IslamChapter 10

Muhammad- about 570 a.d.

• Meditated in a cave• Angel Gabrielle

appears• Asks Muhammad to

become a messenger of God

Allah

• Arabic for God

Hijra/Hegira • Mecca threatens to kill Muhammad

• Muhammad flees to Medina

• This is the first year of the Islamic calendar

• 622 A.D.

• ????

• 1390

Medina• Muhammad converts many people to his new

religion• Builds an army and defeats Mecca

(Controversial!)

Five Pillars of Islam

• Basic beliefs of the Islamic religion

Five Pillars of Islam

1. Belief in one god1. monotheism

Five Pillars of Islam

2. Daily prayer

- in a mosque – Islamic holy place of

worship

- five times a day

- must face Mecca

Five Pillars of Islam

3. Charity to the poor

Five Pillars of Islam

4. Must visit Mecca once in your lifetime

- known as the Hajj

- the Kaaba

Read A “Pilgrimage to Mecca”

Make a list of the rituals/traditions on the hajj-

Five Pillars of Islam

5. Fast during Ramadan

- no food from sunrise to sunset

Hierarchy

• Islam has no hierarchy

• All believers are considered equal

Koran / Quran

• Holy book for the Muslims

Sharia

• Body of law based on the Koran

Women

• Women are considered spiritually equal to men

• They win more rights under Muslim rule

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2002/04/afghan-girl/index-text

Jihad

Literally- “to struggle.”

Seen as a Religious Duty for Muslims

Islam spreads

• Middle East • Northern Spain• Into Spain *Battle of

Tours• Into Byzantine lands

*Crusades

Islam Spreads…why?

• Have Camel cavalry• Common faith unites

tribes• Equality

Non-Muslims in Muslim Empire

• Allow other religions to continue to practice in Muslim controlled lands

• What’s this called?• They have to pay an

extra non-Muslim tax

Caliph

• The successor to Muhammad

The split

• Muslims disagree on who would be the Caliph

Sunni – believe the Caliph should be elected

90% of Muslims today are Sunni

Shiite – believe the Caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad

Sufi- Whirling Dervishes

Baghdad

• Becomes the capital city of the Muslim Empire

Mosques

• Minarets – slender towers used to call Muslims to prayer

• Muezzin

Mosques

• No icons allowed in the mosque– Decorated with

• Arabesque – intricate design of curved lines

• Calligraphy – fancy handwriting

____________

• Time of prosperity and great achievements

Muslim Golden Age

• Massive trade occurs across the Muslim Empire

Muslim Golden Age

• Pioneer algebra

Muslim Golden Age

• Astronomy– Calculated the

circumference of the earth

Translate writings of Greek philosophers

Muslim Golden Age

• Medicine– Built hospitals– Learn to treat

cataracts– Pharmacists

• Mix sweet syrups and gums in medicine

– Canon of medicine• Encyclopedia on

medicine

Muslim Golden Age

• Literature &Tales– Aladdin and his magic

lamp– Ali Baba and the Forty

Thieves

Muslim Golden Age

• All boys and girls receive an elementary education– Must be able to read

the Koran

Muslim Golden AgeART

Use beautiful writing and patterns to decorate buildings and art

Adapt Byzantine domes and arches

Paint people and animals in nonreligious art

Crusades

• European Christians fight Muslims for control of Jerusalem and other lands

Spread of ideas

• Warfare!– Crusades & Battle of Tours– Muslim ideas spread into Christian lands

Section 4: Muslims in IndiaMuslim Turks take northern India

• Muslims are led by Tamerlane

MAIN IDEA-

CULTURAL DIFFUSION!

There’s a shocker!

Muslim Turks invade northern India

• The Indians are divided

• Why would some Indian people like Islam?

• Who?• Low caste Indians like

Muslim ideas of equality

Muslims in India

• The Gupta Empire falls

• India is broken up into local kingdoms

Sultan

• A Muslim ruler

Muslim rule

• The Muslims destroy Hindu and Buddhist temples

• They impose the non-Muslim tax

Mongols-Will battle the Muslims in the East

-They take Baghdad and loot it

-Eventually convert to Islam

What religion were the Mongols before they converted?

Empire crumbles

• The Muslim Empire slowly crumbles after the fall of Baghdad

• The Empire breaks up into a number of Muslim controlled lands with a Sultan

Babur

• Takes over the rest of India

• Begins the Mongol dynasty over all of India:

Called the Mughal dynasty

Mughal- 1526-1857

Mughal is Persian for Mongol

Akbar the Great

• Babur’s grandson• Created a strong

central government• Ended the non-

Muslim tax• Strengthened the

Empire

Shah Jahan

• Akbar’s grandson• Builds a tomb for his

wife called the Taj Mahal– Planned to build

another for himself but his son overthrew him and put him in prison until he died

SIKHISM

“The Age of Gunpowder Empires”

1450-1650Mughal Empire in India

Ottoman EmpireSafavid Empire

The Ottoman Empire

• Begun by the Turks

Ottoman Expansion

• Takes over Constantinople in 1453– Led by Muhammad II– Renames it Istanbul– Becomes the capital of

the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Golden Age

• Ruled over by Suleiman the Magnificent– Strengthened

government– Improved the system

of law• Based on the Sharia

Ottoman Social Structure

• Men of the Pen (scholars)

• Men of the Sword (warriors)

• Men of Negotiation (merchants)

• Men of Husbandry (farmers and artisans)

Christians in the Ottoman Empire

• Christians were forced to hand over their youngest sons

• The sons were sent to military school– Converted to Islam– Became the Janizaries

– elite warriors

European domination

• By the 1700s Europe was advancing in military, economic and conquest

• The Ottoman Empire lagged behind and would eventually fall to the Allies during WWI

What is the point of the editorial cartoon?