UTP is simply twisted-pair cabling that is


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unshielded.

STP is the same as UTP, but it has a braided foil

shield around the twisted wires (to decreaseelectrical interference).

UTP & STP Cables Pairs & Colors


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UTP SEVEN GRADES

Category 1 voice-only

Category 2 speeds up to 4Mbps.

Category 3 speeds up to 10Mbps


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Category 5e speeds up to 1Gbps.

Category 6 speeds up to 1Gbps and beyond.

Fiber -Opt ic

It provides transmission speeds from 100Mbps to10Gbps and a maximum distance of several miles.Because it uses pulses of light instead of electric

voltages to transmit data, it is immune to electricalinterference and to wiretapping


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interference and to wiretapping.

FI BER- OPTI C CONNECTORTYPES

Straight Tip (ST) fiber-optic connector,developed by AT&T, is probably the mostwidely used fiber-optic connector.

Subscriber Connector


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W ir eless N et w o r k s

Wireless transmissions are madethrough the air by infrared light, laser

light, narrow-band radio, microwave,or spread-spectrum radio.


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Un d er st an d i n g N et w o r k in gComponen ts

Repeaters

Hubs/switches

Bridges

R t


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Routers

Brouters Gateways

Repeaters

Repeatersare simple devices. They allow acabling system to extend beyond its maximumallowed length by amplifying the network

voltages so they travel farther. Repeaters arenothing more than amplifiers and, as such, arevery inexpensive


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very inexpensive.

Hu b s/ Sw i t ch es

Hubs repeat any signal that comes inon one port and copy it to the other

ports (a process that is also calledbroadcasting).


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g)

Sw i t ches dont repeat everythingthey receive on one port to every

other port as hubs do.

Br idges

They join similar topologies and areused to divide network segments.

Bridges keep traffic on one side fromcrossing to the other.


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g

Rou te rs

Routersare highly intelligent devices thatconnect multiple network types anddetermine the best path for sending data.

They can route packets across multiplenetworks and use routing tables to store


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network addresses to determine the best

destination. Routers operate at the Networklayer of the OSI model.

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