i.r Umak Pol Sci 138 III Leg-1

8/3/2019 i.r Umak Pol Sci 138 III Leg-1

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TERRORISM AND

INTERNATIONALRELATIONS


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What is Terrorism???

"Terrorism" comes from theFrench word terrorisme,andoriginally referred specifically tostate terrorism as practiced by the

French government during theReign of terror. The French wordterrorisme in turn derives from theLatin verb terremeaning Ifrighten. Although "terrorism"originally referred acts committed

by a government, currently itusually refers to the killing ofinnocent people by a non-government group in such a way asto create a media spectacle.


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The definition of terrorism has provedcontroversial. Various legal systemsand government agencies use different

definitions of terrorism in their nationallegislation. Moreover, the internationalcommunity has been slow to formulatea universally agreed, legally bindingdefinition of this crime. Thesedifficulties arise from the fact that the

term "terrorism" is politically andemotionally charged.

Terrorism is defined as politicalviolence in an asymmetrical conflictthat is designed to induce terror andpsychic fear (sometimesindiscriminate) through the violentvictimization and destruction ofnoncombatant targets (sometimesiconic symbols). Such acts are meant tosend a message from an illicitclandestine organization.


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Terrorist attacks are usually carried out in such a way as to

maximize the severity and length of the psychological

impact. Each act of terrorism is a performance devised to

have an impact on many large audiences. Terrorists also

attack national symbols, to show power and to attempt to

shake the foundation of the country or society they are

opposed to. This may negatively affect a government,

while increasing the prestige of the given terrorist

organization and/or ideology behind a terrorist act.

Terrorist acts frequently have a politicalpurpose.[Terrorism is a political tactic, like letter-

writing or protesting, which is used by activists whenthey believe that no other means will effect the kind ofchange they desire. The change is desired so badly thatfailure to achieve change is seen as a worse outcomethan the deaths of civilians.This is often where theinter-relationship between terrorism and religionoccurs. When a political struggle is integrated into theframework of a religious or "cosmic"[ struggle, such asover the control of an ancestral homeland or holy sitesuch as Israel and Jerusalem, failing in the political goal(nationalism) becomes equated with spiritual failure,which, for the highly committed, is worse than theirown death or the deaths of innocent civilians
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism


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The terms "terrorism" and "terrorist"(someone who engages in terrorism) carrystrong negative connotations.[These terms

are often used as political labels, tocondemn violence or the threat ofviolence by certain actors as immoral,indiscriminate, unjustified or to condemnan entire segment of a population. Thoselabeled "terrorists" by their opponentsrarely identify themselves as such, and

typically use other terms or terms specificto their situation, such as separatist,freedom fighter, liberator, revolutionary,vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla,rebel, patriot, or any similar-meaningword in other languages and cultures.

Jihadi, mujaheddin, and fedayeen aresimilar Arabic words which have enteredthe English lexicon. It is common for bothparties in a conflict to describe each otheras terrorists
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism


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TYPES OF TERRORISM

CIVIL DISORDER POLITICAL

TERRORISM

NON POLITICAL

TERRORISM QUASI TERRORISM

LIMITED POLITICAL

TERRORISM STATE TERRORISM

RELIGIOUSTERRORISM


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CIVIL DISORDER & POLITICAL

TERRORISM

A form of collective violenceinterfering with the peace,security, and normalfunctioning of thecommunity.

Violent criminal behaviourdesigned primarily togenerate fear in thecommunity, or substantialsegment of it, for politicalpurposes.


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NON POLITICAL TERRORISMTerrorism that is not aimed atpolitical purposes but whichexhibits conscious design to

create and maintain a highdegree of fear for coercivepurposes, but the end isindividual or collective gain

rather than the achievementof a political objective.


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QUASI TERRORISM The activities incidental to the commission

of crimes of violence that are similar in formand method to genuine terrorism but whichnevertheless lack its essential ingredient. Itis not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediatevictim as in the case of genuine terrorism,but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalitiesand techniques of the genuine terrorist andproduces similar consequences and reaction

For example, the fleeing felon who takes

hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methodsare similar to those of the genuine terroristbut whose purposes are quite different.


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LIMITED POLITICAL TERRORISMGenuine political terrorismis characterized by arevolutionary approach;

limited political terrorismrefers to acts of terrorism

which are committed forideological or political

motives but which are notpart of a concertedcampaign to capturecontrol of the state.


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STATE TERRORISM

State terrorism may refer

to acts of terrorism

conducted by a stateagainst a foreign state or

people. It can also refer to

widespread acts of

violence by a state againstits own people.


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By distinguishing terroristsfrom other types of criminalsand terrorism from other formsof crime, we come to appreciate

that terrorism is : ineluctablypolitical in aims and motives

violent or, equally important,threatens violence

designed to have far-reaching

psychological repercussionsbeyond the immediate victim ortarget

conducted by an organizationwith an identifiable chain ofcommand or conspiratorial cell

structure (whose members wearno uniform or identifyinginsignia) and

perpetrated by a subnationalgroup or non-state entity


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Terrorism is defined as politicalviolence in an asymmetrical

conflict that is designed to induceterror and psychic fear (sometimesindiscriminate) through the violent

victimization and destruction ofnoncombatant targets (sometimesiconic symbols). Such acts are

meant to send a message from anillicit clandestine organization. Thepurpose of terrorism is to exploitthe media in order to achievemaximum attainable publicity asan amplifying force multiplier inorder to influence the targetedaudience(s) in order to reach short-and midterm political goals and/ordesired long-term end states.


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LIST TERRORIST GROUPS

"Foreign TerroristOrganization" is a designationof non-United States-basedorganizations declared terroristby the United States Secretary

of State in accordance withsection 219 of the U.S.Immigration and NationalityAct (INA).

Most of the organizations as of2007 on the list are Islamistextremist groups, with theremainder being mainlycommunist groups, followed bynationalist/separatist groups.


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HAMAS Founder Sheikh Ahmed Yassin &

Mahmoud Zahar Chief of the Political

Bureau

Khaled Mashaal Deputy Chief of the

Political Bureau Mousa Abu Marzouq

Hamas (Arabic: ams,"enthusiasm", an acronym of

arakatal-Muqwamah

al-Islmiyyah, "Islamic Resistance

Movement") is the Palestinian Sunni

Islamic or Islamist Based largely on the

principles of Islamic fundamentalism

gaining momentum throughout theArab world in the 1980s, Hamas was

founded in 1987 (during the First

Intifada) as an offshoot of the Egyptian

Muslim Brotherhood.


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Hamas uses both political activities and

violence in pursuit of its goals. For

example, while politically engaged in the

2006 Palestinian Territories parliamentary

election campaign, Hamas stated in itselection manifesto that it was prepared to

use "armed resistance to end the

occupation

Hamas's 1988 charter calls for the

replacement of Israel and the Palestinian

Territories with an Islamic Palestinian state.After the elections in 2006, Hamas co-

founder Mahmoud Al-Zahar did not rule

out the possibility of accepting a

"temporary two-state solution", and stated

that he dreamed "of hanging a huge map of

the world on the wall at my Gaza home

which does not show Israel on it.


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The State Department decided to addHamas to its U.S. State Department listof Foreign Terrorist Organizations in

April 1993. As of 2009, Hamas is stilllisted

The United States states that its strongstand against Hamas arises from thegroup's use of violence, its opposition toU.S. interests in the Middle East, and

because Hamas is allegedly receivingsupport from Iran and collaboratingwith the Lebanese group Hezbullah.

The Hamas representative in Iran deniedthe allegation that it had received $30million from Iran in 1992, butacknowledged Iranian assistance to

Palestinian groups. In particular, theU.s. alleges that Hamas soldiers havebeen given refuge in southern Lebanon,where they receive training and supportfrom Hezbollah guerrillas.


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HEZBOLLAH Leader Hassan Nasrallah Founded 1982

1985 (officially)

Ideology Shia Islamism Hezbollah(Arabic: izbu-llh, literally"Party of God") is a Shi'a Muslim

militant group and political party basedin Lebanon,

The ideology of Hezbollah has beensummarized as Shi'iradicalism.Hezbollah was largelyformed with the aid of the AyatollahKhomeini's followers in the early 1980sin order to spread Islamic revolution

and follows a distinct version ofIslamic Shi'a ideology (Valiyat al-faqihor Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists)developed by Ayatollah RuhollahKhomeini, leader of the "IslamicRevolution" in Iran.


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According to "The HizballahProgram" the principles of itsideology are:[

To expel Americans, the French andtheir allies definitely from Lebanon,putting an end to any colonialistentity on our land.

To submit the phalanges to a justpower and bring them all to justicefor the crimes they have perpetrated

against Muslims and Christians. To permit all the sons of our people

to determine their future and tochoose in all the liberty the form ofgovernment their desire. We callupon all of them to pick the optionof Islamic government which, alone,

is capable of guaranteeing justiceand liberty for all. Only an Islamicregime can stop any future tentativeattempts of imperialistic infiltrationonto our country.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_Hezbollahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_Hezbollah


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In 1999, Hezbollah was placed on the

US State Department list of Foreign

Terrorist Organizations. After

Hezbollah's condemnation of theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks on the USA,

it was removed from the list, but it was

later returned to the list

In 2002, US State Department officialChristopher Ross was cited as

explaining that while "the Hezbollahparty and some of its memberscarried out terrorist acts in the past","the acts that it carried out againstthe Israeli forces in South Lebanonwere not terrorist acts."[

Some American and Israeli academicsspecializing in a wide variety of thesocial sciences believe that Hezbollahis an example of an Islamic terroristorganization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah


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ETA (BASQUE HOMELAND AND

FREEDOM) ETA or Euskadi Ta Askatasuna

(Basque pronunciation: [eus kadi ta

as katas una]; "Basque Homeland and

Freedom") is an armed Basque

nationalist and separatistorganization.

The group was founded in 1959 and

has since evolved from a group

promoting traditional Basque culture

to a paramilitary group with the goal

of gaining independence for theGreater Basque Country


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Their aspiration, which was outlined in1995 in theirDemocratic Alternativepublication, is to force the governmentsof Spain and France to agree on the

following:[ Recognition of the right to "self-

determination and territoriality" forEuskal Herria.

That the Basque citizenry are the"unique subject" ("subject" in the sense

of "one who acts") to make decisionsabout the future of the Basque Country.

Amnesty for all members, whetherprisoners or self-imposed exiles.

Respect for "the results of thedemocratic process in the Basque

Country" "Total ceasefire" once these points are

guaranteed through a politicalagreement.


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The European Union and the United

States list ETA as a terrorist

organization in their relevant watch lists.

The United Kingdom lists ETA as aterrorist group in the Terrorism Act of

2000. The Canadian Parliament listed

ETA as a terrorist organization on 2

April 2003.

On 10 January 2011, ETA declared thattheir September 2010 ceasefire wouldbe permanent and verifiable byinternational observers. Observersurged caution, pointing out that ETAhad broken permanent ceasefires in

the past


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AL QAEDA

Al-Qaeda (Arabic: ,al-qidah, Arabic: [lqd],English: /lkad/al-KY-d,translation: "The Base" andalternatively spelled al-Qaida and

sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a globalmilitant Sunni Islamist groupfounded by Osama bin Ladensometime between August 1988

Al-Qaeda ideologues envision acomplete break from the foreign

influences in Muslim countries,and the creation of a new Islamicworld wide caliphate. Reportedbeliefs include that a Christian-Jewish alliance is conspiring todestroy Islam


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Al-Qaeda has attacked civilian andmilitary targets in various countries, suchas the 11 September attacks, 1998 USembassy bombings and 2002 Bali

bombings. The US government respondedby launching the War on Terror. Al-Qaedahas continued to exist and grew throughthe decade from 2001 to 2011.

The radical Islamist movement ingeneral and al-Qaeda in particulardeveloped during the Islamic revivaland Islamist movement of the lastthree decades of the 20th century,along with less extreme movements.

On 1 May 2011 in Washington, D.C. (2May, Pakistan Standard Time), U.S.President Barack Obama announced

that Osama bin Laden was killed by "asmall team of Americans" acting underObama's direct orders, in a covertoperation in Abbottabad, Pakistan


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On 11 March 2005,Al-Quds Al-Arabi publishedextracts from Saif al-Adel's document "AlQuaeda's Strategy to the Year 2020".[Abdel BariAtwan summarizes this strategy as comprisingfive stages to rid the umma from all forms ofoppression:

Provoke the United States into invading a Muslimcountry.

Incite local resistance to occupying forces.

Expand the conflict to neighboring countries, andengage the U.S. in a long war of attrition.

Convert al-Qaeda into an ideology and set ofoperating principles that can be loosely franchisedin other countries without requiring direct

command and control, and via these franchisesincite attacks against countries allied with theU.S. until they withdraw from the conflict, ashappened with the 2004 Madrid train bombings,but which did not have the same effect with the 7July 2005 London bombings.

The U.S. economy will finally collapse under thestrain of too many engagements in too many

places, making the world wide economic systemwhich is depended by the U.S. also collapseleading to global political instability, which inturn leads to a global jihad led by Al-Qaeda and aWahhabi Caliphate will then be installed acrossthe world.


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TAMIL TIGERS

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam(Tamil: ,tamiaviutalaippulika;commonly known as the LTTE or the Tamil

Tigers) was a separatist militant organizationformerly based in northern Sri Lanka.

At the height of their power, the Tigerspossessed a well-developed militia andcarried out many high-profile attacks,including the assassinations of several

high-ranking Sri Lankan and Indianpoliticians such as Sri Lankan PresidentRanasinghe Premadasa in 1993 and formerIndian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in1991LTTE is the only terrorist organizationto assassinate two world leaders.


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Civilian massacres, suicide bombings

and acts of ethnic cleansingwere

integral parts of its pursuit to create amonoethnic Tamil Eelam. The Tigers

pioneered the use of suicide belts,and

used light aircraft in some of their

attacks.

Over the course of the conflict, theTamil Tigers frequently exchanged

control of territory in north-east Sri

Lanka with the Sri Lankan military,

with the two sides engaging in fierce

military confrontations. They were

involved in four unsuccessful rounds ofpeace talks with the Sri Lankan

government over the course of the

conflict.


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LTTE is believed to have no extensive

military association with al-Qaeda orother Islamic terrorist groups.However,LTTE had stolen Norwegian passportsand sold them to Al Queda affiliatesincluding Ramzi Yousef, who was oneof the main perpetrators of the 1993World Trade Center bombing and a co-

conspirator in the Bojinka plot. Intelligence agencies are well aware

that the LTTE was involved in the 1990sin training the Moro Islamic LiberationFront (MILF) and the Abu SayyafGroup (ASG) both of which are closely

linked to al-Qaeda. In 1995 and 1998,an LTTE combat tactician and an LTTEexplosives expert accompanying groupsof al-Qaeda Arabs was recordedtraining members of MILF.


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COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE PHILIPPINES/

NEW PEOPLES ARMY The Communist Party of the

Philippines (in Filipino: Partido

Komunista ng Pilipinas) is a leading

communist party in the Philippines. It

remains an underground politicalorganization since its founding on

December 26, 1968 and has been

operating in clandestine manner since

its founding.

It aims to overthrow the Philippine

government through armedrevolution with its direct leadershipover New People's Army andNational Democratic Front(Philippines).


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Soon after its reestablishment, the Party

linked up with the other cadres and

commanders of the HMB and engagedthem in ideological and political

studies, mass work and politico-

military training. On March 29, 1969,

the New People's Army was established

and on April 24, 1973 the National

Democratic Front (Philippines). The NPA is Maoist, claiming to fight

for that ideology's concept of "New

Democracy." Starting out with 60

fighters and 34 rifles, the NPA quickly

spread throughout the Philippines

during the dictatorship of FerdinandMarcos. After the declaration of martial

law on September 21, 1972 thousands

of students joined the ranks. President

Marcos lifted martial law on January

17, 1981.


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This group was designated as a foreign

terrorist organization by the United States

in August 2002 and by the European

Union in November 2005.The NPA'sfounder, Jose Maria Sison, lives in the

Netherlands in self-imposed exile. The

NPA operates mostly in the rural areas and

their targets often include politicians,

military, police, criminals, landlords,

business owners and occasionally U.S.agents in the Philippines.

The NPA claims responsibility for the

assassination of U.S. Army Colonel James

"Nick" Rowe, founder of the U.S. Army

Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape(SERE) course, in 1989. Colonel Rowe

was part of a military assistance program

to the Philippine Army. The NPA insist that

this made him a legitimate military target


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PROVISIONAL I.R.A (IRISH

REPUBLICAN ARMY) The Provisional Irish Republican

Army (IRA) is an Irish republican

paramilitary organisation whose aim

was to remove Northern Ireland from

the United Kingdom and bring abouta socialist republic within a united

Ireland by force of arms and political

persuasion.

It emerged out of the December1969 split of the Irish Republican

Army over differences of ideologyand how to respond to violenceagainst the nationalist community.


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The IRA's initial strategy was to useforce to cause the collapse of theNorthern Ireland administration andto inflict enough casualties on the

British forces that the Britishgovernment would be forced bypublic opinion to withdraw from theregion.

The IRA was chiefly active inNorthern Ireland, although it tookits campaign to England andmainland Europe. The IRA alsotargeted certain British governmentofficials, politicians, judges,establishment figures, British Armyand police officers in England, and inother areas such as the Republic of

Ireland, West Germany and theNetherlands. By the early 1990s, thebulk of the IRA activity was carriedout by the South Armagh Brigade,well known through its snipingoperations and attacks on BritishArmy helicopters.


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FARC-EP

he Revolutionary Armed Forces ofColombia People's Army(Spanish: Fuerzas ArmadasRevolucionarias de Colombia Ejrcito del Pueblo), also known bythe acronym ofFARC or FARC-EP, is

a MarxistLeninist revolutionaryguerrilla organization based inColombia, which is involved in theongoing Colombian armed conflict.

FARC-EP is a peasant army which hasproclaimed itself to be arevolutionary agrarian, anti-imperialist Marxist-Leninistorganization of Bolivarianinspiration.


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FARC-EP remains the largest andoldest insurgent group in theAmericas. There are differentestimates for the organization's

membership. According toColombian Armed ForcesCommander Admiral dgar Cely,FARC-EP had a total of 18,000members in 2010, with an estimated9,000 of those being armedcombatants and the remaining 9,000made up of plainclothes militia whoprovide intelligence or logisticalsupport

FARC has been accused of

committing violations of humanrights by numerous groups, includingthe Colombian government, U.S.government, European Union,Human Rights Watch, AmnestyInternational, and United Nations.


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FARC-EP is a violent non-state actor

(VNSA), described as a terrorist group

by the Colombian government,the

United States Department of State, the

Canadian government,the Chileangovernment, the New Zealand

Government, and the European Union

FARC-EP was not initially involved indirect drug cultivation, trafficking, or

trans-shipment prior to or during the1980s. Instead, it maintained asystem of taxation on the productionthat took place in the territories thatthey controlled, in exchange forprotecting the growers and

establishing law and order in theseregions by implementing its ownrules and regulations


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IMPACTS OF TERRORISM IN

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Questions of security now permeate our

lives. When considering a business trip or

holiday, we now routinely factor into the

equation whether a destination is considered

safe', what is the least potentially dangerous

route and method of travel to get there, andwhat additional time must be added to

account for the now routine' enhanced

security checks.

It is not just security procedures that have in

some cases become more sophisticated.

Complicating the fight against terroristorganizations is their increasingly

sophisticated nature, not just from an

operational perspective, but also in terms of

how they are funded.


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Indeed, terrorist organizations

have harvested the

globalization process to improve

their methods of operation. Theyoften refrain from using factory-

made explosives, for example,

and instead use materials that can

be easily obtained from local

sources (such as ammonium

nitrate). And, ironically, locally-made materials are being used

with greater frequency to achieve

terrorist objectives.

Perhaps the best example ofthis is the fact that Al Qaeda(AQ) used locally-sourced

American-made materials(Boeing airplanes) to destroyAmerican targets onSeptember 11.


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Going forward, there is an increasedrisk that smaller terrorist groups willdevelop the ability to carry out attacks

that will cause mass death. Comingattacks are likely to be similar to thosein Bali and Mombasa, and it is highlylikely that suicide attacks will be thepreferred method of attack in the nearterm in the United States and Europe.

Complicating the landscape further isthe fact that so many tools ofachieving mass death that werepreviously difficult to obtain, areeasier to obtain. For example, there are22 million antiaircraft missiles inexistence, many of which are dated

and are sold relatively inexpensivelyon the black market. An unfortunatereality is that anyone who flies on acommercial airplane is at risk, as thefailed attempt to take down an Israeliaircraft demonstrated in Mombasa.


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There is no doubt that we are at a pivotal

moment in history. How the world's civilized

nations collectively fight against terrorism will

determine the future course of international

relations. The stakes are extremely high in awar on Iraq, for a variety of reasons.

Ultimately, the war in Iraq is less about oil and

more about influencing the course of events in

the Middle East. The United States has

historically been forced to try to influence

events in the region from the outsiderelying on diplomacy to deal with subjects

such as the Israeli/Palestinian conflict and the

Kurdish question. This will change once

Saddam is overthrown. The United States will

become the dominant military power in the

region and will seek to influence events

through direct action, as well as throughdiplomacy. This could result in a more

meaningful impact on the Israeli/Palestinian

conflict, the resolution of which could, in turn,

hold the key to a changed view of the United

States in the Muslim world.


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The impact of the change ininternational relations in the regionthat is likely to result from U.S.-ledregime change in Iraq will be profound.

Iran will be flanked by a pro-U.S. Iraq,Afghanistan, and Kuwait. Syria will besurrounded by a pro-U.S. Iraq, Israel,and Turkey. Once the Iraq war is over,Iran and Syria will find it more difficultto pursue policies that supportinternational terrorist organizations.

In Iran's case, continued pursuit of itsnuclear ambitions could elicit a strongresponse from the United States. Aquestion mark hangs over the future ofbilateral relations between the UnitedStates and these two countries. Othercountries, such as Saudi Arabia, will be

under increasing pressure to revisetheir method of governing, whetherfrom emboldened domestic politicalsources or from direct pressure appliedfrom a pro-U.S./anti-terror alliance ofcountries.


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The war on terrorism has, in avery short time, changed theunderpinnings of the post-cold-

war geopolitical arena. What isperhaps most significant aboutthe changes is the genuineunpredictability of futureevents, and the extent of theirsignificance on global politicsand economics. We arewitnessing a structural changeevery bit as significant as whatoccurred in 1945 and 1989. Thedifference is that these changes

have already altered the waymost people in the world live,and they promise to impact ourlives in ways we have not evenimagined.

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i.r Umak Pol Sci 138 III Leg-1