I.R.N. GoudarHead, ICAST

National Aerospace LaboratoriesBangalore – 560 017

( E-mail: goudar@css.nal.res.in)

Prof. M.R. Kumbhar Memorial Lecture

16 April 2003

Definitions

A Strategic alliance with institutions that

have common interests

Consortia are all about sharing resources and improving access to information

These resources are shared among libraries that have common missions, goals, and clients (users) and act on those commonalties

Library Cooperatives

      Inter library lending

     Cooperative acquisition

      Cooperative cataloguing

      Shared library system

      Physical storage facilities

Seminars/Training Programmes

E-Journals Major Players

Primary publishers

Aggregators

Vendors

Document delivery agencies

E-print systems

Consortia Goals

Increase the access base – More e-Journals

Rational utilization of funds - A little more pays a lot

Ensure the continuous subscription

Qualitative resource sharing - Effective document delivery service

Avoid price plus models - Pay for up-front products not for R&D

Improved infrastructure

Enhanced image of the library - Visibility for smaller libraries

Improve existing library services - Boosting professional image

Harness developments in IT - Facilitate building digital libraries

Cost sharing for technical and training support

Increase user base – Access from desktops of users

Consortia Services

      Union catalogues: Books, Journals, Technical Reports, and Conference Procs.

      Shared library systems – Hardware, Software and other infrastructure

      Shared professional expertise – Develop and realize consortia goals

      Human resource development – Training staff and users

      Electronic contents licensing for providing access to

- Bibliographic databases, e-Journals, Full test reports, Conference Proceedings etc.

      Inter Library Lending and Document Delivery

    Electronic content loading – Contents generated by members and acquired on common server.

      Physical storage for archiving – Old back volumes and less used documents.

      Seminar/training programmes – Professional development to serve user community

      Devept. of enabling technologies – IR systems, Portals and other web interfaces

Evolve standards for techniques, hardware, software and services for the benefit of

consortia members

.

Consortia Models

  Participants Oriented Models

Geographical location linked: Ex: - Bangalore Special Libraries Group

Libraries in the same discipline: Ex: - Aerospace Libraries Group

Libraries belonging to the same parent organization: Ex: - CSIR LICs

Libraries of academic organizations: Ex: - INFLIBNET

Types of Libraries: Single type / Multi type / Specialized

Consortia for avoiding duplicate collection

Consortia for accessing electronic journals

Consortia for training and library workshops

Consortia Models

  Purpose Oriented Models

Consortia Models

Client Oriented Models

Clients according to their educational background: Ex: - Technical, Professional

Clients according to their age: Ex: - Children, Senior Citizen

Clients according to their interest: Ex: - sports, game

Consortia Values

Libraries Vs Publishers

Libraries PublishersUsefulnessMembers drivenFull text access Expert vs. Student Lower priceAccessing Internet resourcesCombined purchasing powerSimplify purchase procedureDistribute financial and other riskIncrease participation of membersNo storage & documentation problem Instant AccessQuality of servicesFree flow of informationSharing – ideas, information

Contribution – time, resources

Pricing/EducationUsage ReportingLinking/DeliveryInterface optionsIndexing/FilteringGain credibility with librariesIncreased marketingReduced cost of productionReduced surcharges like mailingLess extra efforts and expenditure for giving access to new customersGet consortium tool

o Gather library informationo Invoice librarieso Products support

Pricing Models

Influencing Factors Publishers Issues Quantum of business Number of consortia members Types of institutions Contract period Number of IP enabled nodes Number of campuses Value added services Rights to archive Perpetual access Training facilities Multi year agreement

Free titles on Internet Free access against print subscription All titles of a publisher for fixed fee Surcharge on print subscription Discounts for electronic journals Capped annual inflation Discounts on non-subscribed titles Access to subject clusters of the journals Protection of current revenue Uncertainty of new subscription

Single point payment

Pricing Models

• No Universally Acceptable E-journals

Pricing and Licensing Models

• Ongoing experimentation

• Negotiation possible

• Charge for content

• Delivery format optional

• Increasingly will be based on usage

Pricing Models in Operation

• Bundled – Free with print

AIP, APS, AMS, Elsevier, Wiley

• Print as base + surcharge on electronic

Premium payments range from10-25%

ACS (20%), OSA (25%)

• Electronic only

Small increase (ACS 105%)

Same price (OSA)

Discount from print (AIP 80%, AMS 90%)

• Totally unbundled – No discount for both

JBC (P- $ 1600, E- $1200, P+E- $ 2800)

• Free e-version only

Charge for print if required

British Medical Journal

Continue…

Pricing Models in Operation

…Continued

• Membership Fee

• Usage based pricing

Concurrent users

Site population

• All titles of publishers with print optional

• Subject clusters

• Pay – per – view

• Free completely – Differently funded

• Extra fee for softwareContinue…

• Extra for value added services

• Consortium discount

Number of sites

• Consortium surcharge

Access to all consortia titles

All titles of publisher

• Subscription to core titles – Rest pay-per-view

• Pricing based on FTE, Concurrent users

Pricing Models in Operation

…Continued

 Consortia Issues

Strategic Tactical Practical

Mission Programs Governance

LobbyingFund raisingEducationPurchasing

e-Journal subscriptionDatabase accessUnion catalogueDigital librariesArchivingResource sharingAccess rightsOutsourcing

Governing boardCouncilTask ForcesInterest groupsImplementing

coordinating agency

Contd…

Consortia Issues

Strategic Tactical Practical

Funding Services Staffing

Parent organization Funding agency Government Membership Service fees

Cataloguing Training Consultation Preservation Document Delivery Copyright

Program staff Support staff Volunteers

Student trainees

Contd…

Consortia Issues

Strategic Tactical Practical

Geographical Coverage Technology Payment

National Regional State Local

Website development Shared infrastructure Shared systems Digital Library

Negotiation Bill to library Central funding Vendor billing Aggregator billing Deposit account Doc Delivery bill

Library Types

NationalPublicAcademicSpecialSubject based

Strong Links Make for Strong Chains

Mission&

Vision Sponsor

Funding

Governance

Programs

Geography

Services

Technology

Staffing

Payment

Type ofLibrary

Consortium

Archiving: Key Issues

–Perpetual access to bibliographic databases–Perpetual access to e-journals–Who does the archiving?

•Consortia, third party–How do we preserve publishers’ interests?–Incorporate archiving terms in agreements–How the data is acquired? –How do we create the access architecture from this data?–Are there software solutions?

Licensing Issues

National Site Licensing

Open Consortia

Walk-in-User’s Rights

Who will sigh MOU

Indian Consortia Initiatives

Consortia of IIMs

CSIR Consortia

FORSA

Consortia through MHRD (INDEST)

ICICI- Knowledge Park

ISRO Initiative

INFLIBNET Initiative

CSIR Initiative

• Access to >1700 E-Journals

• Elsevier’s ScienceDirect

• 40 CSIR Laboratories

• IP Enabled Seamless Access

• Central Funding

• Price based on Print Subscription

• Certain % of US $1.3 M

The UGC Model

•Universities have a poor subscription base.•Traditional consortium models therefore do not apply.•Electronic access only models are being considered.•These should prove to be attractive to users as well as suppliers.•This stream will allow suppliers to tap revenue which exists but is presently inaccessible, through a couple of hundred universities and thousands of colleges.

FORSA

•Members of FORSA : Members of FORSA : IIA, IUCAA, NCRA, PRL, RRI, TIFR, IIA, IUCAA, NCRA, PRL, RRI, TIFR, SO and CASA-OU.SO and CASA-OU...

Facilitate e-access to journalsFacilitate e-access to journals

Actively participate in resource sharingActively participate in resource sharing

Document delivery (e-mail, fax and speed post)Document delivery (e-mail, fax and speed post)

Database merging of all libraries holdingsDatabase merging of all libraries holdings

We have gone into two consortia formation, viz.We have gone into two consortia formation, viz. Indian Astrophysics Consortium- with (KLUWER);Indian Astrophysics Consortium- with (KLUWER); FORSA Consortium for Nature On - Line – with (Nature FORSA Consortium for Nature On - Line – with (Nature Publishing).Publishing).

DEMO

• Publisher – Cambridge Scientific Abstracts

• Consortium Leader – NAL

• Open Consortium

• Consortium For Material Science And Aerospace Collection

• 25 - 40% Discount

COMSAC

Lack of awareness about consortia benefits

Slow acceptance of e-information by the users.

Difficulties in changing the mind setup of librarians

Maintenance and balancing both physical and digital library

Inadequate funds

Single point payment

Rigid administrative, financial and auditing rules

Problems of defining asset against payment

Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries

Pay-Per-View not yet acceptable

Uncertainty about the persistence of digital resources.

Lack of infrastructure for accessing electronic sources

Unreliable telecommunication links and insufficient bandwidth

Lack of appropriate bibliographic tools

Lack of trained personnel for handling new technologies

Absence of strong professional association

Big brother attitude

Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries …Contd

Consortial leaders with a set of common interests (directors, coordinators of consortia)•Founded spontaneously in early 1997 following discussions by a few people at other national meetings•First meeting 2/1997, Missouri, 30 consortia•Meets twice a year, 12 meetings to date•No dues, no staff -- purely a volunteer effort

ICOLC: International Coalition of Library Consortia

Public Web site: <http://www.library.yale.edu/consortia>•Documents are developed by volunteer committees and working groups•Documents are widely distributed

–Statement of Preferred Practices & Update–Guidelines for Statistical Measures of Usage–Privacy Guidelines

ICOLC Documents

Tail Piece

“ Man can live individually, but can survive only collectively. Hence, our challenge is to form a progressive community by balancing the interests of the individual and that of the society. To meet this we need to develop a value system where people accept modest sacrifices for the common good”

From Vedas – As quoted by Mr. Narayanamurthy (IFOSYS)