IoT Technology Day

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Agenda

ı Emerging wireless technologies for IoT

ı WLAN, Bluetooth

ı ZigBee today and tomorrow

ı LP-WAN technologies Sigfox, LoRA

ı Testing aspects in IoT

ı RF parametric tests – Tx and Rx measurements

ı Over the Air (OTA)

ı Interference and Co-existence

ı Conformance and Carrier Acceptance tests

ı Effectiveness of accurate measurement in production environment

ı Latest Trends - Multi Device testing

ı Complete Turnkey Solution

Technologies for diverse IoT application,

but no single technology for every use case

Data Rate

Smart Cities Smart Homes

Wearables Automotive

Ran

geCellular

(2G/3G/4G/5G)

NFC

ZigBee

Thread

Z-Wave

WI-SUN

802.11 ahWi-Fi

802.11 a/b/g/n

(802.11ac/ax)

Sigfox

LoRa

Weightless

NB-IoT

eMTC

ANT+

Bluetooth

WiFi, a main enabling technology for the IoT

ah

af

TVWS; 6,7,8 MHz

<1GHz; 1,2, (4,8,16) MHz

ad

60 GHz; 2.16 GHz; Beamsaj

50-60 GHz; 1.08 GHz; Beams

Room/Desk Area Network

M2M& IoTNetworks

ac1 ac2

5 GHz; 80MHz; SU-MIMO 5 GHz; 160MHz; MU-MIMO

Home/OfficeNetworks

p

5.9 GHz; 10MHz

Vehicle Networks

ax

ay

60 GHz; 8.64 GHz; Beams

1….6 GHz; 160MHz; OFDMA, MU-MIMO

Wi-Fi is used for several IoT applications, especially

in smart home and smart office environment today802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n

Frequency 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4/5GHz

Channel bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz, 40 MHz

Spatial streams 1 1 1 1,2,3,4

Max. Data rate 54 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps 600 Mbps

MAC CSMA/CA CSMA/CA CSMA/CA CSMA/CA

System OFDM DSSS OFDM, DSSS OFDM, OFDMA

Duplex TDD TDD TDD TDD

Max. Power

(typ.)

1 W

(100 mW)

1 W

(100 mW)

1 W

(100 mW)

1 W

(100 mW)

Modulation BPSK, QPSK,

16QAM, 64QAM

CCK CCK, BPSK, QPSK,

16QAM, 64QAM

BPSK, QPSK,

16QAM, 64QAM

WLAN signaling to emulate a WLAN network

R&S®CMW500/270

The all-in-one test platform

• WLAN Signaling functions to emulate access point (AP) or station (STA) functionalities

• Packet generation (e.g. Ping)

• Online message tracing

• End-to-end data applications

• Support of offloading scenarios

Access Point Emulation BSS Station Emulation

IBSS Station Emulation

ad hoc network

WiFi Direct Emulation

Group owner emulation

AP STA

STAGO

(group owner)

802.11 a/b/g/n/ac 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac

802.11 a/b/g/n /ac* 802.11 a/b/g/n /ac*

APSTA

STA client

Wi-Fi HaLow„New technology will extend Wi-Fi® solutions for the Internet of Things” Wi-Fi Alliance (Jan.2016)

Sensor Networks WearablesHome Security Range extension Smart Metering

Long range operation

Large number of devices per access point

Low power consumption

High throughput compared to e.g. ZigBee

Greenfield operation

802.11ah - Wi-Fi HaLow - scalable - long range - low power 802.11ah PHY Layer

ı Operates in sub 1 GHz license-exempt bands

ı Essentially 10-times down-clocked version of 802.11ac (max. data rate 340 Mbps)

ı Defines 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz channels and a 1 MHz channel for extended coverage

ı For ≥ 2 MHz modes, the PHY layer is exactly designed based on 10 times down-clocking of 802.11ac’s PHY layer: techniques like OFDM, MIMO, DL MU-MIMO, MCSs have been adopted

ı 1 MHz channel supports additional scheme for extend transmission range by 2x symbol repetition (MCS10)

802.11ah MAC Layer

ı Support large number of stations ( 8191) by introducing an hierarchical AID structure

ı Power saving mode optimized for a large number of stations in power saving mode

ı Improved channel access mechanisms by introducing Target Wakeup Times (TWT) and restricted access windows (RAW)

ı Throughput enhancements by reducing protocol overhead

5 Ghz

2.4 GHz

900 MHz

Spectrum is a scarce and valuable resource

Low Spectrum (<1GHz) is even more valuableMotivation:

• Superior propagation characteristic of low frequency band

• Legacy spectrum bands are under-utilized

Sharing @ location and/or @ time.

• Spectrum Sensing & Geo-location databases

frequency

time

power

802.11af in a nutshell

ExtendedHome network

Rural Broadband

Outdoor Sensor Networks

Public WiFiextension

Public Safety networks

• Operates in TV bands (54-698 MHz)

• Essentially down-clocked version of 802.11ac – 40 MHz (max. data rate 384/569 Mbps)

• Use of 144 SC per BCU (not 128), for 55db Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio

• Defines 6 MHz, 7 MHz, 8 MHz channels (region specific)

• Supported channelization: W, W+W, 2W, 2W+2W, 4W

802.11af - principle

802.11af PHY Layer

ı Operates in TV bands (54-698 MHz)

ı Essentially down-clocked version of 802.11ac – 40 MHz (max. data rate 384/569 Mbps)

ı Defines 6 MHz, 7 MHz, 8 MHz channels (region specific)

802.11af MAC Layer

ı Operation under the control of a Geolocation DB (GDB)

GDB GDD enabling STA

GDD dependent STA

RLSS

IETF PAWS Protocol

11af is using 144 (168) subcarriers to ensure

e.g. 55dB Adjacent Channel

TVHT-6 MHz TVHT-7 MHz TVHT-8 MHz

# of subcarriers per BCU 144 168 144

# of data subcarriers 108 108 108

# of pilot subcarriers 6 6 6

SC spacing 41.66 kHz 41.66 kHz 55.55 kHz

Guard Interval Duration 6 µs 6 µs 4.5 µs

12.06.2017

6 MHz144 SC

5.333 MHz128 SC

4.833 MHz116 SC

12.06.2017

8MHz144 SC

7.111 MHz128 SC

6.444 MHz116 SC

5.333 MHz128 SC

4.833 MHz116 SC

7 MHz168 SC

12.06.2017

40 MHz128 SC

40 MHz128 SC

36.25 MHz116 SC

Car (Vehicle) to X, communication based on 802.11p

►WiFi in a very challenging environment

LOSnLOS

802.11a signal with reduced rate: • 10 MHz bandwidth for robustness • Carrier spacing reduced by ½ • Symbol length is doubled, making the signal

more robust against fading. • Operates in the 5.8 GHz and 5.9 GHz

frequency bands depending on regional regulations.

• 802.11p is essentially based on the OFDM PHY

Wave mode: • direct data exchange between vehicles using

a wildcard BSSID

Very High

relative speed

ZigBee today and

tomorrow Bluetooth entering

the smart home

Wi-Fi – the natural

home network

Emerging technologies for IoT

Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth Smart serving the wearable market

2 400 2 420 2 440 2 460 2 480 MHz

Bluetooth Smart (BLE)

• 2.4 GHz ISM band

• 1 Msymbol/s using GFSK modulation

• 40 channels on 2 MHz spacing

• 3 advertising channels

• Frequency hopping (37 channels)

• CRC

Bluetooth Classic (BR+EDR)

• 2.4 GHz ISM band

• 1 Msymbol/s using GFSK modulationEDR: data modulation π/4-DQPSK / 8DPSK

• 79 channels on 1 MHz spacing

• Frequency hopping (1600 hops/s)

• Voice support

• FEC

voice

text

Bluetooth SIG focus on enhancements for the IoT

Range

Meshbuilding meshed

network using relay

nodes

SpeedSupport of 2 Mbps

GatewayConnecting

devices directly to

the cloud

4x range to cover a

smart home or office

DirectionExtended broadcast

capabilities of beacons

“Bluetooth is on the threshold of being the enabling wireless technology for the IoT.” Bluetooth co-inventor Sven Mattisson

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Bluetooth 5.0

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Bluetooth 5: 8 times broadcast capacity

Using channels 0..36 as secondory Advertising channels

37 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 38 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 39

Primary Advertising

Secondary Advertising

Data Channels

Primary advertising channels are used for all advertising broadcasts

use either the LE 1M or LE Coded PHY; packets can vary in length from 6 to 37 octets.

Secondary advertising channels are introduced to offload data

use any LE 1M, LE 2M or LE coded PHY; packets can vary in length 0 to 255 octets

Challenges with BT-LE devices – how to setup physical control

line connection ?

An OTA solution for BT-LE based on the advertiser

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Test Bluetooth 5 already today with solutions from R&S

The solutions cover all RF tests defined by Bluetooth SIG,

from Bluetooth Basic Rate V1.2 all the way to the new

Bluetooth 5 specification for low energy.

I Testing the new Low Energy PHY (LE 2M)

supporting 2Mbps data throughput

I Measure the new Low Energy long range PHYs

(LE coded) performance as well TX power/modulation

and ACP TX

I Support of stable modulation index applicable for all

Low Energy PHYs (LE 1M, LE 2M) R&S®CMW270

CMW supports all Bluetooth RF Test cases

BR

EDR

LE

BR + EDR

additional SGs and SA needed

see Application Note 1MA106

LE

additional SGs needed

see Application Note 1MA200Blocking Performance test fully

automated in CMWrun

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ZigBee today and

tomorrow

Bluetooth entering

the smart home

Wi-Fi – the natural

home network

The wireless Internet of Things

Technologies for the smart home

802.15.4 – for smart home , smart buildings and more

IEEE 802.15.42.4 GHz O-PQSK

6LoWPAN, DTLS, Distance Vector Routing

Protocol (e.g. CoAP)

UDP/TCP

802.15.4 MAC

IEEE 802.15.42.4 GHz O-PQSK

6LoWPAN

ISA Protocol

802.15.4 MACUpper data link ISA100

UDP

IEEE 802.15.42.4 GHz O-PQSK

HART Addressing/Routing

HART: TCP like

HART TDMA - hoping

IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 GHz O-PQSK

ZigBee - Networking

ZigBee - Protocol

ZigBee - Transport

802.15.4 MAC

HART: Protocol

ZigBee Technology Facts: Reliable, Low Power, Cost Effective

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

IEEE 802.15.42400 MHz

IEEE 802.15.4868/915 MHz

ZigBee Network Layer

Applications

ZigBee Application Layer

2405 MHz 2480 MHz

2.4 GHz/16 Ch.; World; OQPSK; 250 kbps868 MHz/1Ch.; Europe

BPSK 20kbps

868.3 MHz 906 MHz

915 MHz/10 Ch.; Americas;

BPSK 40kbps

924 MHz

Coordinator

Router

End Device

Meshed Network of thousands of devices

802.15.4: 2.4 GHz ISM Band 16 Channels O-QPSK 250kbps

1

0

1

0

1

0 0

1

0 0 0

1

0

1 1 1

1 1

0

1 1

0 0

1 1 1

0 0 0 0

1

0

I

Q

1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0bin

0 hex

Bits (4) to

Symbol

Mapping0 0 00

250 kbit /s

Symbol to

Chip (32)

Mapping

O-QPSK

modulator

62.5 kSym/s 2 Mchip/s

I

Q

11

1000

01

The transitions of I and Q are offset by half of the symbol time (Ts/2) with O-QPSK (Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying). Together with the half-sin filter that eliminates any amplitude variations and turns the O-QPSK into a constant envelope modulation.

R&S®CMW100,

R&D and manufacturing solution for 802.15.4 applications

CMW-KM680 Tx measurement for 802.15.4

CMW-KV680 Waveform for ARB Generator

Power Spectral Density

EVM vs. Chip

Power vs. Time IQ Constalation

Tx Modulation

LP-WAN technologies in ISM/SDR bands shaking the market

UL: DBPSK

DL: GFSK

Frequency

Chirps

UL:DBPSK

DL:DBPSK

16-QAM….

DBPSK

UL:DBPSK

DL: -

GMSK,

QPSK

Modulation

Channel BW

(UpLink)ETSI: 100 Hz

FCC: 600 Hz

125 kHz 250 kHz 500 kHz

1 MHz

Ultra Narrow

Band (UNB)

Chirp Spread

Spectrum

DSSS

RPMADSSS

Ultra Narrow

Band (UNB)

Narrow Band

(NB)

200 Hz 12.5 kHz6/7/8 MHz

Technique

ISM/SDR

< 1 GHz

ISM/SDR

< 1 GHz

ISM/SDR

2.4 GHz

ISM/SDR

< 1 GHz

ISM/SDR

< 1 GHz

TV white space

470-790 MHz

Band

Driver

Object

(Sensor)

Example: Sigfox designed as LP-WAN sensor network

Ultra Narrow Band

Modulation

(100 Hz / 600 Hz)

Redundant uplink

Transmission

(2x repetitions)

Pseudo–random

frequency hopping

(3 out of 320 ch.)

Short messages

UL: 12 Byte

DL: 8 Byte

No passive RX

mode (RX window

after TX)

8 Byte / max 4 per day* | 600 bps | 2GFSK / 800 Hz | < 27 dBm

12 Byte / max 140 per day* | 100 bps | (D)BPDK | < 14 dBm Gateway

Backend

Server

~2sec ~2sec ~2sec

100Hz

* ETSI regulation

LoRaWAN Network architecture

Pet TrackerSmart Meter

Trash CanPlant Sensor

SuitcaseSmoke Detector

LoRa Gateway

LoRa Gateway

LoRa Gateway

LoRa RF | LoRaWAN TCP/IP SSL | LoRaWAN TCP/IP SSL | Secure Payload

App

ServerApp

ServerApp

Server

App

Server

App

Server

LoRaNetwork Server(home)

LoRaNetwork Server

(serving)

JoinServer

Object

(Sensor)

LoRaWAN

Chirped Spread

Spectrum

(125/250/500 kHz)

Multiple Gateways

simultaneously

receiving

Pseudo–random

frequency hopping

(after each TX )

Data Rate Adaption

(spreading factor/

bandwidth)

Different RX mode

options

(Class A/B/C)

Gateway

Backend

Server< 11kbps | < 1% duty cycle | CSS | < 14 dBm*

0 kHz

+250 kHz

-250 kHz

Constant chirp rate (Hz/µs) defined by Spreading Factor (SF)

< 11kbps | < 1% duty cycle | CSS | < 27 dBm** ETSI regulation

Symbol Duration (Ts)

Pow

er

Late

ncy

Three Classes of Devices: Class A communication is mandatory

Class ABi-directional communications is allowed

whereby each end-device‘s uplink

transmission is followed by two short

downlink receive windows (RX1 & RX2).

Class BIn addition to the Class A random receive

windows, Devices open extra receive

windows at scheduled times, synchronized

by periodic Beacons from the gateway.

Transmit

Receiver D.

Receiver Delay2

RX1 RX2

Transmit

Receiver D. 1

Receiver Delay2

RX1 RX2RX2

Receiver Delay1

Ping Period(1..128 sec.)

BeaconRXslot RXslot RXslot Beacon

Beacon Period (128 seconds)

RXslot

Class CEnd-devices of Class C have nearly

continuously open receive windows (RX2),

only closed when transmitting.

LoRa Europe 868 Mhz ISM band (ETSI)

865864 866 867 868 869 870

Data Rate Channel BW Spreading Phy bit rate

DR0

125 kHz

SF12 250 bps

DR1 SF11 440 bps

DR2 SF10 980 bps

DR3 SF9 1 760 bps

DR4 SF8 3 125 bps

DR5 SF7 5 470 bps

DR6 250 kHz SF7 11 000 bps

DR7 FSK: 50 kbps 50 000 bps

Default radiated transmit output power: 14 dBm

• 20 dBm if allowed (G3)

TransmitReceiver Delay1

(default: 1 second)Receiver Delay2

(default: 2 seconds)

RX1 RX2

Transmit Channel #n

Receive Ch. #n

Receive Ch.#m / DR0

Class A receiving

Channel Map

863

Channels can be freely attributed by the network

following the spectrum allocation rules defined in

EN300.220 and EC 70-03

Default Channels

(DR0….5)

#0 #3

The current LoRaWAN specification exclusively uses

duty-cycled limited transmissions per sub-band to comply

with the ETSI regulations

#m

RX2channel

Output power

ISM Bands

LoRa Alliance Specifications

ETSI

868 MHz

ETSI

433MHz

US

915 MHz

China

430 MHz

……

LoRaTM (or GFSK)

LoRa MAC

Class ADown link transmission in receive window after

uplink transmission

Class BDown link transmission

in receive window at fixed time intervals

Class CDevices continually

able to receive messages

Application

LoRaWAN Specification V.1.0.2

LoRaWAN End-DeviceCertification Spec.Reuse of encryption scheme and CRC-16 calculation from 802.15.4

LoRaWAN Regional Parameter

Specification V.1.0

LoRaWAN Certification tests, related to LoRaWAN specification

• Device activation

• Test application functionality

• Over the Air activation

• Packet Error Rate

• Cryptography

• Download window timing

• Frame sequence number

• MAC commands

• Confirmed packets

• Uplink transmission

• Optional OTA performance

Only test services providers authorized by the LoRa Alliance may perform testing and certification services for

the LoRa Certified program. All certification testing is performed by independent, LoRa Alliance member

company laboratories for LoRa Alliance members only

LoRa Alliance Authorized Test HousesTests related to LoRaWAN Specification

https://www.lora-alliance.org/Products/Certification-Overview

V1.2 V1.1

Test of the most critical performance parameters

Vector Signal Generator

e.g. R&S®SMBV

Vector Signal Analyzer

e.g. R&S®FSV

GNSSLoRa

Transmit PowerPower ConsumptionReceiver Sensitivity

e.g. R&S®RTO

Oscilloscope

LoRa

e.g. R&S®RT-ZVC*.WAV

Gateway/Device

LoRa Signal Analysis: Transient Analysis incl. chirped FM signals

RF SpectrumChirp analysis

SpectrogramChirp Rate

Agenda

ı Emerging wireless technologies for IoT

ı WLAN, Bluetooth

ı ZigBee today and tomorrow

ı LP-WAN technologies Sigfox, LoRA

ı Testing aspects in IoT

ı RF parametric tests – Tx and Rx measurements

ı Over the Air (OTA)

ı Interference and Co-existence

ı Conformance and Carrier Acceptance tests

ı Effectiveness of accurate measurement in production environment

ı Latest Trends - Multi Device testing

ı Complete Turnkey Solution

Overview of

emerging

technologies

Effectiveness of

production test

IoT testing aspects

and solutions

The wireless Internet of Things

Testing Challenges and Solution

The value of testing – find and fix the problems as early as possible.

Avoid redesign, re-certification and recall/replacement actions

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Typical test applications in R&D and Validation

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“Things” are different!

Quite hard for ‘things’ like smart meters to walk around to search for a signal

We are somehow “trained” to search for a signal in case of coverage problems

Typical RF parametric measurements to ensure desired

performance

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Receiver sensitivity and Tx power are very critical

-50 dBm -70 dBm -90 dBm -110 dBm -130 dBm -150 dBm

Receiver

sensitivity

requirements of

up to – 140 dBm

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802.15.4 – Customer Digital Modulation (CDM) VSG NFC, Bluetooth,

LTE, 802.11 GNSS etc. are supported as well

R&S®SMW200

The fine art of signal

generation

• up to 40 GHz RF path (2nd path up to 20 GHz)

• powerful internal baseband

• ARB and real-time coder (160 MHz bandwidth)

• MIMO, fading & AWGN

• Very Low Phase Noise: - 139 dBc/Hz @1GHz/20kHz

• Max output power of +18 dBm

Use of real-time coder (CDM), CDM toolbox, or ARB generator w/ R&S®WinIQSIM2

• up to 6 GHz RF path

• powerful internal baseband

• ARB and real-time coder (160 MHz bandwidth)

• Low Phase Noise: - 128 dBc/Hz @1GHz/20kHz

• Max output power of +24 dBm

Use of real-time coder (CDM), CDM toolbox, or ARB generator w/ R&S®WinIQSIM2

R&S®SMBV100

The true all-rounder &

specialistR&S®SGT100

Most compact & extremely fast

• up to 6 GHz RF path

• powerful internal baseband

• ARB w/ up to 160 MHz bandwidth

• Low Phase Noise: - 126 dBc/Hz @1GHz/20kHz

• Max output power of +22 dBm

• Very fast setting/switching times

Use of ARB generator with R&S®WinIQSIM2

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802.15.4 – Signal Analysis incl. EVM measurementsNFC, Bluetooth, LTE, 802.11, etc. are supported as well

R&S®FSW

For the most demanding users

• up to 85 GHz

• 500 MHz demodulation bandwidth

• Outstanding phase noise:-137 dBc/Hz @ 1GHz/20kHz

• Very high dynamic range

• High measurement rates and fast sweep times

• Designed for fast & easy operation

Flexible modulation analysis from MSK to 1024QAM incl. 802.15.4(option K70)

R&S®FSV

The premium workhorse

R&S®FPS

The high speed class

• up to 40 GHz

• 160 MHz demodulation bandwidth

• Very low phase noise:-106dBc/Hz @1GHz/10kHz

• Fast measrurements especiallywith high sweep repetition rate

• unique price/performance ratio

Flexible modulation analysis from MSK to 1024QAM incl. 802.15.4 (option K70)

• up to 40 GHz

• 160 MHz demodulation bandwidth

• Very low phase noise:-106dBc/Hz @1GHz/10kHz

• Very fast measurements

• Multi Channel Concept for fast switching between tasks

Flexible modulation analysis from MSK to 1024QAM incl. 802.15.4(option K70)

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Generation of LoRaWAN Signals

DUT

Vector Signal Generator

e.g. R&S®SGT

LoRaxxx.mat

R&S ARB Toolbox

LoRaxxx.wve.g. receiver sensitivity

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Antenna Performance

Our solution

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Over the Air Testing (TRP/TIS) is required

Total Isotropic Sensitivity Total Radiated Power

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Heavy use of ISM bands by different technologies

asks for regulation e.g. by ETSI and FCC

Density of networks No network controlDifferent technologies

Ensure coexistence of different services/technologies operating in the same frequency band

ETSI EN 300 328 V1.8.1/V1.9.1 (2.4 GHz) and ETSI EN 301 893 V1.7.1/V1.8.1 (5 GHz)

FCC §15.247 (2.4 GHz / 5.8 GHz) and FCC §15.407

Example LoRa regulatory requirements FCC Part 15.247

Parameter Limit Specification

6 dB Tx bandwidth 500 kHz 15.247(a)(2)

Emission Output Power +30 dBm 15.247(b)(3)

Conducted Power Spectral Density +8 dBm / 3 kHz 15.247(e)

Emissions in Non-restricted bands - 30 dBc 15.247(d)

Emissions on restricted bands - 42.2 dBm 15.247(d)

20 dB Tx bandwidth < 500 kHz 15.247(a)(1)

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Typical measurement related to ETSI/FCC requirements

Typical Measurements (Spectrum Analyzer):

• Frequency error

• Modulation bandwidth

• Average power

• Transient power

• Band edge power limits

• Unwanted Emissions

• …..

Typical Measurement Task (Signal Generator):

• Receiver sensitivity

• Receiver blocking

• Adjacent channel selectivity

• Spurious response rejection

• …..

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R&S TS8997 Regulatory Test System for wireless devices

operating in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band• Covers all test cases required by the

standards ETSI EN 300 328 v1.8.1 and ETSI

EN 301 893 v1.7.1 to improve co-existence

of wireless technologies in ISM bands

• Special power measurement implemented in

OSP module

• Covers up to 4 channel MIMO

• Test software EMC32 with option –K97x

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Interference | Coexistence

2.4 GHz ISM Band – Smart Home Gateway

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Automated In-device interference analysis using R&S CMWrun

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Extremly low power consumption

It‘s all about connecting everything – wireless & cordless

Battery

capacity

5 Ah

0 Ah

10 Ah

15 Ah

101100 102 103 104 105

Day Week Month Year 10 years

High demand for cordless IoT devices using energy storage and/or harvesting technologies

• Battery is a cost factor: • Battery costs depend on

capacity

• Cost of battery replacement

• Design for replacement

• In some cases the battery lifetime defines the lifetime of the device

m3

P

Smart meter

Park sensor

Plant monitor

Container tracking

Phone

66

Watch Health monitor

Battery lifetime in hours

Need of testing to pass conformance tests with first attempt

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Overview of

emerging

technologies

Effectiveness of

production test

IoT testing aspects

and solutions

The wireless Internet of Things

Technologies & Challenges

Internet of Things need High Quality

Your brand

needs quality

Reliability

needs quality

User experience

needs quality

Mass Product Process: final test method

ı Only Go/NoGo test

ı Limited accuracy

ı Difficult to guarantee compatibility with other devices

ı Due to lack of measurements fault analysis and predictive analytics very difficult

ı No control of RF condition

Golden device method

GPS

WiFi

BLE

LTE

Go/NoGo test

GPS/GNSS/Beidou?

Worldwide?

802.11a/g/n/ac?

AP Compatibilities?

A golden BS?

How to test ?

Mass Product Process: final test method

GPS

WiFi

BLE

LTE

ı Go/NoGo with parametric and tolerance analysis

ı High accuracy

ı Capability test against wireless standards

ı Measurements = Analysis

ı Controlled RF condition with perfect isolation

Parametric method

Go/NoGo test

LPWA LoRa device mass production solution

http://www.semtech.com/wireless-rf/lora/LoRa-FAQs.pdf

Semtech1) recommends to test three important parameters in mass production:

Frequency tolerance

DUTSpectrum

Analyzer

e.g. R&S®FPS

Output power

DUTPower Sensor

e.g. R&S®NRP

Receiver sensitivity

DUTVector Signal

Generator

FSK/LoRa

e.g. R&S®SGT

1)

TestMode TestMode TestMode

Vector Network Analyzers for NFC antenna Verification

R&S®ZND vector network analyzer

R&S®CSNFC-B8 NFC Forum reference device

NFC Verification in production

ReferenceDevice DUT

• Fast measurement time <20 µs/point

• Fast data transfer time via LAN

(typ. 1ms for 200 measurement points)

• Simultaneous measurement of two DUTs with one

R&S ZND doubles the throughput rate in production

Mass Product Process: board level testing before assembly

Calibration Verification

Frequency

TX power

RX RSSI

Frequency offset

TX power, EVM, SEM,

ACLR

RX sensitivityGPS

WiFi

BLE

LTE

Parametric of wireless standards: example with 802.11ac

Constellation Diagram

Error Vector Magnitude

Spectrum Emission Mask

Spectrum Flatness

Power Frequency Error

ı Universal ARB generator

ı Fast measurements

ı Multi-evaluation

ı Same software from CMW family

Powerful measurement

Professional production line tester for cost reduction

Wireless Standards Production features

2G/3G/LTE etc

WiFi, BT/BLE, Zigbee

GPS/GNSS/Beidou

General purpose RF

Minimum footprint and

energy consumption

Close connection to test

fixture, less attenuation loss

and involved cross talking

Fanless for silent operation

Highest reliability due to

dustproof housing

Multi DUT in production line

Tester 2

Tester 1

Tester 4

Tester 3

Multi DUT testing methods for testing reduction

Sequential testing

Interleaving testing

Future proof turnkey automation solution

ı Chipset vendor approved test plan/method

ı Statistic analysis of test results, live or remotely

ı Programming interface for other automation integration

CMWrun solution

Service

& Repair

Testing in all phases of life cycle of IoT devices and networks

Deployment &

OperationManufacturing

Pre-Compliance

& Compliance

Design &

Validation

Research &

Development

I Digital and analog interface debug

I Clock Analysis

I EMI debug

I Power Analysis

I Installation

I Monitoring

I Optimization

I Calibration

I Verification

I Go / NoGo

I Standard compliance

I Regulator compliance

I Carrier Acceptance

I RF Parametrics

I Co-existence

I Functionality

I Performance

I Power analysis

I Fault Finding

I Calibration

I Verification

Your Partner in testing the Internet of Things