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+
Gender Studies
SZABIST Introduction to Social Sciences
August 2010
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+Gender Analysis
! What is Gender?
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+Women today in Pakistan..
Literacy level (2006) for adult females 40 % vs males 68%;
youth 58% female and 79% male
Economic activity rate (adult) female 21 % and male 84% -
Total female labour participation 19%
No statistic from Pakistan on female wages in comparison to
male
23 seats in political office
Population (2009) women ~ 88 million, male ~ 93 million
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+Relationship of the Pakistani state with
women
Pre Partition (late 1920s)
Muslim women lives were dominated by the domestic sphere andit
was only in response to educated Muslim men wanting to
marryeducated women that Muslim women began to receive
schoolingoutside of home.
In the 1930s upper and middle class urban Muslim women
wereattending English medium schools hundreds, or even
thousands.
In 1914 Anjuman e Khawatin was All India Muslim League
forWomen
Women were welcome to participate in the Pakistan movementbut
most of them did not as independent but linked with their men
the most prominent members of the Muslim Womens leaguewere the
mothers, wives, daughters or sisters of influential
Muslimpoliticians
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+1947-1961
Jalal argues that the post colonial state was the ultimate
guarantor of the social order, whose moral underpinnings in
the South Asian, and Pakistani case, was held by women.
In 1949 when the Muslim League council refused to
considerelecting a woman candidate for the office of Joint
Secretary
the women staged a walk out and days after Begum Rana
Liaquiat Khan laid the foundation of APWA (All Pakistan
womens association) still exists today.
1961 the Family Law Ordinance which improved the rights of
women in marriage while curtailing the rights of men.
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+1970-1980
More and more women taking their place alongside men in
thepublic domain and the Bhuttos regimes liberal leanings
helped
During the Bhutto era in 1974 a cross sectional study
showedthough that 98% of women felt they followed traditional
values
while 72 % of housewives and 46% of women employed outsidethe
home accepted the cultural dominance of men
1973 women became eligible to join the Civil services and
theconstitution drafted in the same year defined equality for
allcitizens as one of the basic principles of its fundamental
rightspolicy
1980 - Backlash of social conservatism with General
ZiasIslamization policies greatly affecting women across the
countrythrough the Hudood Ordinances.
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+Gender & Social Policy
! Social investment paradigms
! Examples in Pakistan
! Income support
! Employment support
! Human rights, violence againstwomen & legal issues
!
UN Millenium Development Goals forPakistan
! Goal 3. Promote gender equality andempower women
! Target 4. Eliminate genderdisparity in primary andsecondary
education, preferablyby 2005, and to all levels ofeducation no
later than 2015
! Goal 5. Improve maternal health
!
Target 6. Reduce by threequarters, between 1990 and 2015,the
maternal mortality ratio
!
What are some of the ways a
gender analysis has impacted
social policy in developed and
developing countries?
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+Social Location Exercise
Gender
Class
Age
Ability
Race
Family structure
Sexuality
Education
Nationality/
citizenship
Religion
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+Quizzes
! http://www.unicef.org/sowc07/quiz/index.html
! http://quiz.alteringtime.com/
