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Lei
sure
Tra
vel,
Tou
rism
Tra
vel,
and
the
Env
iron
men
t W
orks
hop
4-5
Nov
embe
r20
04, B
erlin
, Ger
man
y
Gab
or
Ver
eczi
Pro
gra
mm
e O
ffic
erS
ust
ain
able
Dev
elo
pm
ent
of
To
uri
smW
orl
d T
ou
rism
Org
aniz
atio
n
The
nee
d fo
r su
stai
nabi
lity
in t
ouri
sm
Rap
idex
pans
ion
of t
he t
ouri
sm s
ecto
r
0
200
400
600
800
1.00
0
1.20
0
1.40
0
1.60
0
1.80
0 1950
1960
1970
198
019
90
2000
2010
202
0
Million
Act
ual
For
ecas
ts
1561
.1
696.
7
For
ty-f
old
incr
ease
from
1950
to20
00T
ripl
ing
in
two
deca
des
Incr
easi
ng p
ress
ure
on t
he
envi
ronm
ent
of t
ouri
sm
dest
inat
ions
, glo
bal i
mpa
cts
Nee
d fo
r th
e su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t of
the
to
uris
m s
ecto
r
Con
tinu
ous
expa
nsio
n of
to
uris
m
Wo
rld
-m
ean
so
f tr
ansp
ort
0.8
-2.2
-0.9
3.2
0.5
4.3
3.9
0.6
-3-2-1012345
Roa
dAi
rW
ater
Rai
l
01/0
0
'02/
01
Wor
ld, 2
002
Wat
er
6.8% R
oad
51%
Rai
l
3%Ai
r
39%
Eu
rop
e-
mea
ns
of
tran
spo
rt
-0.9
0.0
-2.2
4.2
0.7
5.7
2.7
1.1
-3-2-101234567
Roa
dAi
rW
ater
Rai
l
01/0
0
'02/
01
Euro
pe, 2
002
Wat
er
6,4%
Roa
d
58%R
ail
5%Ai
r
31%
Wor
ld T
ouris
m O
rgan
izat
ion
•UN
Spe
cial
ized
Age
ncy
in th
e fie
ld o
f tou
rism
•He
adqu
arte
rs in
Mad
rid, S
pain
•In
terg
over
nmen
tal o
rgan
izat
ion
with
150
M
embe
r Sta
tes
and
Terr
itorie
s•
350
Affil
iate
Mem
bers
: priv
ate
sect
or (t
ouris
m
trade
ass
ocia
tions
, maj
or a
irlin
es, h
otel
s, to
ur
oper
ator
s), l
ocal
aut
horit
ies,
edu
catio
n an
d re
sear
ch in
stitu
tions
, NG
Os
6
Wor
ld T
ouris
m O
rgan
izat
ion
7
Reg
ion
al
Rep
rese
nta
tio
n
Sect
ion
s:
•Afr
ica
•Euro
pe
•Am
eric
as
•Mid
dle
Eas
t
•Asi
a-Pa
cific
Pro
gra
m A
ctiv
ity S
ect
ion
s:
•Tourism
Sta
tist
ics
•Mar
ket
Inte
lligen
ce a
nd
Prom
otion
•Hum
an R
esou
rces
D
evel
opm
ent
•Su
stain
ab
le D
evelo
pm
en
t o
f To
uri
sm
•Qual
ity
of
Tourism
D
evel
opm
ent
•Pre
ss a
nd C
om
munic
atio
n,
Docu
men
tation,
Public
atio
ns
Aff
ilia
te M
em
bers
:Busi
nes
s Cou
nci
lEduca
tion C
ounci
lD
estinat
ion
Man
agem
ent
Progra
mm
e
Tren
ds in
th
e Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
opm
ent
of
Tou
rism
•R
io E
art
h S
um
mit
, 1
99
2
•A
gen
da 2
1 f
or
the T
ravel
an
d T
ou
rism
S
ect
or,
19
95
Lo
cal
A2
1
•U
N C
SD
-7,
19
99
•In
tern
ati
on
al
Year
of
Eco
tou
rism
, 2
00
2
•W
orl
d S
um
mit
on
Su
stain
ab
le
Develo
pm
en
t (W
SS
D),
20
02
Age
nda
21 f
or t
he T
rave
l and
Tou
rism
Sec
tor
Res
pons
ibili
ties
of
trav
el a
nd t
ouri
sm c
ompa
nies
(exa
mpl
es):
Was
te, m
inim
izat
ion,
reu
se a
nd r
ecyc
ling
Ene
rgy
effi
cien
cy, c
onse
rvat
ion
and
man
agem
ent
Tra
nspo
rt
Lan
d-us
e pl
anni
ng a
nd m
anag
emen
t,
Des
ign
for
sust
aina
bilit
y
Edu
cati
on a
nd in
volv
emen
t of
sta
ff, c
usto
mer
s, a
nd
com
mun
itie
s in
env
iron
men
tal i
ssue
s
Par
tner
ship
for
sus
tain
able
dev
elop
men
t
WS
SD
Po
licy
Rep
ort
on
Su
stai
nab
le T
ou
rism
:
Incr
ease
d a
war
enes
s o
n s
ust
ain
abili
ty c
on
cern
s,
esp
ecia
lly in
th
e p
ub
lic s
ecto
r
Am
ple
ava
ilab
ility
of
tech
nic
al, a
nd
tec
hn
olo
gic
al
solu
tio
ns
for
tou
rism
man
agem
ent
to p
reve
nt
and
re
du
ce n
egat
ive
imp
acts
of
tou
rism
an
d m
axim
ize
its
ben
efit
s
Slo
wan
dp
arti
alap
plic
atio
n
Th
em
ain
chal
len
ge:
Imp
lem
ent
the
star
teg
ies
and
pla
ns
in p
ract
ice
Ap
ply
adva
nce
nd
tech
niq
ues
and
tech
no
log
ies
4 sp
ecif
ic W
TO
wor
k ar
eas
rela
ted
to
envi
ronm
enta
l iss
ues
in to
uris
m tr
ansp
orta
tion
1.C
onge
stio
n m
anag
emen
t 2.
Vol
unta
ry in
itiat
ives
and
sus
tain
abili
ty
cert
ific
atio
n of
tour
ism
act
iviti
es3.
Indi
cato
rs o
f su
stai
nabl
e to
uris
m4.
Clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd to
uris
m
Han
db
oo
ko
nT
ou
rism
Co
ng
esti
on
Man
agem
ent
atN
atu
ral a
nd
Cu
ltu
ral S
ites
WT
O, 2
004
Vol
unta
ry in
itiat
ives
and
sus
tain
abili
ty
cert
ific
atio
n of
tour
ism
act
iviti
es•
WT
O a
ctiv
e si
nce
CSD
-7 in
199
9•
Wor
ldw
ide
anal
ysis
of
104
ecol
abel
s, a
war
ds a
nd
EM
S (2
002)
–(c
ruis
e, a
irpo
rts,
des
tinat
ions
, e.g
. GA
ST –
Ass
ocia
tion
of c
are-
free
tour
ism
des
tinat
ions
, Sw
itzer
land
)
•R
ecom
men
datio
ns f
or G
over
nmen
ts•
Reg
iona
l con
fere
nces
in A
mer
icas
, Asi
a, E
urop
e•
Eur
opea
n re
gion
al c
onfe
renc
e: O
ctob
er 2
004,
C
zech
rep
ublic
:N
eed
to w
ork
sim
ulta
neou
sly
with
bu
sine
sses
and
des
tinat
ions
, co
llabo
rate
bet
wee
n pu
blic
, pri
vate
, NG
O s
ecto
rs
Import
ance
of
tran
sport
iss
ues
in
cert
ific
atio
n o
f busi
nes
ses
and d
estinat
ions
Su
stain
ab
ilit
y i
nd
icato
rsfo
r to
uri
sm
To iden
tify
and m
easu
re t
he
entire
ran
ge
of
impac
ts (
envi
ronm
enta
l an
d s
oci
o-e
conom
ic)
that
tourism
can
hav
e in
a p
articu
lar
area
or
soci
ety.
Acc
ura
te info
rmat
ion
is n
eeded
for
resp
onsi
ble
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g
Su
stain
ab
ilit
y i
nd
icato
rs a
re i
nfo
rmati
on
se
ts w
hic
h a
re f
orm
all
y s
ele
cted
fo
r a
reg
ula
r u
se t
o m
easu
re c
han
ges
in k
ey
ass
ets
an
d i
ssu
es
of
tou
rism
dest
inati
on
s.
New
WT
O G
uide
on
Indi
cato
rs
•E
xten
sive
rev
iew
of
inte
rnat
iona
l exp
erie
nces
•In
volv
emen
t of
62
expe
rts
from
20
coun
trie
s•
Foc
us o
n lo
cal d
esti
nati
ons,
als
o co
veri
ng
appl
icat
ions
at
regi
onal
and
nat
iona
l lev
els
•T
he r
ole
of in
dica
tors
in
tour
ism
pol
icy
and
plan
ning
; •
A r
ecom
men
ded
proc
edur
e fo
r in
dica
tors
dev
elop
men
t •
A c
ateg
oriz
ed li
st o
f co
mm
on
issu
es a
nd in
dica
tors
•
Des
tina
tion
-spe
cifi
c ap
plic
atio
ns•
Am
ple
rang
e of
cas
e st
udie
s
Sect
ions
on
tran
spor
tatio
n is
sues
in th
e W
TO
Gui
de
•T
ouri
sm-r
elat
ed t
rans
port
to/
from
and
wit
hin
dest
inat
ion
•A
ir t
rans
port
•A
ir p
ollu
tion
•N
oise
•H
ealt
h•
Con
trol
ling
use
inte
nsit
y•
Ene
rgy
•C
limat
e ch
ange
•D
esti
nati
on s
ecti
ons
(e.g
. Urb
an D
esti
nati
ons)
•C
ase
stud
ies
(e.g
. EE
A in
dica
tors
)
Ind
icat
ors
on
Tra
nsp
ort
to
/ fr
om
des
tin
atio
n
•Num
ber
of tr
ansp
ort a
ccid
ents
and
fata
litie
s (la
nd, a
ir an
d m
ariti
me)
du
ring
peak
hol
yday
per
iods
to lo
wes
t per
iods
•Tre
nds
in th
e nu
mbe
r of
day
s pe
r ye
ar o
n w
hich
fixe
d ai
r po
llutio
n th
resh
olds
are
rea
ched
. •I
mpa
ct o
n lo
cal h
ealth
(se
e H
ealth
)•L
evel
of f
acili
tatio
n of
info
rmat
ion
and
serv
ices
(S
ee S
ecur
ity)
Saf
ety
•Rat
io o
f pub
lic p
asse
nger
tran
spor
t ver
sus
priv
ate
tran
spor
t spe
ed to
re
ach
dest
inat
ion
in p
eak
holid
ay p
erio
ds to
low
est p
erio
ds (
per
mod
es o
f tr
ansp
ort p
er m
ain
mar
kets
)•R
atio
of t
rave
l exp
ense
s by
pub
lic v
ersu
s pr
ivat
e tr
ansp
ort t
o re
ach
dest
inat
ion.
•Lev
el o
f air
and
grou
nd e
mis
sion
for
pass
enge
r tr
ansp
ort d
urin
g pe
ak
holid
ay p
erio
ds to
low
est (
per
pass
enge
r-km
) •
Leve
l of n
oise
pol
lutio
n (s
ee N
oise
)
Jou
rney
tim
e an
d r
elia
bili
ty,
envi
ron
men
tal i
mp
acts
(a
ir, n
oise
and
wat
er p
ollu
tion
traf
fic
cong
estio
n an
d em
issi
on
•Fre
quen
cy, c
apac
ity o
f ser
vice
s an
d us
e le
vels
(la
nd, s
ea a
nd a
ir tr
ansp
ort)
. •D
ensi
ty o
f roa
ds (
high
way
s / m
otor
way
s, r
oads
) (r
oute
km
spe
r km
²)•D
ensi
ty o
f pub
lic tr
ansp
ort (
rout
e km
spe
r km
²)•A
nnua
l lev
els
of in
vest
men
t in
publ
ic tr
ansp
ort c
ompa
red
with
roa
d in
fras
truc
ture
•Tim
e of
trav
el b
y pa
ssen
ger
to d
estin
atio
n (h
ours
). N
umbe
r of
mod
es
requ
ired.
Acc
ess
to th
e ho
liday
des
tinat
ion
(Ava
ilabi
lity
/ enh
ance
men
t of r
oad
netw
ork,
rai
lway
’s, p
ort,
and
airp
ort
infr
astr
uctu
res,
pub
lic tr
ansp
ort.)
•►T
ou
rist
nu
mb
ers
visi
tin
g s
ite
(incl
udin
g on
e-da
y vi
sits
) •►
Sea
son
alit
yof
tour
ism
and
leng
th o
f sta
y•T
otal
of k
m tr
avel
ed p
er to
uris
t per
trip
•Mod
es o
f tra
nspo
rt u
sed
by to
uris
ts to
rea
ch d
estin
atio
n (a
irpla
ne, c
ar,
coac
h, r
ail,
bicy
cle,
wal
king
, oth
er)
Mo
bili
ty p
atte
rns
Ind
icat
ors
C
om
po
nen
ts o
f th
e Is
sue
Tra
nsp
ort
atio
n w
ith
in t
he
des
tin
atio
n
% o
f ac
com
mo
dat
ion
s, t
ou
rism
fac
iliti
es a
nd
oth
er t
ou
rist
at
trac
tio
ns
acce
ssib
le b
y p
ub
lic t
ran
spo
rt (
less
th
an 1
0 m
inu
tes
wal
kin
g d
ista
nce
to
nea
rest
sta
tio
n/s
top
)E
xtra
mea
ns o
f tra
nspo
rt e
spec
ially
set
up
for
tour
ists
: typ
e of
tran
spor
t and
num
ber
of p
asse
nger
pla
ces
avai
labl
e du
ring
peak
tim
es
Acc
ess
to t
he
amen
itie
s w
ith
in t
he
ho
liday
d
esti
nat
ion
(Pub
lic tr
ansp
ort,
traf
fic m
anag
emen
t iss
ues.
D
evel
opm
ent o
f les
s en
viro
nmen
tal d
amag
ing
tran
spor
t sys
tem
for
tour
ism
tr
avel
)
Tou
rists
’and
vis
itors
’per
cept
ions
and
dem
ands
of l
ocal
or
regi
onal
tr
ansp
ort s
uppl
y an
d se
rvic
es (
by tr
ansp
ort m
ode)
Nu
mb
er o
f p
asse
ng
ers
tran
spo
rted
by
loca
l pu
blic
tra
nsp
ort
fo
r to
uri
sm /
leis
ure
pu
rpo
ses
(als
o c
om
par
ed t
o n
um
ber
of
tou
rist
s u
sin
g in
div
idu
al t
ran
spo
rt)
To
uri
sts’
dem
and
m
anag
emen
tre
gard
ing
mob
ility
with
in d
estin
atio
n
Imp
lem
enta
tio
n o
f an
inte
gra
ted
en
viro
nm
enta
lly s
ou
nd
tr
ansp
ort
pla
nn
ing
str
ateg
y (y
es /
no
)S
trat
egy
tran
slat
ed in
to a
n ac
tion
plan
(ye
s / n
o)N
um
ber
an
d e
xten
t o
f is
sues
co
vere
d b
y th
e ac
tio
n p
lan
(t
ran
spo
rt, t
ou
rism
, lan
d u
se a
nd
bio
div
ersi
ty, e
ner
gy,
wat
er,
was
te, s
oci
al is
sues
, eco
no
mic
issu
es, e
tc.)
Act
ion
take
n to
form
ulat
e in
terr
egio
nal t
rans
port
pla
ns(Y
/N)
Sp
atia
l an
d t
ran
spo
rt
pla
nn
ing
, man
agem
ent o
f to
uris
m r
elat
ed tr
ansp
ort
dem
and,
and
impr
ovem
ent o
f m
odal
spl
it.
Ind
icat
ors
C
om
po
nen
ts o
f th
e Is
sue
Leng
th o
f cyc
le a
nd w
alki
ng p
aths
, ava
ilabi
lity
of b
icyc
le r
enta
l ser
vice
sE
xten
t and
cap
acity
of p
ublic
tran
spor
t %
of t
rave
llers
usi
ng a
ltern
ativ
e tr
ansp
ort (
bicy
cles
, wal
king
, oth
er lo
w
ener
gy u
se o
ptio
nsLe
vel o
f sup
port
for
low
ene
rgy
alte
rnat
ives
to v
ehic
le tr
ansp
ort
% o
f the
tour
ism
rel
ated
veh
icle
flee
t mee
ting
spec
ified
air
and
nois
e em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s by
mod
e of
tran
spor
tE
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n an
d em
issi
ons
per
pass
enge
rE
xist
ence
, cap
acity
of e
nviro
nmen
tal-f
riend
ly v
ehic
les
and
tran
spor
t m
odes
(e.
g. m
etro
, tra
ms,
ele
ctric
veh
icle
s, e
tc.)
Ava
ilabi
lity
and
% o
f res
erve
d pu
blic
tran
spor
t lan
es a
nd p
arki
ng s
pace
sE
xist
ing
mea
sure
s of
res
tric
ting
car
acce
ss o
r pa
rkin
g sp
aces
(ye
s / n
o)
Pro
mo
tio
n o
f en
viro
nm
enta
lly
frie
nd
ly t
ran
spo
rt m
od
esas
par
t of
the
holid
ay a
nd m
easu
res
to
give
pub
lic tr
ansp
ort p
riorit
y
Rat
io o
f ann
ual p
ublic
exp
endi
ture
on
info
rmat
ion
serv
ices
for
publ
ic
tran
spor
t use
rs to
spe
cific
info
rmat
ion
serv
ices
for
holid
aym
aker
s, v
isito
rs
and
tour
ists
Exi
sten
ce o
f pub
lic tr
ansp
ort s
ervi
ce in
form
atio
n on
the
Inte
rnet
or
mob
ility
cen
tres
(ye
s / n
o)U
se o
f ele
ctro
nic
book
ing
for
publ
ic tr
ansp
ort (
yes
/ no)
Num
ber
of d
oor-
to-d
oor
serv
ices
for
visi
tors
and
tour
ists
Tra
nsp
ort
atio
n in
form
atio
nC
lear
, acc
essi
ble,
rel
iabl
e in
form
atio
n ab
out s
ervi
ces/
tim
etab
les/
tick
etin
g be
fore
and
du
ring
the
stay
Doo
r –t
o-do
or s
ervi
ces
Exi
sten
ce o
f mul
ti-m
odal
pla
tform
s (y
es /
no)
Exi
sten
ce o
f int
egra
ted
publ
ic tr
ansp
ort s
ervi
ces
(yes
/ no
)E
xist
ence
of i
nteg
rate
d pu
blic
tran
spor
t far
es (
yes
/ no)
Pro
visi
on o
f par
k-an
d-rid
e an
d bi
ke-a
nd-r
ide
faci
litie
s: n
umbe
r of
par
king
sp
aces
(pu
blic
and
priv
ate)
for
cars
or
bicy
cles
at p
ublic
tran
spor
t st
ops/
stat
ions
ser
ving
tour
ist a
men
ities
Inte
rmo
dal
ity
/ In
teg
rati
on
of
serv
ices
Link
s be
twee
n lo
ng-h
aul a
nd
loca
l tra
nspo
rt n
etw
orks
Sea
mle
ss jo
urne
y fo
r th
e to
uris
tsU
se o
f new
tech
nolo
gies
to
max
imis
eco
-ord
inat
ion
betw
een
tran
spor
t mod
esIn
tegr
atio
n of
pub
lic tr
ansp
ort
serv
ices
/fare
s
Tra
nsp
ort
atio
n w
ith
in t
he
des
tin
atio
n (
con
t.)
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
and
Tou
rism
•F
irst
Int
erna
tion
al C
onfe
renc
e on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
and
Tou
rism
, A
pril
2003
, Dje
rba,
T
unis
ia
•14
0 de
lega
tes
from
45
coun
trie
s•
Dje
rba
Dec
lara
tion
on C
limat
e C
hang
e an
d T
ouri
sm•
Tou
rism
and
clim
ate
chan
ge: t
wo-
way
s re
latio
nshi
p1.
Tou
rism
is im
pact
ed
need
for
ada
ptat
ion
2. T
ouri
sm c
ontr
ibut
es to
CC
ne
ed f
or m
itiga
tion
•C
lear
ingh
ouse
on
CC
und
er p
repa
ratio
n•
GE
F Pr
ojec
t pro
posa
l
Tou
rism
is a
con
trib
utor
to
the
caus
es o
f cl
imat
e ch
ange
“The
pol
lute
r pa
ys”
–m
ore
effo
rt n
eede
d to
en
viro
nmen
tally
sus
tain
able
tour
ism
Pollu
ting
effe
cts:
all
aspe
cts
of to
uris
m a
ctiv
ity, p
rim
ary
from
tran
spor
tatio
n se
rvic
es (
road
and
air
)R
oad
tran
spor
t:si
gnif
ican
t sou
rce
of G
HG
, res
pons
ibili
ty
of to
uris
m in
dust
ry to
min
imis
e ha
rmfu
l em
issi
ons
by
enco
urag
ing
sust
aina
ble,
car
bon-
neut
ral r
oad
tran
spor
t so
lutio
ns.
Air
tran
spor
t:cu
rren
tly le
ss G
HG
sth
an r
oad
tran
spor
t, bu
t ra
pidl
y ra
isin
g. M
easu
res:
env
. tec
hnol
ogy
(fue
l ef
fici
ency
), e
nv. t
axes
, car
bon
sequ
estr
atio
n
Con
trol
of
air
tran
spor
t for
em
issi
ons
can
affe
ct
dest
inat
ions
(es
p. d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies)
, nee
d fo
r ca
refu
l an
alys
is o
f so
cioe
cono
mic
impa
cts
Rec
omm
enda
tions
Incl
ude
tran
spor
t in
gen
eral
tour
ism
pla
ns:
•Fore
seei
ng t
he
influen
ce o
f to
uri
sm s
easo
nal
ity
on t
ransp
ort
•Ince
ntive
for
touri
sts
to u
se loca
l public
tra
nsp
ort
in (
touri
sm)
cities
, in
stea
d o
f per
sonal
car
s
•Dev
elopm
ent
of
a ra
il net
work
able
to c
om
pet
e w
ith a
ir t
ransp
ort
for
short
and m
iddle
dis
tance
s (T
GV in F
rance
, AVE in S
pai
n)
•Rai
sing a
war
enes
s of
peo
ple
on t
he
conse
quen
ces
on t
hei
r tr
ips.
Busi
nes
s tr
ips
for
exam
ple
could
man
y tim
es b
e re
pla
ced b
y ca
ll or
web
-confe
rence
s.
•Enco
ura
gem
ent
of
the
furt
her
dev
elopm
ent
of
envi
ronm
enta
l vo
lunta
ry i
nitia
tive
s (e
cola
bel
s) i
n p
asse
nger
tra
nsp
ort
sec
tor
(tra
in,
buse
s, p
lanes
).
•Dev
elopm
ent
of
a se
t of
indic
ators
fo
r to
uri
sm
monitor
ing
the
impac
ts o
f tr
ansp
ort
Th
ank
you
ww
w.w
orl
d-t
ou
rism
.org
/su
stai
nab
le