IRAP-Vorlage für Office 2007IRAP - Institute for Spatial Development WEC 2011- World Engineers’ Convention 2011 ... Abstract Implementing the Millennium Development Goals for the

Final Report

Institutions

UAS - University of Applied Science, Rapperswil

IRAP - Institute for Spatial Development

WEC 2011- World Engineers’ Convention 2011

Title Sustainable & Energy Efficient Development in Informal

Settlements in Mozambique

Author Yolanda Leyel, BSc FHO in Spatial Planning;

Viktoria Slukan, BSc FHO in Spatial Planning

Project Team Collen Zalengera, Ms.Renewable Energy; Erasmo P.A.Chuquelane, Spatial

Planner; Sven Schütz, Civil Engineer; Michael Asrat,

Patricia Nigg, Dipl. Ing. ETH Environmental Sciences

Coach Professor Thomas R. Matta, Dipl. Arch. ETH SIA, Spatial Planner FSU;

Ralph Widmer, Dipl. Ing. ETH/SIA

Partner Walt + Galmarine AG Zürich; Gossweiler Ingenieure AG, Dübendorf

Consultant Andrew Leyel, Dipl. Arch. ETH/SIA, MAS eMBA MoT

Financed by University of Applied Science Rapperswil (UAS-R)

Date Rapperswil, September 2011

Final Report

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgments......................................................................................................... 3

Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 4

1 Project Background ............................................................................................. 5

1.1 Context of the World Engineers Convention 2011 .................................................. 5

1.2 Informal Settlements ........................................................................................... 6

2 Ilha de Moçambique............................................................................................ 8

2.1 Situation ............................................................................................................ 8

2.2 UNESCO World Heritage Site ................................................................................ 9

3 Problem Context ................................................................................................ 9

4 Project Design and Methodology ........................................................................ 11

4.1 Objective ......................................................................................................... 11

4.2 Expected Results .............................................................................................. 11

4.3 Vision / Change of Paradigm ............................................................................. 12

5 The Macuti Centre ............................................................................................ 14

6 Energy Efficient Water Management System ......................................................... 16

6.1 Current Situation .............................................................................................. 16

6.2 Water Supply Solution ....................................................................................... 17

6.3 Sewage Solution ............................................................................................... 19

7 Energy Efficient Architecture and Engineering ..................................................... 21

8 Energy Concept ................................................................................................ 22

8.1 Current Situation .............................................................................................. 22

8.2 Development Objectives .................................................................................... 22

8.3 Development Strategy ....................................................................................... 23

8.4 “Macuti Centre” Energy Management .................................................................. 23

8.4.1 Biogas ................................................................................................................... 23

Sustainable & Energy Efficient Development in Informal Settlement in Mozambique

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9 Urban Development and Mobility ....................................................................... 24

9.1 Urban Development .......................................................................................... 24

9.1.1 Land Use and Structure Plan ................................................................................... 24

9.2 Mobility ........................................................................................................... 25

10 Sustainability Assessment and Environmental Impact Assessment ........................ 26

10.1 Environment .................................................................................................... 26

10.1.1 Strengths for the Environmental Conditions ............................................................ 26

10.1.2 Weaknesses for the Environmental Conditions ........................................................ 27

10.2 Economy ......................................................................................................... 27

10.2.1 Strengths for the Economic Conditions ................................................................... 27

10.2.2 Weaknesses for the Economic Conditions ............................................................... 28

10.3 Society ............................................................................................................ 28

10.3.1 Strengths for the Social Conditions ......................................................................... 28

10.3.2 Weakness for the Social Conditions ........................................................................ 28

11 Implementation Framework ............................................................................... 29

Appendix A: Change of Paradigm ................................................................................. 31

Appendix B: Waste Water Treatment Plant ..................................................................... 32

Appendix C: Water Management System ........................................................................ 33

Appendix D: Land Use Plan .......................................................................................... 34

Appendix E: Mobility Concept....................................................................................... 35

Appendix F: Sustainability Evaluation ............................................................................ 36

Table of Figures .......................................................................................................... 37

Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 38

Final Report

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Acknowledgments

We would like to specially thank:

Dr. Hermann Mettler, Rector of the UAS at Rapperswil, for confiding in our ability to

compete successfully in the World Engineers Projects, within the framework of the World

Engineer Convention, Geneva, September 2011. Without his financial support we would

not have been able to compete.

The Convention itself for giving us a unique opportunity to address crucial problems

that many developing countries face.

The jury of the Young Engineers Projects competition, for esteeming the project idea

and acknowledging it with the second prize. Especially we would like to thank Mr. Tor-

ben Thyregod Jensen, Arkitekt M.A.A, for his inputs and encouragement.

Within the Institute of Spatial Development at Rapperswil (IRAP) our colleagues contrib-

uted with their knowledge and advice on an advanced professional level. This too was

very important for the results obtained during the project and we would like to thank

them explicitly.


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Abstract

Implementing the Millennium Development Goals for the UNESCO World Heritage Site Ilha de

Moçambique requires a change of paradigm and a departure from the current focus on con-

servation of historic monuments. The potential for development can only be released, if the

plight of the local population is prioritized and their livelihood is placed on a sustainable

foundation. Based on a previous research project and a mandate by the local City Council, a

focused intervention into the urban fabric of the informal settlement area Macuti Town is

elaborated and the impact on the relevant sub-systems of energy, water, sewage and urban

structure and management are examined. The “Macuti Centre” (MC) is proposed as a central-

ized sewage treatment plant, recreation and market location and a hub for energy and re-

source management. Developing the MC brings other issues such as water management for

the entire island, waste disposal, energy conservation, building technology and heritage,

mobility and urban planning into focus. Here energy is understood as the potential for the

use of synergy and the innovative force inherent in a multidisciplinary approach to a com-

plex set of problems. By addressing current and pressing problems, and integrating them

into ongoing development projects and strategies, the MC is more than an engineering solu-

tion. It‟s a wide reaching comprehensive approach including the local population.

The following final report summarises the results from the Young Engineers‟ Project within

the World Engineers Convention presented in Geneva in September 2011. The project was

awarded the second prize. Detailed studies for the areas of Water Management, Energy Man-

agement, Architecture and Engineering, Urban Planning and Mobility and Sustainability As-

sessment and Environmental Impact were produced. These studies are in the process of

translation and finalisation; they however form the basis for this final report and can be re-

ferred to on request.

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1 Project Background

In spring 2008 a planning strategy for the sustainable development of the Ilha de Moçam-

bique was elaborated in the context of a bachelor thesis at the UAS Rapperswil (Slum Up-

grading Project). The project demonstrates the constraints informal settlements impose for

the redevelopment of an urban area and, in the concrete situation, the inherent loss of de-

velopment potential. Maintaining a sustainable economic basis is the key to improve the

quality of life for the population. A central proposal of the thesis is a focused intervention

within the informal settlement context. Such a decisive move is intended to change the per-

ception of the unique urban situation and open up perspectives for the further development

of the island. One of the possible interventions is a central water treatment centre.

As a continuation of the bachelor thesis, a research project in slum up-grading and the par-

ticipative planning process was initiated by IRAP / DINAPOT (Institute for spatial develop-

ment / National Directorate for Territorial Planning, Mozambique) and co-financed by the

KFH-DC - Rector‟s Conference of the Swiss Universities of Applied Science (Actions for an

Intervention in Slum Upgrading – Mozambique, Ilha de Moçambique, completed December

2010). In a series of workshops an emphasis on freshwater availability and sewage treatment

was established and continued elaboration of possible solutions was mandated by the City

Council. Both the preservation of the unique island heritage (World Heritage Site) and the

sustainable use of renewable energy and natural / local resources were confirmed as neces-

sary drivers for the shaping of the Island future.

1.1 Context of the World Engineers Convention 2011

Within the framework of the World Engineers‟ Convention 2011, young engineers from all

over the world worked on questions concerning the sustainable use of energy. The projects

were announced internationally, and young engineers could apply to participate in one of

them. A large number of very engaged young engineers from all over the world applied to

collaborate in one of the projects. The Young Engineers project started in September 2010

with interesting project ideas outlined by professors of the universities of applied sciences in

Switzerland. The coaches selected the most promising candidates for their projects, leading

to 15 projects staffed with approximately 100 enthusiastic young engineers. Since March

2011, the teams have been working on their specific questions with the coaching of the pro-

fessors who provided the project ideas.

The Institute of Spatial Development (IRAP) from the University of Applied Science Rapperswil

was one of the Universities that defined a project and appointed Yolanda Leyel, a young Mo-


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zambican engineer, to lead the team of six Young Engineers from Malawi, Mozambique,

Ethiopia and Switzerland and coordinate the work process in the Project. The World Engineer

Convention gave us a unique opportunity to address crucial problems that many developing

countries face. Water and resource management are among those specified in the Millen-

nium Development Goals (MDGs). These challenges are particularly visible in the case of the

Ilha de Moçambique, the former capital of the Portuguese colony of Mozambique.

1.2 Informal Settlements

When Mozambique became independent in 1975 the country had about 12 million inhabi-

tants, of this population between a million and a million and a half was urban.

Today Mozambique with its almost 23 million inhabitants is characterized by urban hubs

and peripheral belts of suburban sprawl. In the favourable areas where sufficient land is

available, these areas have developed into townships with a high degree of auto-

sustainability. However, where further limiting factors intervene such as liability to flooding

or limit of available space the situation has become precarious. With the acceptance of the

Millennium Development Goals urban poverty in Mozambique, characterized by informal

settlement, has been recognized as one of the main contributors to unsatisfactory human

living conditions in the country and has become a national government priority.

Final Report

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Informal settlements are, according to the UNO, characterized by low-incomes, no basic ur-

banization, ambiguous or insecure land tenure rights, high population density, poor envi-

ronmental conditions, poor or very poor building quality, absence of an urban culture and a

high level of crime and delinquency.

The Ilha is an atypical slum area because of its island characteristics. The density of the

population is a combination of the internal displacement of the civil war period and the con-

tinued attractiveness of the urban situation with its minimal but existent prospect of eco-

nomic advantage.

Figure 1: Geographic location of the island "Ilha de Moçambique"


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2 Ilha de Moçambique

2.1 Situation

The Ilha de Moçambique is an island off the East coast of Africa. It lies approximately 2‟000

km north of the capital city Maputo. A bridge of 3.6 km length links the island to the

mainland. The island is about 3 km long and between 200 m and 400 m wide; the area is

approximately 1 km².

The island is divided into two regions. The northern half of the island consists of the city of

stone and chalk, the southern half is the city of “Macuti”. This Swahili name derives from the

palm leaves used for covering the indigenous huts. The division between the two areas is a

straight line following the walls of the hospital. Today approximately 16‟000 people live on

the island. A significant proportion of these are children and youths. A family household on

the island consists of an average of 5.77 members. There is consent regarding the lack of

infrastructure particularly in the southern part of the city where the large majority of the

population lives. Here approximately 14‟000 people dwell in 0.5 km²; this corresponds to

approx. 41 m² per person. The inadequacy of the situation is visible in the lack of hygiene,

light, fresh air and basic infrastructures such as clean water and proper sanitation; generally

there is no proper distinction between the private and the public areas.

Figure 2: Ilha de Moçambique

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2.2 UNESCO World Heritage Site

In 1991 UNESCO declared the island a World Heritage Site. This has led to the recognition of

its significant potential for tourism – a potential that has however remained undeveloped

due to the poverty and poor living conditions of the island dwellers. Another reason is the

concentration on the efforts on the conservation of the monuments in the Stone Town in-

stead of responding to the needs of the local population.

3 Problem Context

The development of the island is dependent on improving the living condition in Macuti

Town.

The most pressing problems were identified using a participative planning process. This was

based on a bottom-up approach applied in a series of workshops with members of the local

population.

The town lacks a functional water distribution and sewage system;

There are an insufficient number of individual sanitation facilities;

Some neighbourhoods are located in areas below the sea level and are liable to flooding;

and Macuti Town itself is heavily overpopulated.

Figure 3: Colonial Building in Stone Town Figure 4: Informal settlement in Macuti Town


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The idea of a focused intervention was first proposed as a significant component of a gen-

eral strategy for a change of paradigm.

Figure 5: Problem Context

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4 Project Design and Methodology

4.1 Objective

The main objective of the project is to allow a maximum number of people to benefit from a

facility that uses locally available, environmental friendly and sustainable resources. To en-

sure that these objectives can be reached, the island must be viewed as an urban area and

urban development standards should be pursued.

These urban standards for the specific context of the island are:

Household drinking water and utility water

Household sanitation

The objective is a sustainable water management system. According to the Bellagio princi-

ples1 of sustainable water management, the following points are important to ensure this

target:

Human dignity, quality of life and environmental security at the household level is a pri-

ority.

Feces, sewage and waste should be regarded as sources of usable raw materials (circuit

principle).

The problems of environmental hygiene and sewage or sewage disposal should be lim-

ited to the smallest possible size and can be solved at lowest possible level (household -

neighbourhood - borough - town quarter).

4.2 Expected Results

The city will develop rapidly; therefore urban solutions should be sought now. The Ilha de

Moçambique is geographically and culturally unique; therefore no «standard solution»

should be applied. Despite this particularly unique situation of the island, basing develop-

ment on the particular site potential and a holistic, inclusive analysis is an approach that

bears potential, if applied to other locations in Mozambique and indeed in the Developing

World in general.

1 The Bellagio Principles are a practical set of guidelines for the development and use of sustainable development indicators,

developed by an international group.


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Goals for the sustainable resource management:

Determine sustainable energy options that will contribute to the sustainable urban de-

velopment of the island

Develop an energy efficient and sustainable sanitation and water management system

Recommend viable and sustainable energy technology option(s) for Macuti Town

Recommend viable, sustainable and energy-efficiency options for the Macuti Centre

The result is a pre-project for a multi-functional and energy efficient Water Treatment Facil-

ity combined with a Sports & Recreation Centre (Macuti Centre). This process includes urban

planning, system design and process engineering.

4.3 Vision / Change of Paradigm

In the past the scarcity of resources on the island led to ingenious solutions for water

management, urbanisation and construction. It is a particular challenge to address the

current problems with modern solutions and to demonstrate that they are equally

sustainable and efficient.

The change of paradigm consists of a shift from the current focus on conservation of historic

monuments, to prioritizing the plight of the local population and their livelihood is placed on

a sustainable foundation. Only in this way the potential for development can be released.

Working outward from the idea of a focused intervention for addressing the challenges of

water management for the Ilha de Moçambique, a concise vision for the Macuti Centre is

developed and presented in terms of urban, technical and social systems.

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Figure 6: Change of Paradigm

The Macuti Centre marks a change of paradigm and releases potential for resolving the chal-

lenges identified by the stakeholders within the appropriate framework. Following the motto;

“Synergy is the most efficient form of energy” the Macuti Centre is used as a catalyst.

The Macuti Centre ensures environmental sustainability; goal number seven defined in the

Millennium Development Goals. Achieving this objective indirectly implements the seven

other Millennium Development Goals. However, implementing the MDG‟s also implies alter-

ing the urban fabric. An increased standard of living leads to higher energy consumption.

There is thus a linkage between objectives and results that is dynamic and influences the

success of the project (see Appendix A).

The Macuti Centre is an intervention into the spatial, economic and social fabric of the city;

an intervention that is to be based on participation and dialog. The strength of the project

lies in the holistic approach. Energy, as a central component of development, must be seen

in the context of urban development. Energy consumption will, in this paper, be viewed not

primarily as a measure of technical component that needs to be optimized, but as a system

characteristic that describes the effort to sustainably improve the satisfaction of the needs of

the local population. The new urban infrastructure will lead to an efficient use of energy and

resources.


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5 The Macuti Centre

The Macuti Centre is placed on the site of the former quarry, in the borough Letine and the

lowest point of the island with the most informal settlement. This centre serves as a focus

point for the Macuti Town population. It is a meeting place and a centre for community ac-

tivities and also frequented by visitors and neighbours from the more prestigious Stone

Town boroughs.

The centre is a hive of activity and offers sports facilities (basketball, volleyball, billiard...)

surrounded by market stalls with refreshments and local merchandise. An internet café,

multipurpose rooms (kindergarten, clubs and cultural activities) and a tourist information

stand complete the social component. The main floor of the centre is a sports facility, a mar-

ket and a public meeting place. Around the perimeter a series of shops, kiosks and coffee-

shops are located.

It also offers sanitation facilities such as public toilets and showers.

It is also the hub for the sustainable and energy efficient solution of the water and sewage

management of the island. The basement level is a sewage treatment plant.

The compartments are naturally cooled and offer food cooked on solar or bio-gas stoves. At

night the centre is lit up by lamps supplied by solar energy collected during the day. The

centre serves as an inspiration for energy conservation and efficiency.

Besides providing a lasting solution to the sewage problem of the island, the Macuti Centre

also serves as an example of how a number of different and sometimes conflicting issues,

from social interaction and behaviour to hygiene and energy consumption, can be addressed

simultaneously and a new awareness of habitat and life quality can be gained.

The Macuti Centre project includes consideration of its context and drafts an outline for a

future development of the Macuti Town and the island as a whole. Evolution of individual

components of the Macuti Centre is not possible without considering the broader context of

the island. The MC has thus become a driver for the development of interrelated systems

that, together, define the future sustainable development of the island.

In a similar fashion the Macuti Centre is far obviously an important component of any future

structure and land-use plan and a mobility concept.

Final Report

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Figure 7: Visualization of Macuti Centre

Figure 8:Macuti Town with intervention site


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6 Energy Efficient Water Management System

Solving the Water Management System for the island is the single most crucial issue defining

the future of the island. We established as objective an urban service quality that can with-

stand the challenges of the future, is sustainable and makes optimal use of renewable en-

ergy and available resources.

A solution has been elaborated that uses as much as is possible of the existing infrastruc-

ture, can be implemented in phases and corresponds to the heritage and traditions found on

the island.

6.1 Current Situation

Drinking Water Supply

The city is served with a water duct system from the 60‟s that consists of three main compo-

nents:

The ground-water intake is located about 20km from the Ilha de Mocambique, close to

the river Monapo. A total of nine ground-water pumping stations were built, of which

three are still in operation today. The remaining intakes were abandoned due to infiltra-

tion from the river, high salinity and siltation. There are no ground-water wells - even

hand pumps – on the Ilha de Mocambique. The drinking water treatment is carried out at

a chlorine-dossier station near the intakes.

The water transport to the island is via a 22km long water pipeline, which consists of

cement and PVC pipes with a diameter of 150 - 175mm. The line is in poor condition,

which leads to high loss of water.

On the island, near the bridge, two water tanks with a capacity of 170m3 each are lo-

cated. Via a pumping station with three pumps this water is pumped into a water tower

with a capacity of 100m3. The water tower is located near the fort of São Sebastião and

has a height of 18m and is in poor condition.

Waste Water Disposal

The sanitation is poor. On the Ilha de Mocambique no system exists for the disposal of do-

mestic sewage or feces. In the vicinity of the museum building and at the tip of the island

there are some houses that have septic tanks. However, these are full and cannot be emptied

because of the narrow road conditions in the neighbourhoods.

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In the Stone Town there are four public toilets; in Macuti Town there are five. Most are in

poor condition or unusable i.e. full. The utilization of the few functioning toilets is low. This

is partly due to the religious and traditional habit of the population which needs water for

cleanness and who perceive the beaches and the rocks as appropriate and hygienic facilities.

On the other hand the design of the toilets is not encouraging but rather repulsive. A survey

of the population by UNESCO revealed the following deficiencies:

Inadequate supply of water to flush the toilet, for personal hygiene

Unhygienic appearance and foul odor

Too little privacy

Unusable for children

Too far away from home

In the rainy season surface drainage becomes the main problem of the island. In the Stone

Town storm-water drains exist along the paved main streets, but they are clogged with gar-

bage and sand. The water runs through the streets toward the sea or in the direction of the

Macuti Town.

After heavy rains the Macuti Town is often subject to severe flooding with water levels of up

to 50cm, which often remain for two to four days. The problem lies in the topography.

Macuti Town consists of several depressions that fill during rainfall. Since the soil drains very

badly, these hollows fill with water very quickly. To solve the problem, pump stations were

built, which should pump the water out into the sea.

6.2 Water Supply Solution

The basis is the drinking water supply network as it exists today. Since it however shows

strong deficiencies in the infrastructure and the distribution network, a reconstruction is

necessary in conjunction with the wastewater system.

The three ground-water pumping stations provide about 45m3 / h each with a run-time of

10 hours per day. Today„s water extraction is 1‟350m3 per day.

The water demand as specified in the development objectives, however, lies at 1‟680m3 /

day. To lower this value treated wastewater is utilized to flush toilets. Thus, 40l/day * person

is saved and the drinking water demand is reduced to 1‟120m3/d. The reutilization of

cleaned waste water is indispensable.


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Transport of Drinking Water to the Island

As part of the expansion and redesign of the water supply, the rehabilitation of the 22km

long supply line is the first and most important step. Thus, the high loss of water due to the

damaged pipe can be avoided.

Drinking Water Storage

Today's drinking water storage, particularly the water tower, is geographically ill placed and

badly in need of redesigning. As part of the concept of waste water management, the con-

version of the drinking water reservoir for sludge storage and the water tower for domestic

utility water storage is foreseen.

The rebuilding of a drinking water reservoir with associated water tower is, for heritage con-

servation reasons, best located on the mainland near the bridge. The drinking water reser-

voir is filled from the groundwater pumping stations via natural gradient. With a pump, the

water is pumped into the water tower, which supplies the Ilha de Mocambique with sufficient

water pressure. The pumps could be connected to the electrical grid or supplied by solar

panels / wind turbine.

Utility Water Storage

Today's water tower is to be restored and will provide utility water storage for the Ilha.

Treated waste water is pumped directly from a buffer pool in the wastewater treatment plant

into the newly restored water tower. It needs to be clarified, whether the cistern in the Fort

of São Sebastião could also serve as a reservoir.

Drinking and Utility Water Distribution

The drinking and utility water distribution is from the respective water towers; thus two dis-

tribution circuits are created – one for drinking and one for utility water.

Rain Water Utilization

Annual precipitation is 755 mm / year. This is not sufficient for the public water supply; it

represents an average of 2 litres per day per square meter. In order to complement the pri-

vate water supply, especially in hotels, utilization is however conceivable.

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6.3 Sewage Solution

The solution for the waste water must be determined by the assumptions and objectives in

Chapter 4 "Project Design and Methodology" and the described standards. In addition it must

satisfy the needs of the population as described in chapter 6.1 "Current Situation". To ensure

human dignity and, above all, the quality of life under the given conditions, only a flush toi-

let solution is viable.

For the purification of waste water, there are two basic solutions: distributed or centralized.

For a central treatment plant a sewage system must be devised. However, since there are

virtually no slopes on the island, no sewer gravitation system can be built. A complex pres-

sure pipe network is needed. A distributed system would require more space. The disposal

of sewage sludge is associated with considerable effort and it is difficult to utilize synergy

possibilities such as biogas.

Despite the difficult conditions on the island a central wastewater treatment plant is best

suited.

The wastewater is transported via a sewer system. The sewer system is only supplied with

wastewater from the toilet, the shower and the sink. The drainage of rain water is not

through the sewers.

Since no gradient exists on the island, a pressure sewer system is necessary, which trans-

ports the received wastewater into the sewage treatment plant. Depending on the situation,

a group of houses drain their sewage through a gravity pipe into a sump, which collects the

wastewater and transports it 2 to 3 times per day to the wastewater treatment plant using a

sewage pump.

As a central wastewater treatment plant a SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) is used. The ad-

vantage is fluctuations in supply - as it occurs in pressure drainage – has no influence on the

cleaning performance. In addition, this cleaning method offers best opportunities for a

phased expansion. The facility consists of a coarse retention pool, one or more buffer pools

and individual SBR tanks. The primary sludge is retained in the coarse retention pool. The

buffer pools are used for selective feeding of the SBR tanks and as an intermediate storage

of the waste water. The SBR tank is the actual cleaning stage. The cleaning occurs in phases.

The sewage sludge is pumped into storage tanks where it is further used for biogas produc-

tion. The conversion of today's drinking water reservoirs for the storage of sewage sludge is

recommended.


20

The treated effluent is stored in the plant and then pumped into an elevated container. From

the elevated container, the purified wastewater can be used as service water for flushing the

toilets. Thereby precious drinking water is saved from the sanitation system. Excess treated

sewage is pumped into the sea. As an elevated tank, the water tower of today's Stone Town

in the north of the island is suited. It could be converted for this purpose.

The diagrams for the water management solution are included in the Appendix B and C,

waste water treatment plant and schematic plan of water management system. In addition an

implementation schedule and costing has been elaborated and is summarized in the more

general realization schemas.

The water and sewage management system recuperates approximately 70% of its energy

requirement, based on bio-gas from sewage and waste collection.

Figure 9: Scheme of the Energy Efficient Water Management System

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7 Energy Efficient Architecture and

Engineering

Using a symbiosis of local and traditional skills and modern structure techniques leads to a

building that is highly energy efficient in construction, operation and maintenance.

The concept of the architectural design is, on the one hand, a vertical divide between the

technical service basement and the public service main floor and, on the other hand, the

framing of the large communal space with a layer of public services.

The roof uses a minimum of constructive material for a light-weight truss system and is

covered by canvas.

The walls are built in traditional fashion using the coral stone blocks that are gained from

the excavation. These walls offer optimal heat insulation and are built entirely from local

materials.

Figure 10: Main Floor - Macuti Centre


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Figure 11: Macuti Centre – Section

8 Energy Concept

8.1 Current Situation

The Ilha de Moçambique is in the fortunate position to be on the national power grid that,

for the province of Nampula, receives 85% of its power from the hydroelectric dam of Cabora

Bassa. Nevertheless, access to energy is still a challenge for the majority of the population,

as they are hardly able to pay for the energy they desire. In addition a significant develop-

ment of the island would undoubtedly increase the consumption of energy by a dispropor-

tionate amount. This is due to the leap in consumption as electricity is progressively used for

cooking and cooling, as it will certainly be, if development is primarily based on tourism.

8.2 Development Objectives

The level of power consumption from the national grid is to be maintained at its current

level, despite significant development of the island municipality. This is in accordance with

the development goals as outlined in chapter 4, “Project Design and Goals”.

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8.3 Development Strategy

If the level of consumption is to be maintained, despite growth, then the efficiency of con-

sumption must be increased. This can be achieved by a number of methods:

More efficient apparatus (i.e. energy saving light-bulbs, cooling / cooking with heat-

pump...)

Alternative energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, bio-gas, waste briquettes...)

An energy management system is suggested that requires property developers to justify,

together with their request for a building licence, what measures they are undertaking to

limit their energy consumption. A specific limit for household consumption is to be defined,

above which reduction technologies are mandatory. These measures are to be promoted by

legislation and financial incentive.

8.4 “Macuti Centre” Energy Management

The strategy for the “Macuti Centre” and its impact on the island is to lead by example. The

MC utilizes state of the art technologies for construction, operation and maintenance. This

begins with the layout of the structure, that uses thick external walls built of local materials

and a light-weight roof for shade and heat isolation, and ends with a system of cooling and

cooking based on a heat transfer between the two functions.

8.4.1 Biogas

The water and sewage management system recuperates approximately 70% of its energy

requirement, based on bio-gas from sewage and waste collection. The remaining demand

can be met by photovoltaic cells on pumps and for lighting.


24

9 Urban Development and Mobility

9.1 Urban Development

The Macuti Centre is a significant intrusion into the urban fabric of the island. Such an inter-

vention must be done with caution and be well conceived. The basic urban idea of the MC is

a framing of the central functions of sewage treatment (basement) and recreation/market

(ground level) with a zone of urban services.

Along the central road this zone is an arcade that serves as a filter between the road and the

internal space. The remaining three sides are two stories high. The lower level is oriented

towards the neighbourhood and accommodates small stores and meeting points and sanita-

tion facilities. The upper level is oriented towards the internal space and contains public

functions such as restaurants and cafés.

9.1.1 Land Use and Structure Plan

As a major intervention the MC can also serve as an impetus to develop the proposed struc-

ture and land use plans. In addition to the MC further neighbourhood meeting points and

infrastructures such as public fountains, sanitation facilities and kindergartens are required.

The Macuti Town is the principal habitat of the Island. The main use of this area is residen-

tial and this should be maintained. In order to be functional these areas need to be restruc-

tured. The existing urban grid should be respected and applied to the planning process. The

housing density needs to be reduced.

A structure plan will define the optimal land use for the Macuti Town, Stone Town and the

main-land. This comprehensive approach will open up new development options for Macuti

Town with its scarcity of land and overpopulation.

The structure plan should contain:

Zones for coordinated development

Regulation and standards for the individual zones

Points of particular attraction

Measures to enhance the urban qualities of the Stone and Macuti Towns

The strategic land use plan defined in the “Bachelor Thesis in Spatial Planing: Cities without

Slums - Slum Upgrading Ilha de Mocambique" served as basis for the integration of the MC

in the Urban context (See Appendix D).

Final Report

25

9.2 Mobility

In 1966 the island was linked to the mainland by a single carriageway bridge. Since then the

congestion on the island has increased significantly and has reached a level where it is a

hindrance to the quality of life, particularly in the Macuti Town.

Viktoria Slukan, one of the authors of this report, developed a mobility concept for the island

based on the assumption that pedestrian and bicycle/rickshaw transportation are valid forms

of mobility for the unique environment of the island. She makes suggestions that would en-

hance the quality of both transportation means and integrates them into a more general

concept for the regional environment.

The Mobility Concept includes pedestrian and bicycle transport, private motorised vehicles,

taxis, deliveries and parking (see Appendix E Mobility concept). It is primarily related to the

needs of the local population, but also considers the benefits for tourism. The traffic rela-

tionship between the island and the adjacent mainland is crucial and must be well conceived.

The objectives of the Mobility Concept are:

Make optimal use of the available urban spaces

Provide a sustainable and efficient transportation network

Provide an adequate solution for motorised traffic

Design user friendly and attractive transportation facilities

Promote ideas and concepts that are well adapted to the island environment.

Pedestrian traffic today remains the most important form of mobility on the island. The ex-

isting road network must also be regarded as the main route for pedestrian. The Macuti

Centre is an urban hub on the existing main road system.

Bicycles are to be promoted as the preferred means of transportation for the local popula-

tion. This would be in conjunction with a policy of severely limiting the access to the island

for motorised vehicles. The mainland bridgehead could be a park and ride stop for access by

rickshaw, bicycle or minivan/taxi.

The implementation of traffic measures must be carried out in coordination with ongoing

projects. Moreover, the population must be involved in the planning. This allows for early

mediation in case of conflicts of interest. Only through awareness of potential and strategic

alternatives, plans can be broadly discussed, accepted and supported by the local

population.


26

10 Sustainability Assessment and

Environmental Impact Assessment

The purpose of a sustainability assessment is to evaluate and optimize a project in relation

to the goals of a sustainable development. Here the “Bern Sustainability Compass” was used

and slightly adapted for the use in an African town. The Compass offers a qualitative evalua-

tion that transparently presents the impacts of the project in three dimensions. It illuminates

them from the perspective of key sustainability factors, highlights conflicts and trade-offs

and facilitates the search for better solutions. The strengths and weaknesses are identified,

so that negative effects can be eliminated or mitigated.

The project in general achieves a very high sustainability level. Its effects were rated positive

or even very positive in most target areas. Only three targets are not fully reached. The pull-

ing down of housings in order to give room for the Macuti Centre is probably the biggest

negative impact of the project as it might destroy well established neighbourhood struc-

tures. However this is compensated by newly created facilities and structures in the Macuti

Centre. Other negative points are the costs of living that are probable to rise because of new

taxes for water and electricity as well as a higher consumption of materials and bigger quan-

tity of waste. The latter are drawbacks of an assumed positive effect of the project: the

higher standard of living (see Appendix F, sustainability evaluation).

10.1 Environment

The improved water management system and the reduction of raw material consumption are

the main reasons for the enhancement of the environmental conditions on and around the

Ilha de Moçambique. The higher consumption of raw materials and, as a result of that, the

larger quantities of waste are the only environmentally relevant disadvantages found by this

assessment.

10.1.1 Strengths for the Environmental Conditions

As the management of water is one of the main issues of the project, it is not astonishing

that it is also one of its primary strengths. Better access to fresh water for all the inhabitants

of Ilha de Moçambique will be provided and - by installing a treatment system - the sewage

situation on the island will be improved dramatically.

The planned sewage treatment system will re-use the purified effluents as service water for

flushing the toilets. Thereby precious drinking water is saved from the sanitation system.

Final Report

27

The sewage sludge is pumped into storage tanks where it is further used for biogas produc-

tion. Organic waste from households as well as from hotels will be used in the biogas plant.

All this lessens the consumption of fresh water and adds to a high rise in the use of recycled

materials on Ilha de Moçambique.

Other strengths regarding the environmental conditions are (among others) the higher pro-

portion of renewable energy that comes with the electricity from the biogas plant or the im-

proved air quality as a result of the mobility concept.

10.1.2 Weaknesses for the Environmental Conditions

The only environmentally relevant disadvantage found during this assessment of the impact

for the Ilha de Moçambique lies in the increased consumption of consumer goods. As the

project improves the quality of life on the island, the amount of good consumed may be ex-

pected to rise - along with a rise of the quantity of waste.

10.2 Economy

Maintaining of value and new investments in local infrastructures along with the promotion

of business are the primary factors for an economic improvement. On the down side, costs

of living will probably rise to some extent.

10.2.1 Strengths for the Economic Conditions

One of the prime goals of the project is the maintaining and replacing of the existing drink-

ing water supply system and supplying an adequate sewage and wastewater system. This

certainly results in an increase in the value of the local infrastructure.

The project includes a market & recreation facility with a surrounding small business and

social envelope, the production and distribution of energy, a concept for urban planning and

a mobility concept. It therefore enhances the local economy by triggering many new invest-

ment opportunities.

By providing commercial areas within the Macuti Centre, and even more evidently in Stone

Town, small and middle-sized businesses are promoted. In addition to this, Macuti Centre

could house i.e. a kindergarten or child care facility. This would allow parents to pursue their

economic and commercial interests while also promoting social interaction and education.

Other strengths regarding the economic perspective are (among others): better access to

information because of, for example, internet access within the Macuti Centre, a better utili-

zation of infrastructure-capacity and a general enhancing of the economic infrastructure.


28

10.2.2 Weaknesses for the Economic Conditions

Due to the fact that only services with a price are truly valued, there should be a small fee for

electricity and water supply. This will raise the cost of living in general.

10.3 Society

The provision of leisure facilities is the most important strength of the project regarding the

socially important targets. But there are many other smaller improvements. One big draw-

back of the project is the necessity for a resettlement of some existing habitats in order to

make room for the Macuti Centre.

10.3.1 Strengths for the Social Conditions

With the establishment of the Macuti Centre a wide range of leisure and recreational facility

will be provided. Most important of which are sports facilities and a youth centre. These will

help young people to act socially and structure their day.

Other important strengths are the quality improvement for residential areas, participation,

community (encouragement of social interactions), and the trans-regional cooperation re-

quired for implementation and operation.

10.3.2 Weakness for the Social Conditions

In order to make room for the Macuti Centre, one urban neighbourhood will be significantly

affected as a substantial part of it (about one fifth) has to be torn down. Its inhabitants will

have to move. This will have an influence of the social structure of this area.

Final Report

29

11 Implementation Framework

The implemented and non implemented projects of the past have shown that they are not

successful unless they are part of a general implementation framework. The bottom-up and

participative planning approach have established a foundation on which further steps to-

wards implementation can be taken. Nevertheless it‟s also obvious that the project can only

be implemented in phases, this depends on the one hand on construction costs and financ-

ing, as well as on the acceptance and participation of the local population.

The project phases can also be integrated into ongoing development projects i.e the “Water

Services and Institutional Support Project” for the Ilha de Moçambique, financed by the World

Bank.

Figure 12: The project phases


30

The timeline for implementation is as follows:

During a diploma thesis the seed for the focused intervention was planted that marked

the start of the project.

As a result of stakeholder participation a mandate of the city council was issued and

directed to the national planning authorities.

Figure 13: Implementation

The World Engineers‟ Convention has provided an engineering solution that answers to

the problems of the local population.

The engineering solution has to be presented to the, national planning authorities, local

authorities and local population.

Validation of the proposed intervention, from the stakeholder perspective, and the crea-

tion of a body capable of implementation and management (steering committee) within

the local government are necessary steps to revise, refine and enact the solution.

The next stage is a comprehensive execution project for the Macuti Centre and its re-

lated sub-systems. Finally a management system for project operation and monitoring

should be devised and implemented.

The most important aspect for sustainability of the project is the involvement of the local

populations at all stages.

Final Report

31

Appendix A: Change of Paradigm


32

Appendix B: Waste Water Treatment Plant

Final Report

33

Appendix C: Water Management System


34

Appendix D: Land Use Plan

Final Report

35

Appendix E: Mobility Concept


36

Appendix F: Sustainability Evaluation

Final Report

37

Table of Figures

Figure 1: Geographic location of the island "Ilha de Moçambique" ........................................ 7

Figure 2: Ilha de Moçambique ............................................................................................. 8

Figure 3: Colonial Building in Stone Town Figure 4: Informal settlement in Macuti Town .... 9

Figure 5: Problem Context................................................................................................. 10

Figure 6: Change of Paradigm ........................................................................................... 13

Figure 7: Visualization of Macuti Centre ............................................................................ 15

Figure 8:Macuti Town with intervention site ....................................................................... 15

Figure 9: Scheme of the Energy Efficient Water Management System .................................. 20

Figure 10: Main Floor - Macuti Centre ............................................................................... 21

Figure 11: Macuti Centre – Section .................................................................................... 22

Figure 12 The project phases ............................................................................................ 29

Figure 13 Implementation ................................................................................................. 30


38

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1. Leyel, Y. 2008.

Bachelor Thesis in Spatial Planing: Cities without Slums - Slum Upgrading "Ilha de

Mocambique", Leyel Yolanda, HSR Rapperswil, June 2008.

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Cities without Slums, Actions for Intervention i Slum Areas in Mozambique in the

context of Settlement Upgrading

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Civil engineering project: evaluation of water supply and sanitation development in

subtropical areas, John Salzgeber, HSR Rapperswil, April 2010

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Ilha de Mocambique World Heritage Site: A Program for Sustainable Human

Development and Integral Conservation, Water / Sanitation / Environment, UNESCO

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2011 Project Survey Results by Chaquulane E, and Slukan V.

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A Renewable Energy Plan For Mozambique, Justica Ambiental.

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Master Plan da Ilha de Moçambique, Parte B_Master Plan, Versão Draft

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1982-85, Arkitektskolen i Aarhus-Danmark

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Slum Upgrading and Participation, Lessons from Latin America

IRAP Institute of Spatial Development

HSR University of Applied Science Rapperswil

Oberseestrasse 10

CH - 8640 Rapperswil

Tel. 004155 222 48 95

Fax. 004155 222 44 00

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