iShu Tefnut Research

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gypt xploration Society

An Early Record of the Sarcophagi of Tjaiharpata and Esshu-tefnut and the Identification ofSome Lieder Squeezes at the Griffith Institute, OxfordAuthor(s): Gottfried HamernikSource: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 86 (2000), pp. 168-172Published by: Egypt Exploration SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3822320.

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168 BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS JEA86An early record of the sarcophagi of Tjaiharpata and Esshu-tefnut and the identifica-tion of some Lieder squeezesat the GriffithInstitute,Oxford*

This articlediscussestheprovenance f thesarcophagus f Tjaiharpatanowin Cairo)and thesarcophagus f Esshu-tefnut(nowinVienna): wo shafts orpossibly usta singleshaft),demonstrably ear he Tetipyramid. t is basedon a step-by-stepidentification f fourLieder queezes 17.1-3, 18)kept n the Griffith nstitute,Oxford.HeinrichBrugschused theseparticu-larsqueezesas the basicsource or'Planchevi'of hisRecueilde monumentsgyptiensand oramanuscriptranslationf thetexts,butthis was nevermentionedn anyof his laterpublications.IN 1862, Heinrich Brugsch published the first part of his Recueil de monuments egyptiens,' a workwhich in general claimed to contain Brugsch's own copies of texts and scenes made from the monu-ments themselves.2 In one plate, Brugsch presenteda selection of material from two Late Periodcoffins,which he stated (in one case wrongly) were housed at Vienna.3 His presentationof this material(seefig. 1) has puzzled scholars for a long time.4'Planche vi' consists of three different sections of hieroglyphic text, numberedby Brugsch as 1-3:(1) the first representsonly partof a horizontal line (90 cm out of 115 cm) on the outside of the sarco-phagus of Tjaiharpata f, \ 5 This line is the first below the lid, the one which is called byMaspero 'Bande superieure d'inscription' on the short 'cote Sud';6(2) the second is one long horizontal line incised all around the inside of the sarcophagusof Esshu-tefnut ^' '? ev 7 (see pl. XXVII, 1); and(3) the third is the equivalent on the outside of the same sarcophagus, running above 71 vertical col-umns of text and several mythological scenes (see pl. XXVII, 2).In the problematic 'Planche vi', the direction of writing does not correspondto that of the texts on thesarcophagi and the sequence of lines in the cases of (2) and (3) appears arbitrary.The sarcophagusof Tjaiharpatanever came to Vienna as Brugsch assumed.8Most probablyhe wasgiven this erroneous informationby Christian von Huber, the Austrian consul-general in Egypt from1850 to 1858.9 According to Brugsch'scomments,Huber claimed to have discovered both sarcophagi.10This is definitely not correct. The tomb from which the sarcophagusof Esshu-tefnut came was knownto Anton Rittervon Laurin(Huber'spredecessor asAustrianconsul-general from 1834 to 1849) from atleast 1847.' The sarcophagus of Esshu-tefnut arrived at Vienna in the first half of January 1853.12

*This article s intended o supplementJaromirMalek, 'TheMonumentsRecordedby Alice Lieder n the "TempleofVulcan"atMemphis n May 1853',JEA72 (1986), 101-12. I amvery grateful o him foraccess to all the Liedersqueezeskeptin the Griffith nstitute,Oxford.I H. Brugsch,Recueil de monuments gyptiens (Leipzig 1862-3).2 In his 'Avertisement' t the beginningof the Recueil,Brugschwroteof 'la reproduction xacte d'un nombrechoisid'inscriptionset de tableauxqui parnous ont ete trouvesen Egypteet dessines sur les lieux'.3Brugsch,Recueil,9-11, pl. vi. Onp. 9, Brugschstated, Ils sont conservesaujourd'hui umusee gyptiendeVienne'.

4 PM III2,125, and PM III2,504.5 PMIII2,504; Cairo Museum CG 29306.6 G. Maspero,Sarcophagesdes epoquespersane etptolemaique,I (CG;Cairo,1914),256; cf. 219.7 PM III2,507; KunsthistorischesMuseumWien,AS Inv.-Nr.1. See plateXXVI.8 Recueil, 9.9R.Agstner,'Vonk. k. Konsularagentieum 6sterreichischenGeneralkonsulat,Osterreich -Ungarn)undAlexandrien1763-1993', Schriftendes OsterreichischenKulturinstitutesKairo7 (1993), 38-44, 236.10Recueil, 9.1 A. RittervonLaurin,Entdeckungon 3 merkwiirdigen gyptischen arkophagen', itzungsberichteerPhilosophisch-historischenClasse der kaiserlichenAkademieder Wissenschaften,I(Vienna,1849),248-54. Von Laurin p.248) writesof excavations die ich bereits vorzwei Jahrenhabeunternehmen assen'.12J.C. RittervonAmeth, 'Uberden in der erstenHalfteJannersd. J. [i.e. 1853]zu Wienangekommenen gyptischenSarkophag',Sitzungsberichteder Philosophisch-historischenClasse der kaiserlichenAkademieder Wissenschaften,X(Vienna, 1853), 99-109, Taf. i-ix.

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2000 BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS 169

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FIG.1. Brugsch's 'Planche VI' .

that he had travelled from Berlin to Trieste for his embarkationto Alexandria without stopping, so hecould not have had an opportunity to copy these texts himself-either in Vienna or in Egypt.'3What, then, were the sources for 'Planche vi'? Brugsch himself supplies the explanation in a letter toHuberwhich is nowkeptinVienna.4 He writes:

14KunsthistorischesMuseumWien,ArchivderAntikensammlung,Akt 387 (1852).

13 .ugch Riseeichte a Aeypen(Lipig 15),( il 01-6rgshlft eli nth out f auay rvnatTreteoeseeth and deare fo lxnra ntetnh14~ ~ ~~ Austisorsce Musum ien,ArchivherlAniknamlug A 8 (82).

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170 BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS JEA86HochgeehrtesterHerr General-Konsul.Ich berichtige die Schuld meines Versprechens, ndem ich die Ehre habe Ihnen die Uebersetzung derwichtigsten Inschrift des schonen Wiener Sarkophagesauf dem folgenden Blatte zu iibersenden. Ichkonnte mich leider nur auf den historischen Theil der Inscriptionendes Sarges beschranken,da in denAbdriickendes Rever.Lieder einige Stiicke fehlen, welche den Sinn dermythologischen Darstellungenerklaren.Indem ich Sie bitte mit diesem wenigen vorlieb zu nehmen, habe ich die GenugthuungeineGelegenheit zu besitzen Ihnen die Ausdrtickemeiner vorztiglichsten Hochachtungund Ergebenheitzuwiederholen. Ich bin HerrGeneral Konsuldero

ganz gehorsamsterAlexandrien d. 6. August 1853. HBrugschThe translationthatBrugsch attachedgives a good idea of the length andquality of the Lieder squeezes.In this respect Brugsch's appendedcomments seem to be more of interest today than the translationitself, which is subdivided as follows:

Inschrift an der AuBenseite des Sarkophagess1a, linker Hand:[translation]NB. Dieselbe Inschrift wiederholt sich viermal, namlich zweimal an der Seite wo der Kopf, eimalwo der FuB,und einmal an der rechten Seite des Sarkophages,ohne alle Veranderung.16Inschrift an der Innenseite des Sarkophages'7a, nach links zu:[translation, with the inserted comment]: hier fehlt ein kleines Stuck im Abdruck des HerrnLieder,ich erganze, da dies der gew6hnliche Titel des Seb (sic)]b, nach rechts zu:[translation]

Alexandrien im MonatAugust 1853.Dr. HBrugschThe conclusion thatBrugschrelied uponthe Liedersqueezes obviously applies also to the first sectionof 'Planche vi', even if no squeeze has survived. The reverseddirection of the text and the omission ormisinterpretationof a few signs are strong evidence for the use of squeezes as the basic source in thiscase also. Furthermore, t is worthwhile to mention the statement,revealing some disappointment,thatQuibell made concerning the tomb where the sarcophagusof Tjaiharpatawas discovered: 'The tombwas at the time supposed to be a new discovery, but it was found afterwards that Mariette had alreadyopened it and thatBrugsch had made extracts from the texts'."8 But Mariette was definitely not the firstperson who had discovered andenteredthis tomb. Some ushebtis in Viennaprove this.19These ushebtiswere from the funerary equipment of Tjaiharpataand Esshu-tefnut, and were part of von Laurin's15Thiscorrespondso the irst hree inesof the hird ection f 'Planche I'.16Thisslightly arying roup f signsrepresentshenameand he itles. nthishorizontaline,which unsaroundheentire outside of the sarcophagus,t occurssix times, andnot four times as statedby Brugsch.17This correspondspreciselyto the second sectionof 'Planchevi'.18J. E. Quibell,Excavationsat Saqqara(1912-1914): Archaic Mastabas(Cairo,1923), 13; 'extracts rom the texts'evidentlyrelates to 'Planchevi' andQuibellseems to implythatbothof these sarcophagi ame from the same tomb.19Fortheushebtisof Tjaiharpatan theKunsthistorischesMuseumWien,see E. Rittervon Komorzynski,Das ErbedesaltenAgypten Vienna,1965),204; one ushebti of Esshu-tefnuts listedunderInv.-Nr.5207.



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2000 BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS 171considerable collection in Alexandria, coming from his excavations at Saqqara.Soon aftervon Laurin'stransfer to Bucharest in 1850, his collection was purchased by the Austrian archduke FerdinandMaximilian for his Egyptian Museum at Miramarcastle nearTrieste.20Von Huberobviously continuedwhere von Laurinhad had to cease his archaeological activities. Therefore, it is not surprisingthat healso had ushebtis of Esshu-tefnut and Tjaiharpata n his collection,21 which was boughtby Said Pashain 1858.22The exact position of the tombs from which these two sarcophagicame is not knowntoday.23Somevague statements by von Laurin and Maspero are of little help.24The numberingof shafts as used byQuibell, however, may give a better hint.25Quibell asssigned the number 412 to the tomb of Unnefer.The excavated shaft with the tomb chapel and the Step Pyramid in the backgroundcan be seen clearlyon contemporary photographs.26Quibell added 'It lies just to the south of the tourist track, midwaybetween the Teta pyramid and Mariette's house'.27Another shaft leading to a probably quite spacioushypogeum was numbered as 410. Quibell noted 'A shaft near the TetaPyramidon its west side openedinto a chambercontaining no less than nine sarcophagi; plain rectangularcoffins, a large sarcophagusof limestone and these two of granite...'28 One of them was the sarcophagusof Tjaiharpata.29Quibell'smap and notes unfortunatelyseem to have been lost. However, the position of shaft number 410 east ofUnnefer (number412) and in close proximity to the Teti pyramidis certain. Von Laurin'senthusiasticdescription of his 'Sarg Nr. 3' (i.e. the sarcophagusof Esshu-tefnut), followed by a short reference tosome other coffins there, bears some similarity to Quibell's comments on the chamber of his shaftnumber 410.30 All these details suggest that there was only a short distance between the pits fromwhich these two sarcophagicame-or even that they were identical.Other evidence allows a good estimate to be made of the date when the Lieder squeezes used byBrugsch were preparedfrom the sarcophagusof Esshu-tefnut. In January1849 von Laurinhad alreadytried to make squeezes from this sarcophagus in situ, but the air in the gallery was very bad, the sar-cophagus was covered in dust, and the lid was much too heavy to be moved to allow better access to theinscriptions inside.3' The possibility that another attempt was made by the Lieders under the samecircumstances can, therefore,be excluded. After von Laurin'stransfer to Bucharest not much happeneduntil August 1851, when the sarcophaguswas raised from the shaft underHubers supervision.32Thenit was left unattended nearby for several months, which was doubtless the best opportunity for theLieders to work on it.33

Brugsch does not say how manypieces he had borrowed from the Lieders. However, the total lengthof horizontal lines covered by this set of squeezes is 14.1 m (outside: 7.97 m; inside: 6.13 m). Onlythree torn fragments of different sizes have survived, which are kept in the archives of the GriffithInstitute,Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (squeeze 17.1: c. 51 cm x 17 cm; 17.2: c. 31 cm x 32 cm; 17.3:c. 29 cm x 17 cm).20 S. Reinisch,Die aegyptischenDenkmaeler n Miramar Vienna, 1865),Vorrede,viii-ix.21P. E. Newberry,FuneraryStatuettesand ModelSarcophagi,I (CG;Cairo,1914), 157-8 (CG47522-3, Esshu-tefnut:each entry ncludesthe note 'Coll. Hiiber' sic)); II (Cairo,1937), 365 (CG48474, Tjaiharpata).22A. Mariette,Notice desprincipauxmonuments...aBoulaq2 Alexandria,1868),preface.23PM III2,504 and507.24VonLaurin,Entdeckung, 48: '...in derNahe einerkleinenPyramide...';Maspero,Sarcophagesdes epoquespersaneetptolemaiqueI, 218, 220: '...dansunpuits situe surle bord sud du sentierqui conduit du mastabade Marourouka lamaison Mariette...'25Excavations 1912-1914), 13-14.26Quibell,Excavations 1912-1914), pl. xxxvi, 1, 2.27Excavations 1912-1914), 14.28 Excavations 1912-1914), 13.29Quibell,Excavations 1912-1914), pl. xxxiv.30 Excavations 1912-1914), 13.31VonLaurin,Entdeckungen, 52.32 KunsthistorischesMuseumWien,Archiv derAntikensammlung,Akt 387 (1852).33In October1852 the sarcophaguswas draggeddownto Abusirfor further ransport n the Nile to Alexandria,whereit was takenon boardthe AustrianbrigDromedar whose logbook survives),bound for Trieste.



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BRIEF COMMUNICATIONSLieder squeeze 18 appears to survive at its original size of 1.47 m x 0.35 m. It consists of threesmaller sheets of paper stuck together. The lack of any longer hieroglyphic text makes it difficult toidentify the squeeze because identical scenes on other sarcophagi from the Late Period-from about350 Bc-are known. The final proof was recently obtained by adopting a method similar to that em-

ployed nearly 150 years ago to produce the Lieder squeezes. For this purpose, a special twofoldself-copying paper34was affixed to the sarcophagusof Esshu-tefnut in the KunsthistorischesMuseum,Vienna.35Quite a good squeeze could be produced, and this was found to correspond perfectly to theoriginal squeeze kept in the Griffith Institute (see fig. 2).36

Fig. 2. Lieder squeeze 18

Concerning the hypothetical squeeze from the sarcophagus of Tjaiharpata, not much can be said. Ac-cording to Brugsch's 'Planche vI', its size must have been approximately 90 cm x 5 cm, and it wasmade on the sarcophagus in situ long before it was rediscovered by Quibell.Considering all the efforts made by the Lieders to obtain their interesting collection of squeezes, it isdeeply saddening to realize that some are irretrievably lost. GOTTFRIEDHAMERNIK

34This paper s manufactured or use in telex machines,and is supplied n rolls 21 cm wide.35 I am grateful to Prof. Dr Helmut Satzinger, Director of the Egyptian collection of the museum, for kindly givingpermissionfor this experiment,and forprovidingme with the photographs eproducedhere in the plates.36After E. von Bergmann, Der Sarkophagdes Nesschutafnut n der SammlungAgyptischerAlterthtimer es Osterr.Kaiserhauses', Rec. Trav.VI (1885), 153.

JEA 8672



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The sarcophagusof Esshu-tefnut n Vienna KunsthistorischesMuseumAS Inv.-Nr

LEIDER SQUEEZES AT THE GRIFFITH INSTITUTE (pp.168-72)



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PLATEXXVII

1. Interior of the sarcophagus of Esshu-tefnut in Vienna

2. Exterior of the sarcophagus of Esshu-tefnut in Vienna

LEIDER SQUEEZES AT THE GRIFFITH INSTITUTE (pp.168-72)

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