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IORSim - an add on tool to ECLIPSE for simulating IOR processes
Sodium Silicate gelation and reservoir flow modification
Challenges
Complex flow
pattern
Multiple Wells
Temp. gradients
Geo-chemistry
Oil Displacement
Water Chemistry
• Mature fields• Chemical EOR
The Approach
EclipseReservoir simulator
IORSim(*)
advect components
Geo-chemistry
Restart FilesSw, Po, Pw, qw
…
Oil Rate
Water RateSO4
Mg
Combine multiphase models with chemistry - interpret & upscale lab experiments
Geochemistry
Polymer, Silicate
Surfactant
MEOR
Nanoparticles?
IORCoreSim(DOUCS)
Pore scale(LB & DPD) IORSim
Geo-chemistry
Polymer, Silicate
MEORSurfactant ?
ECLIPSE, OPM, …
+
INJ I
PRD I
INJ III
INJ II
Results IOR Norway 2015Simulated Pore Water Chemistry
Produced water composition
Mg ions
Reservoir pH
SO4 Model Constant Temp
SO4 Model Temp Gradients
Run Eclipse𝚫𝒕
Stop Eclipseprocess
Run IORSim𝚫𝒕, calc X
Update SATNUM
IORSim Backward Coupling
• SATNUM tells ECLIPSE which rel perm curve to use
• X = EOR response, e.g.: • Low sal reduce Sor• Silicate reduce Perm
Predefined rel perm curves
Sodium Silicate Chemistry
www.clker.com/
5wt%Sodium Silicate
Sebastian Wilhelm and Matthias Kind, Polymers 2015, 7, 2504–2521; doi:10.3390/polym7121528
Na2O:(SiO2)n+
HCl
Oligomeric silicic acid Phase separation
Nano sized
aggregation
gelationGelation time
A. Stavland, H. Jonsbråten, O. Vikane, K. Skrettingland and H. Fischer, In-depth Water Diversion Using Sodium Silicate – Preparation for Single Well Field Pilot on Snorre, 16th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery Cambridge, UK, 12-14 April 2011
Block2𝜇m
A. Stavland, H. Jonsbråten, O. Vikane, K. Skrettingland and H. Fischer, In-depth Water Diversion Using Sodium Silicate – Preparation for Single Well Field Pilot on Snorre, 16th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery Cambridge, UK, 12-14 April 2011
TempLab Results
wt%
HC
l
𝑡𝑔𝑒𝑙 = 𝜁𝑒𝛼[𝑆𝑖]𝑒𝛽[𝐻𝐶𝑙]𝑒𝛾√[𝐶𝑎]𝑒𝐸𝑎/𝑅𝑇
Silicate concentration [wt%]
How to use 𝑡𝑔𝑒𝑙 in IORsim?
• Need to Capture basic features:
1. Temperature, Si, Ca, HCl effect on gel time
2. Formation of nano (not pore blocking silicate) particles
Sodium Silicate Gel Formation Model
• Rate of Si loss equal to gel formation:
o𝑑𝐶𝑆𝑖
𝑑𝑡= −
𝑑𝐶𝑔𝑒𝑙
𝑑𝑡= −𝑘𝐶𝑆𝑖
𝑛
o 0𝑐𝑔𝑒𝑙 1
𝐶𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐶𝑔𝑒𝑙 = − 𝐶0
𝐶 1
𝐶𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐶𝑆𝑖 = − 0
𝑡𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑘 𝑑𝑡,
o 𝑡𝑔𝑒𝑙 =−1
𝑘 1−𝑛𝐶01−𝑛 𝐶𝑔𝑒𝑙−𝐶0
𝐶0
1−𝑛− 1
Rate const. fit to data
Concentration of Pore blocking silica
Fit to 𝑡𝑔𝑒𝑙 obtained from Lab Data
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Norm
GelTime
wt%silica
t_gel[Model]
t_gel[Lab]
• 𝑘 = 10−2𝜁𝑒−𝛽[𝐻𝐶𝑙]
⋅ 𝑒−𝛾√[𝐶𝑎]𝑒−𝐸𝑎/𝑅𝑇
• 𝑛 = 4• 𝐶𝑔𝑒𝑙 = 0.3𝑤𝑡%
4 aqueous species + 1 mineral phase
1. Silica
2. HCl
3. Mobile Gel
4. Calcium
5. Immobile Gel
Sodium Silicate
Activator
Nano size gel particles
Divalent ions
Rigid gel
Permeability modification
• Gel formation increases specific surface area:
– 𝑆 𝑡 = 𝑆 0 + 𝑌𝑆𝐼𝑚𝐺𝑒𝑙
– 𝑘 =𝜙
2𝜏𝑆2
𝑘
𝑘0= 1 + 𝑌
2𝜏𝑘0
𝜙0𝑟𝜇−1
−2
– If 𝑌 = 1𝑤𝑡%:
• 𝑘0 ∼ 1𝐷 ⇒𝑘0
𝑘≃ 4 but 𝑘0 ∼ 10𝑚𝐷 ⇒
𝑘0
𝑘≃ 1.2
Nano sized gel particles in aggregates𝑟𝜇 ∼ 10𝑛𝑚
wt% Immobile gel
The Snurre Field History
• Discovered in 1983
• Reservoir Temperature 90C
• Water injection started in 1992
• Water Breakthrough Summer 1992
• Silicate injection April-May 1993
Snurre PermeabilityView from the side
100mD
4000mD
240x30x7 = 50400 blocks
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View from top
Temp – View from top Temp – View from side
Water Saturation – View from top Water saturatio – View from side
Temp – View from top Temp – View from side
Water Saturation – View from top Water saturatio – View from side
Temp – View from top Temp – View from side
Water Saturation – View from top Water saturatio – View from side
Temp – View from top Temp – View from side
Water Saturation – View from top Water saturatio – View from side
Production & Pressure without treatmentInjector Producer
Water Rate
BHP
BHP
5wt% Silca injection for 65 days
Silicate wt% Calcium wt%
Permeability reduction
Perm reduction – View from top Perm Reduction – View from side
Perm reduction – View from top Perm Reduction – View from side
Perm reduction – View from top Perm Reduction – View from side
Perm reduction – View from top Perm Reduction – View from side
Perm reduction – View from top Perm Reduction – View from side
Perm reduction – View from top Perm Reduction – View from side
Water Saturation Profile
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Water Saturation Profile
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Water Saturation Profile
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Water Saturation Profile
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Water Saturation Profile
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Water Saturation Profile
inje
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Water Saturation Profile
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Water Saturation Profile
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Water Saturation Profile
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Water Saturation Profile
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Production & Pressure data with treatmentInjector Producer
Water Rate
BHP
Water Rate
Oil Rate
BHP
Increased recovery and reduced water cut
Additional Oil
Reduced Water Prod
Effect of grid size
240x30x7 cells
60x15x7 cells
Remarks• ECLIPSE is slow compared to IORSim
– For design:
• Run ECLIPSE once
• Use IORSim without backward coupling to design optimal slug then run full simulation
• Grid resolution vital for design– Necessary to have local grid refinement in IORSim
• Silicate model not complete– Not fully taken into account salt effects
– Effect of mineral dissolution/precipitation and pH
– Filtration model silica gel particles
Conclusions
• IORSim and ECLIPSE coupling works well
• The full potential in this technology is to apply to realistic field cases
• Simulation grid could have a huge impact on the EOR effect