5th PAN-UIROPEAN CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.CONSTRUCTING WORLD ORDERSThe Hague, 9-11 of September, 2004

PEACE, ENVIRONMENT ANDSECURITY: A GENDER

PERSPECTIVE FROM THETHIRD WORLD- IPRA 40

YEARS AFTER GRÖNINGENÚrsula Oswald SpringCRIM-UNAM, MexicoEl Colegio de Tlaxcala

END OF COLD WAR SITUATION• The end of the Cold War coarsely exposed North-

South differences (World Bank, 1995). In the South itrevealed existing disparity between social classes(CEPAL, 2003), ethnic and religious groups (Oswald,2004), urban and rural areas (CEPAL, 2003), butespecially gender- based discrimination (UNFEM,2003, CEPAL, 2003). Multilateral organizations (WorldBank: WB, IMF, UNDP, UNESCO) in charge offinances, development tools, debts and debt servicingestablished the Millenium Goals in order to reduce thegaps between the four worlds (Nuscheler, 1995,Senghaas, 2003), and mitigate within countrydisparities (CEPAL, 2004, Galtung, 1972; Senghaas,1972, Sen, Nussbaumer, 2002).

UN MILLENIUM GOALS

• The core Proposals consist in 8 objectivesand 18 concrete goals: reducing extremepoverty (less than a dollar PPP per day),reduction of infant malnutrition rates,halving infant mortality by the year 2015;and complementary actions such asgender equality, alphabetization,education, and health improvements (UN,2000).

Methodology for Evaluating UN Millenium Goals by CEPAL

• Poverty is a complex social and economic phenomenon (CEPAL), it isculturally conditioned.

• Poverty contains “a nucleus of despotic irreducible character” (A. Sen,1983).

• “Poverty is defined as a global value of income shortfall”. To reduce “poverty,it is necessary to combine the economic growth with the reduction of incomegap inside and between countries, alphabetization, school efficiency, health,poverty alleviation programs, employment, productivity, gender equity,overcoming hunger thanks to access to full basic food basket, increase offamily monetary income, number of family members, rural-urban area andhuman capital” (CEPAL, 2004:16-23). CEPAL includes also other meansdefined by Forster, Greer & Thorbecke.

• The “isopoverty model” shows that reduction of internal gaps and economicgrowth are important. For instance, Brazil should reduce extreme povertyfrom 4% to 2%, but would require 86% of economic growth to do it- 4%/ year,equivalent growth of the last 20 years- or 48 years within the presentconditions. In order to reduce in 7 years to a half extreme poverty, Gini indexshould be reduced by 2.5 (p.37).

• In present conditions, only seven of 18 countries in LA will achieve MilleniumGoals: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Panama,Uruguay. Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela have to change theirpolicies and Bolivia and San Salvador have severe problems-.

GLOBALISATION AND INTEGRATED HUMAN SECURITY

• New threats to global and personal security, linked to 11-9 and 11-3 terroristacts, give scientists and peace researchers a renewed opportunity to thinkabout the importance of development processes and human security.

• Nevertheless, the development paradigm is becoming more complex (Küng,2003).

• It is being homogenized by a process of globalization, characterized byinstant world communications (Castells, 2002, Habermas, 2001), financialflows (Mesiasz, 2003), and an increasing trade interdependence (Solis andDiaz, 2004), controlled by multinationals enterprises (Kaplan, 2002).

• Free market ideology, private competition, deregulation and increasingprivatization processes and enterprise mergers (WB, IMF, G-7), linked to ashrinking state intervention, are the new “growth motors” championed bymultinational enterprises and multilateral organism of Bretton Woods.

• The mortgage of this economic model of late capitalism (Habermas, 2000,Saxe Fernández, Oswald, 2003), which concentrates income and wealththrough unemployment -excluding youth and elders from the labour market-is politically and military supported by a superpower, its allies, and economicelites in the developing countries. Military superiority, and an increasinghomogenized culture is based on consumerism and mass mediamanipulation (Castells, op.cit.).

NEW GLOBAL CONFLICT FOCI

• The proposed growth model has createdfour main conflict foci:

• poverty, marginalization and exclusion;• militarism and physical violence;• gender, indigenous and minority

discrimination;• environmental destruction and natural

resource depletion.

Source: World Ressource Institute, 2004,internet

2.523.03.595.183.71.31.83.94.6World

2.01.65--30.4---Black Africa

3.120.875.464.7234.237.16.5S. America

2.91---3.95.1---Arab Count.

1.54---3.40.3---Europe

4.463.5710.355.595.252.15.82.9Third World

2.08---3.40.6---First World

2.824.694.498.463.93.73.54.57.4Asia

91-200081-9071-8061-7020001991198119711961 

WORLD GNP GROWTH (US$ OF THE YEAR 2000) 

2343.10066316174  0.8Indonesia

4519.40093112515  11S. Korea

1827.6001.34011715  4Brazil

1449.3001.35010252  2Russia

1.0492.5402.6605510  0.5India

4020.700828156510.651.916Spain

1049.000900145781.622.062Mexico

3229.400923137600.512.324Canada

5725.0001.44091.260.953.522Italy

1.2874.4005.70031.32920.843.71China

6025.7001.54071.5430.974.226France

6025.3001.52081.5440.994.626 UK

8226.6002.18062.2421.366.027Germany

12728.0003.55049.8522.0913.438Japan

29037.60010.400210.5334.6532.938USA

37928.60010.840     EU

Million BILLION BILLIONPUPULAT. WORLDCAPITA 

POPUL.PPP/CAPPPPRANKGNP% WORLDGNP %GNP 

Source: World Ressource Institute, 2004, internet

1.1Italy

1.4FranceSource: World Resource Institute (2004)

1.9Germany

1.4UK0.4Ecuador

1.4Rusia0.7Cuba

0.14Panama1.8Venezuela

0.09Honduras0.88Peru

0.1Paraguay4.6Argentina

0.11Dominican Rep.2.1Chile

0.37Uruguay5.5Mexico

0.15Guatemala2.4Colombia

0.18El Salvador8.2Canada

0.37Nicaragua18.0Brasil

0.82Bolivia340.0USA

MILITARY BUDGET IN BILLION US $

2.97 5.32

14.1 18.1

4 17.7

8.18 10.1

12.2 16.2

2.51 4.57

2.31

0 10 20 30 40

Europe

Asia

Africa

Noth America

South America

Oceania

Antarctic

DRAININGOFF

EVAPORATION

Precipitation, Evaporation and Raining of by Regions

Source: GEO-3, 2002

2,011India2,550UAE24.000Nigeria

2,040France2,749Canada26.941Mexico

2,048Canada3,137Venezuela29.500Lybia

2,123Brazil3,297China48.573Russia

2,126S. Korea3,408Norway77.685Venezuela

2,531Russia3,560Mexico89.700Iran

2,814Germany3,775Iran96.500Kuwait

4,854China7,014Russia97.800UAE

5,423Japan8,091USA112.500Irak

19,993USA8,528South Africa261.750Saudia Arabia

mio barrels/daymio barrels/day01/01/2002

ConsumptionProductionReserves: Million barrels

OIL: Reserves, Production and Consumption

OIL Reserves, Production and Consumption(continuation)

Source: W.Res. Inst.,2004,

28.460Annual28.180Annual 

 

75,98875,226 1,032,132World

.846Taiwan.825Argentina5.000Indonesia

.879Australia.964Oman5.412Argelia

.881Netherland1,384Indonesia5.417Kazakastan

1,063Indonesia1,427Lybia5.506Oman

1,109Iran1,486Algeria8.465Brazil

1,415South Africa1,589Brazil9.200Argelia

1,465Spain1,838Kuwait9.947Norway

1,699UK2,223Nigeria15.207Quatar

1,881Italy2,377Iraq22.045USA

1,932Mexico2,540UK24.000China

Oil

Gas

Hyd

ro

Oth

ers 1973

1999

35%

23,50%

20,70%

11,10%

2,30% 6,80%

0,50%

45%

24.90%

16.20%

11.10%

1.80%0.90%

0.10%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

Sources of Energy Suppy

1973 1999

Source: Worldwatch Institute, 2002

HUMAN SECURITY

• “Protection from the threat of disease, hunger,unemployment, crime, social conflict, politicalrepression and environmental hazards” (UNDP: 23).

• The Canadian and Norwegian governments as thenew foreign policy and Weltanschauung, and asalternative to arms races or military confrontation,originally promoted Human Security. Military ideologywas substituted by progressive attitudes such asrespect for human rights, international human laws,refugee protection, promotion of humanitarian aid incase of natural catastrophes and wars, developmentbased on gender and social equity, and culturaldiversity with religious freedom.

HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY• Brauch (2003: 56-59) thoroughly revised the UNDP approach

and linked it to environmental security. Faced with themounting threat of global environmental changes, threeresearch phases on human and environmental security andpeace were developed.• Firstly, the impact of wars and the military outlook on the environment

were revised.• Secondly, resources scarcity and conflicts it generates were explored.• Thirdly, conceptual and empirical conflict resolution models were

developed.

• The interactions among climate change, soil erosion,agriculture, hydrological cycles, with urbanisation andpopulation growth were established. In a survival hexagon,Brauch revised the long-term structural input factors; themedium and short term political processes; and the short,medium and long-term outcomes, where state, economy andsociety have to take decisions in order to prevent, mitigate orhandle disasters, crises or conflicts (Brauch, op cit: 35-143).

HUGE: HUMAN, GENDER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY

 Source: Úrsula Oswald, 2003

Churches, Elites)    

(Governments,    

Institutions Minorities  

TotalitarianIdentityIndigenousSecurity 

PatriarchyEqualityGender relationsGenderTrans-radical

     

   Source: Bjørn Møller, 2003:279

   Security 

(Humankind)SustainabilityEcosystemEnvironmentalUltra-radical

Nature    

GlobalisationQuality of Life(Humankind)  

The StateSurvivalIndividualsHuman SecurityRadical

Alien culture    

Migrants    

NationsIdentitySocietal Groups  

(States)National UnityNationsSocietal SecurityIncremental

(Substate actors)Territorial Integrity   

Other StatesSovereigntyThe StateNational SecurityNo expansion

Sources of threatValues at riskReference object  

 Mode of Expans.DenominationDegree of expans.

GENDER SECURITY

• Developing Møller’s, approach, the followinglines deepen into a trans-radical approach,accounting for gender security guarantees.Relations including gender, indigenous andminority status are the reference model, andequity and identity (E. Serrano, 2004) are thevalues at risk. The source of threat comes firstfrom a patriarchal order, characterised bytotalitarian institutions, such as authoritariangovernments, churches and elites.

PATRIARCHYPatriarchy can be understood as a “hypothetical

social system based on the absolute authorityof the father or an elderly male over the familygroup. Inspired by classical Darwinism LewisHenry Moran and Henry Maine envisionedcultures as having developed throughevolutionary stages, one of which waspatriarchy….Later anthropologists weresceptical of such evolutionary schemes, andethnographers found absolute male authority tobe rare even in societies with patrilineal decentsystems” (Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 6: 200).

• Old theories on state and society (Plato and Aristotle) focussed in thecharacter of families in pre-state (patriarchy), or the significance of the familyas a specific cell of the state and society.

• Compte and Fustel de Colange sustained this viewpoint and claimed thatthe composition of states and societies sprang from individual families andstill represented some variants of precarious natural laws. Their analysesnever answered the questions regarding the transference of the “patriapotestas” to a wider net of state and society, where the contractual rights ofsociety and power had to be defined.

• Bachofen (1861) unveiled “mother rights”, questioning the primacy ofpatriarchy. However, “mother rights” were initially linked to natural biologicallaws, and religious taboos.

• Sir Henry Sumner Maine analysed multiple forms of patriarchy, all of themlinked to constructivism.

• Friedrich Engels related the origins of the family to private propriety and theState, but took for granted the division of labour between women(domesticated wives, carers, and mothers) and men (breadwinners).

• Anthropologists and archeologists dismissed this traditional role division andresearched the matriarchal family organization from native cultures.

• Marcel Mauss described the circulation of women as well as the circulationof other goods, establishing an economic relation of reciprocal interchange,and from her fieldwork experience in Samoa, Margaret Mead alsoscrutinized the biological role given to maternity and paternity.

• Feminist studies stress “that feminine and masculineidentity(ies) must be constructed and should beunderstood as cultural achievements” (Moore, 1994:42).

• Lacan argues that the constellation of “self” has noessential attributes and is bound up within the world ofimages and representations; contextualized in animportant system of meaning and signification thatforge “subjectivities”. In this sense, patriarchyrepresents the deepest ideology of an occidentalsystem of domination where for thousands of years asocial division of labour subjected women, sanctionedby a specific social, cultural and legal system (e.g.Pateman, 1989).

LINKS OF FEMINSIM• Feminists, from the beginning of the last century onwards,

started to promote, first women’s right to vote and later, genderequality and equal participation in society, politics, culture andthe economy[1]. They linked existing patriarchal structures(Mies, 1998; Bennholdt-Thomsen, 1999; von Werlhof, 1988,1996) with violence (Oswald) and war (Reardon), domination(Young), power (Shiva, Bartky), classism (MacKinnon, Abel),racism (Cresnhaw), conflicts (Butler), (hetero)-sexism (Calhoun,Littleton, Ferguson, Greer), democracy (Mouffe), science(Haraway), moral (Held, Card, Benhabib), identity (E. Serrano,2004), culture (Williams), and naturism (Warren, Plumwood,Wan Ho, Shiva, Mies).

•[1] Undoubtedly, the processes of political transformation were particularlyadverse to women. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) became a ferventdefender of feminine emancipation. At her college in Islington,contemporary thinkers were criticized, including Rousseau and Burke. Herpublications such as “A Vindication of Women’s Rights” have been basic tothe subsequent suffrage movements led by Elisabeth Cady Stanton andSusan B. Anthony. Current feminist struggles unveiled new aspects,particularly its relation with globalization and patriarchy.

GENDER INEQUITY

50.3%

113%67% 68% 70% 41% 36% 12%

IlliterateAdults

1,000 millon

No Accesto Education300 millon

ExtremePoor

% of allHVI

Infected

SecondarySchoolAcces

Seatsin

Parlament

Burden of workin Developing

Countries (% of male work)

Women Worlwide

Source: UNFPA, 2 000 and UNAIDS, 200090% maternal deaths ocurr in developing countries: 500,000 per year

WomenMen

GENDER AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION• Abolition of genital mutilation In Ghana, Djibouti,

Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Togo, Tanzania andSenegal

• Brazil accepts sterilization of people over 25 or withtwo children

• Abolition of women trafficking in Cuba, Green Cape,Thailand, Tanzania and Vietnam

• Abolition of discrimination based on child birth orpregnancy in Chile, Cyprus, Sudan and Zambia

• Higher gender equity requires legal changes, decidedpolicies and daily practices.

GENDER VIOLENCE AND SEXUALITY• From 20 million abortions, 78 thousand women

die/ year• 80 million undesired pregnancies/ year• 2 millions women affected by HIV/AIDS in

Africa• Each third women is beaten in the world• 60 million of girls do not live because of

abortion, infanticide or negligence• 2 million girls enter the sex trade• 130 million girls suffer genital mutilation• 4 million girls are sold/year for marriage, slave

and prostitutionSource: UNFPA, 2003

FEMINIZATION OF AGRICULTURE• Women in poor countries produce between 60 and 80%

of food and half of world food• In México, only 17% of women has a right to land• In Africa women generate (FAO, 2002):

– 33% labour force– 70% agricultural journeys– 60-80% subsistence production– 100% of food transformation– 80% de storage of food– 90% of weave and spin– 60% of storage and market activities– 2% of propriety rights or use of land rights

ECOFEMINISM• Related to the proposals of the Club of Rome, and later to the sustainable

development concept following the Brundlandt Report, feminists haveelucidated the existing links between the domination and discrimination ofwomen, minorities (indigenous, Roma), children and elders, as well as thedestruction of the natural world; both obey to the exercise of dominantpatriarchal power.

• The theoretical birth of ecofeminism was a logical consequence of this typeof analyses and from the start, it embraced a variety of approaches. Itscomplex cultural critique shows that requirements are multifaceted.

• The involvement of theoreticians and activists from the North and the Southinduced a transgressive process, which was multilocated. Varied anddecentralized political processes related to political activism and scientificreflection, offered a bride alliance with the upcoming movements ofaltermundism and the World Social Forum.

• Margret Thatchers “TINA: there is no alternative” was supplied by “TIAA:there is an alternative” (Mies, 1998). In fact, “there are many alternativesTAMA”, in plural (E. Serrano, 2004).

• The agenda has changed across space and time, but from the beginningonwards a serious analysis investigated the effects produced by newtechnologies and scientific advances such as genetically modified organisms,clonation, nanotechnology, internet and communication, cyberterrorism andgenetic medicines, especially the way they affect women (Diverse Womenfor Diversity).

A Feminist Critique of the Human Security• The Human, Gender and Environmental Security concept is also

result of a historical process of development (for in depth referencefor human security see Brauch et al., 2003). It responds to certainpolitical demands, but it brought up and articulated other securityconcepts.

• Atvater (2004) claims that the UNDP concept is based onuniversal conceptions of sovereignty (Oswald, 2003; Syse, 2000;Kaplan, 2003), normally satisfied by the nation-state structure(Shurke, 1999) and the provision of public goods (UNDP, 2003,Martínez, 2003, Tello, 2003).

• However, as the process of globalisation deepens and basic publicservices such as schools, health, water supply, social security andpensions are supplied by private, normally multinationalenterprises (Public-Private-Partnership, WB, 2004: ChamdessusProposal), classical risks such as war or internal conflicts areplayed down by the UNDP’s human security concept.

• Instead of consolidating social justice, prime purpose of universaland indivisible human rights incorporated in the respective UN-Conventions, Altvater and Mahnkopf argue “that talking abouthuman security is in fact part of an ever more widespread processof informalization causing uncertainty, insecurity, defencelessnessand vulnerability” (2002: 28).

Basic HumanRights : Life

Health

Food

Shelder

Education

SexEmployment

Sustainable environment

Free PrehisionsExpression

NonviolentConflict

Resolution

Basic HumanRights: Life

Health

Food

Shelder

Education

SexEmployment

Sustainable environment

Free PrehisionsExpression

NonviolentConflict

Resolution

EquityEquity

SustainabilitySustainability

JusticeJustice

DemocracyDemocracy

VulnerabilityVulnerability

RisksRisks

PeacePeaceBiodiversityBiodiversity

ConflictConflict & &ChangesChanges

DeterminantsDeterminantsBasic HumanBasic Human Rights: Life Rights: Life

ShelterShelterShelterShelter

Free PersonalFree PersonalExpressionExpression

Archaeomythology

• A multidisciplinary approach permitted to challenge thepatriarchal bids from different angles and overcome theclassical exclusivist dualistic hierarchies, such as good-bad,male-female, scientific-popular, characteristic of occidentalthinking.

• The inclusion of cultural elements, such as sacred and religiousbeliefs including goddesses and gods, linked ecofeminism tothe archaeomythologists. Systematic archaeological work hasshown how throughout history matriarchal organizations wererarely militaristic societies before the Indo-Aryan invasion ofEurope and the consolidation of stratified societies inMesoamerica and Asia. People lived normally in small villages,surrounded by sacred places (Stonehenge, the temples ofMalta, pyramid structures and the Temazcal ritual place, wherethe uterus-like construction brought security, health andcommunity life to traditional societies).

• As bigger cities were established, patriarchal structuresdisplaced local organization. Militaristic sky gods replaced earthgoddesses and gods, as the ancient symbols of power. TheEarth was linked with evil, hell and suffering whilst paradisewas elevated to the skies.

• Male gods killed female and animal deities and Eve or thesnake symbolized evil and human expulsion of earthly paradise.These mythological transformations gave rise to newideological and religious projections, which were studied by“Deep Ecofeminism”.

• “Dao” (the way) in Chinese society means harmony as highestsocietal goal, exemplified by the physical world with itsperennial rhythm of the four seasons. The harmony withinhuman society starts with “Ren”, the highest virtue of humanbeings in the sense of inner excellence, follows three basicrelationships. It is cultivated within the family, “then between thehuman and physical world and nature, and finally, the humanand physical world. A world of harmony where human society isfree from war, crime, and all extreme forms of human conflict”(Watkin-Kolb and Qing Chao, 2000: 46).

• This oriental outlook and its moral principlesdeeply question patriarchal social systems,reflected in the advances of a scientificknowledge where the “Fathers of Knowledge”have proposed the scientific revolution todominate humans and nature (Francis Bacon),as well as the ongoing processes ofexclusionary globalization and international“competition”.

• Both bring the world to an overexploitation ofnatural resources and a concentration of wealthin the hands of a minuscule elite, exacerbatingthe depauperation of the remaining worldcitizens.

• The inclusive frame of ecofeminsm has attracted also severalsocial movements, such as peace researchers, antimilitarists,antinuclear movements and established a global ecologicalsisterhood. However, these approaches were criticized anddenounced as essentialising women with nature. In addition,the greater interconnection due to globalisation brought acritique from the South to the western development model andthinking. The occidental mechanistic approach has beenenriched by women from Africa, who insist in processes ofracism, involving ecofeminists and white women domination, innumber as well as in the theoretical discussions andrepresentation of new ideas. From the South “Afrocentricecowomanism” opened the doors to a natural alliance withecoindigenism, and in Latin America, the dependence and“machismo” theories linked to existing class structure withracism and colonialism - all of them interconnected processesof oppression and exploitation of human beings and nature.

• “There are a number of people who interpret the end of theEast-West confrontation as not only signalling the end of allsocialist dreams and utopias, but also of all universalideology based on a universal concept of human beings andtheir relation to nature and other human beings (Bell,Fukuyama). These ideologies have been ’deconstructed’ asbeing eurocentric, egocentric and –according to somefeminists- androcentric, and materialist.” (Mies and Shiva,1993: 11).

• The deeper links of ecofeminsm and female discriminationhave been also confronted by Edwards Albeys eco-machoapproach.

• Several social groups developed a legal base to protectanimal rights together with human and gender rights. Aspecial campaign criticised livestock, meat, chicken, fish andseafood production modes, promoted by industries especiallyin the USA and Europe, which are increasingly imposed bymultinational enterprises in Southern countries.

PATRIARCHY AND DEVELOPMENT• Patriarchal structures have been affected by the

multidisciplinary, decentralized and integrative approach ofecofeminism.

• The UN together with the World Bank decided to clarify intheory and practice the “pay off” from all improvementsconcerning women. Diverse studies in the Third World broughtup very interesting results. Girls education in Arab countriesraised the GDP per annum in these countries by an average of1% (World, Bank, 2004), compared with neighbour stateswhere such policies were not implemented.

• However, there exist further complementary benefits: aneducated woman has healthier children, better nourishedfamilies, lower birth rate, less infant mortality and morbidity andfewer years of childbearing, because she gets married older. Ineconomic terms, FAO, World Bank and regional developmentbanks proved the boost in agricultural productivity, afeminization of agriculture and the development of humancapital, with trained and educated women.

• The control of women over resources gives profits to the whole community,since women invest more in family wellbeing. In politics, women benefitdemocratic structures and invest more in development and infrastructure ofbasic needs, instead of public “white elephants”. An interesting process ofmodernization process is occurring in Turkey, where women have beenpromoted in government, confronting religious and cultural taboos. Thiscountry was the first in the world to appoint a female minister to the SupremeCourt (O. Serrano, 2004).

• Facing increasing unemployment, small enterprises and microcreditsalleviate poverty and 80% of microborrowers are women. The income goesdirectly to their families improving overall life styles, facing increasingunemployment, small enterprises and microcredits alleviate poverty and 80%of microborrowers are women.

• The UN also visibilized the role of women in peacekeeping. A special studygroup gave the Secretary General new suggestions for including femaleelements in both the missions of the Security Council, as well as in specialpeace missions.

• However, there are still deep differences between Arab states. For examplein Afghanistan, after the war generated by USA, where warlords still fightswith arms and repression against women’s rights.

• The USA has not ratified the Convention to Eliminate Discrimination againstWomen (CEDAW), effectuated by other 175 countries.

• Saudi Arabia has still a special moral police to patrol and enforcediscrimination against women and in a recent accident dozens of girls werekilled by fire, as the police did not allow them to leave the burning buildingwithout being “properly dressed”.

Macro (Global )Environment

Superpower

Conflict Mediation Management

World Trade

Developing Context

Free Maricet

Science andTechnology

Mass Media

Sovereinty and its Articulation

Global Financial System

War

MultinationalEnterprises

MigrationDisplacement

Multilateralim

Terrorism,Crime

Cultural Diversity

Individual andPersonal

Goals

BasicNeeds

EducationSkills

Wellaing,Leisure

Socialization

SocialOrganization

IndividuationProcesses

Family

MicroEnvironment

Poverty

IntrafamiliarIntracommunity

Conflicts

Migration

Social Secutityand Welfare

Nation State

Family , Hanseholdsand Coummunity

Relations

WealthDisparities

Human Development

Gender Relations

Employment

Página 1

HUMAN SECURITY IN LATE MODERN SOCIETY DEEP INTERNALISED OCCIDENTAL VALUES, STATE CIVILIZATORY PROCESSES ANDCOLONIALISM ETNOCENTRISM, INDUSTRIALIZATION, AGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION (GLOCALISATION )

Deep internalised values , Humankind , Beliefs, Habits, Gender Distinction , Rules, Costums

Militarism,

Basic HumanRights : Life

Determinants

Private Propiety , State of Law, Division of Powers, Democracy

HUMAN, GENDER & ENVIRONMENTAL

SECURITY

Health

Food

Shelder

Education

SexEmployment

Sustainable enviroment

Free PrehisionsExpression

NonviolentConflict

Resolution

Equity

Sustainability

Justice

Democracy

Vulnerability

Risk

Peace

Diversity

Conflict and Change

Macro (Global )Environment

Superpower

Conflict Mediation Management

World Trade

Developing Context

Free Maricet

Science andTechnology

Mass Media

Sovereignty and its Articulation

Global Financial System

War

MultinationalEnterprises

MigrationDisplacement

Multilateralism

Terrorism,Crime

Cultural Diversity

Free-Free-MarketMarket

MicroEnvironment

Poverty

IntrafamiliarIntracommunity

Conflicts

Migration

Social Secutityand Welfare

Nation State

Family, Hanseholdsand Coummunity

Relations

WealthDisparities

Human Development

Gender Relations

Employment

Individual andPersonal

Goals

BasicNeeds

EducationSkills

Wellaing,Leisure

Socialization

SocialOrganization

IndividuationProcesses

Family

WellbeingWellbeing

Macro (Global )Environment

Superpower

Conflict Mediation Management

World Trade

Developing Context

Free Maricet

Science andTechnology

Mass Media

Sovereignty and its Articulation

Global Financial System

War

MultinationalEnterprises

MigrationDisplacement

Multilateralism

Terrorism,Crime

Cultural Diversity

Individual andPersonal

Goals

BasicNeeds

EducationSkills

Wellaing,Leisure

Socialization

SocialOrganization

IndividuationProcesses

Family

MicroEnvironment

Poverty

IntrafamiliarIntracommunity

Conflicts

Migration

Social Secutityand Welfare

Nation State

Family , Hanseholdsand Coummunity

Relations

WealthDisparities

Human Development

Gender Relations

Employment

HUMAN, GENDER & ENVIRONMENTAL

SECURITY

NEW THREATHS IN THE XXI CENTURY

• Water scarcity, pollution and disasters• Engery supply and resource conflicts• Terrorism, warlords, AMD• Human conflicts: poverty, crime,

discrimination, massive migration

EMERGENCE & CONTEXT OF IPRA• In 1962, WILPF established a Consultative Commission on peace

research.• The IPR Newsletter appeared the following year, and a preliminary

meeting was held in Switzerland.• In 1964 the international Peace Research Association (IPRA) was

founded in London and in 1965, Holland organized its first internationalmeeting in Gröningen (see chart 6).

• The fact that Norwegians Elise and Kenneth Boulding took residence inthe USA gave IPRA the chance to coordinate research in bothhemispheres.

• New peace study institutes in Sweden (SIPRI), Denmark (COPRI), andFinland (TAPRI) consolidated peace research in Northern Europe,actively supported by the Polemic Institute in Holland.

• The constitution of the European Peace Research Association (EUPRA)and the North American COPRED meant IPRA could count withsubregional associations and activities.

• In 1972, IPRA organized its first congress in India, a Third World countrywhere much learning from active nonviolent movements took place.

• During the seventies, peace educators joined peace researchers inIPRA and in the eighties, peace movements generated the third pillar ofthe organization.

IPRA’s Learning Process• The global world order reflects tensions: where old conflicts, such as the Palestinian-

Israeli, Indian-Pakistani, China-Taiwan, or African ethnic confrontations, are linked tonew threats and to conflicts over natural resources.

• This complex situation is reinforced by structural violence such as poverty,abandoned children, marginalization, women’s discrimination, torture, extrajudicialexecutions, illegal judicial processes and human rights violations.

• With the end of Cold War world geopolitics changed, Germany was reunified and theSoviet Union disintegrated. A failed attempt at rapid political and economicdemocratization (Perestroika and Glasnost), characterized obsolete productivesystems, extensive bureaucracies, corruption, centralization of government in thesoviet capital, systematic repression of dissidents and independence wars inAfghanistan and Chechnya, submerged the URSS in a systemic crisis.

• Fifteen independent republics divided the former Soviet Union, although Russia stillkept the biggest arsenal of arms and natural resources. However, the reconstructionsof its economy, linked to corruption in the privatization processes of almost all naturalresources, have limited the future of the former superpower. The speed of itsdisintegration surprised political analysts and extended to formerly implicatedcommunist countries (Korea, Cuba, Angola).

• China has reoriented its economy to market forces in a kind of “social capitalism”with high industrial growth rates and low agricultural ones. Predictions show that itwill soon become an economic power (The Econonomist, 2004), the question is whatwill happen with its geopolitical interests?

• Korea marched united in the Olympic games recently celebrated in Athens. Can thispresent collaboration overcome one of the most conflictive partition war-process andunite this ancestral culture?

IPRA’s Lessons Learnt• Convinced of the importance of forging equilibrium, IPRA has tenaciously

cared for gender balance. There is not only a special commission onWomen and Peace, but in all public events and plenary sessions, genderequilibrium is promoted. This prority has opened IPRA to new ideas andprovided the organization with direct opportunities to deal with internalconflicts in a nonviolent way. However, there was in IPRA’s history onlyone female Secretary General, Elise Boulding, who received theUNESCO peace price in the year 2000. In the year 2001, it was given toBetty Reardon, another brilliant female peace researcher and educator,together with the Peace and Education Commission.

• The rigorous analyses inside of several Study Groups bring new ideasand scientific reflection not only to IPRA, but also to governments andinternational organizations. Several study groups have formedinternational collaboration, webs and published their results.

• IPRA also cares about regional equilibrium and South and North arerepresented in a respectful dialogue where both hemisphere areenriched with new ideas.

• The international recognition of peace research and education insideIPRA is reinforcing ongoing efforts, inject new enthusiasm to analyze theincreasingly complex geopolitical situation in the world and its growingtensions in multiple specific fields.

South- North Dialogue in IPRA• Southern regional associations have enriched IPRA with

valuable empirical peace and conflict resolution materials,opening the door for intercultural exchange and deepeningtheoretical reflections.

• From Latin America dependency theories emerged, brilliantlytransformed into structural imperialism and the center-peripheryapproach by Senghaas and Galtung.

• Asia contributed with the nonviolence and ahimsa experiences,systematized by Peig and Harvard and transformed into peaceeducation and non-violence.

• The peaceful transition from the Apartheid regime and its brutalapparatus of repression to a democracy in the rainbow nationwas crucial for future peace efforts in Latin America (e.g. ElSalvador, Nicaragua and Guatemala) and Asia (India-Pakistan,Tamil Tigers and several internal conflicts).

• The reconciliation processes between victimizers and victimscreated models of multidimensional integration and “TruthCommissions”, promoting deep democratization processes.

IPRA in Latin America, Asia and Africa• In 1977, IPRA came to Mexico for its international congress. This country

had accepted refugees from almost all Latin American countries,expelled by repressive military dictatorships. With more than 120 Latinospresent, the Latin American Council of Peace Research (CLAIP) wascreated.

• CLAIP activities were basically linked to the democratization processesoccurring in Latin American nations and to international denunciation oftorture, human right infractions, massacres and disappearances of socialand political leaders. Slowly, during the eighties and nineties, theseresearchers returned to their countries now ruled by democraticallyelected governments, bringing peace messages with them.

• The positive experience of CLAIP, given its links with universities in thesubcontinent and social movements, induced the establishment of theAsian Peace Research Association. The highly conflictive situation inAfrica also stimulated the creation of an African Peace ResearchAssociation.

• In 1998, the international congress was held in Durban, South Africa, inorder to learn from the peaceful transition processes led by NelsonMandela. His Pan-African Leadership involved multiple peace efforts andreconciliation processes between historically divided ethnic groups andstruggling clans.

8.233.227.323.815.72002 

8.636.625.122.515.81989Mexico

4.339.427.621.711.32002 

4.343.127.019.710.11990Honduras

6.836.826.821.714.22002 

6.040.626.819.711.81989Guatemala

6.733.328.722.213.42001 

6.232.926.920.915.41995El Salvador

6.734.326.024.315.42002 

5.530.527.025.417.11990Ecuador

11.730.229.725.614.52002 

9.525.630.227.416.71990Costa Rica

7.239.126.822.211.92002 

8.441.826.921.310.01994Colombia

13.640.325.120.813.82000 

9.440.725.420.813.21990Chile

11.046.825.617.510.22001 

9.343.928.018.69.51990Brasil

6.141.028.321.39.52002 

7.738.227.922.012.11989Bolivia

8.142.125.319.313.42002 

10.634.826.723.614.91990Argentina

richest10%

10%wealtiest

20% beforeFollowing30% ofpoor

40% ofpoorest

Average ofIncome

Participation of total income

YearsCountry

Democracy in LA: % of Agreement:Democracy is preferable to any kind of regime?

     

na65Na75naDominican Repub.

-2039404559Paraguay

-2039516359Nicaragua

-1945505664Bolivia

-1845525763Peru

-1635334551Guatemala

-1367777780Costa Rica

-1164515575Panama

-946463960Colombia

-941353750Brazil

-764686571Argentina

-650454056El Salvador

-646464952Ecuador

-278787880Uruguay

053536343Mexico

357515054Chile

446555742Honduras

1274677562Venezuela

19962004200320021996

Source: Latinbarómetro, 2004

Confidence in Institutions in LatinAmerica (as %)

020406080

100

Church

Military

Presid

ent

Telev

ision

Police

Judic

iary

Congre

ss

Politica

l part

ies

1996*

2003

2004

Source: Latinbarómetro, 2004

CommercializationCommercializationPublicPublic EquipmentEquipment

SovereigntySovereignty

IPRA’s Future Perspectives• IPRA and its regional associations has a large research field of activities.• New challenges to peace education, a growing field to analyze and an

invaluable momentum to participate in worldwide peace activism.• Conflicts are motors of social change and development (Gluckman,

1965), when narrowly oriented towards personal ambitions andgeopolitical interests, mismanaged conflict and change dynamics candestroy the entire world order.

• Physical and structural violence is inherent in the highly competitive free-market system and its present laws of globalization. Socialist utopiaswere destroyed by a repressive and bureaucratic failed communistregime.

• Which utopia is left to develop ethic principles, communitarianresponsibility and environmentally sustainable development processes,in order to induce a “posmodern democracy of consensus”(Oswald,2004), with equity, real citizen representation and life quality?

• The past history of wars, domination and destruction brought poverty anddeath; will the emerging civilization guarantee diverse, just, equitable andsustainable coexistence with special care of vulnerability?

• Such is the challenge for peace researchers, educators and activists,and IPRA has to renovate its effort to find concrete answers to it.

ROLE OF IPRA IN ITS 40 ANNIVERSARY

• Peace Research: new methodologies forconflict resolution, multidisciplinary-multicultural security conceptions

• Peace Education: didactic, age sensitivepeace training with mass media withinmulticultural contexts

• Peace Movements: analyses and participationin nonviolent peace mobilizations forconsciousness raising and public awarnessraising.