ion Analysis

7/31/2019 ion Analysis

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Quality Circle Forum of Indiapresents

- simplified NEW SEVEN TOOLS& PRIORITIZATION ANYLYSIS


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Prioritization Analysis methods

Task 1

Task 6

Task 7

Task 8

Task 9

Task 10

Task 11

Task 12

Task 5

Task 4

Task 3

Task 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


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What is Prioritization Analysis ?

When we have limited time or choicesand too many things to choose from,prioritization becomes essential. Herethese tools prioritize tasks, issues,product/service characteristics etc.based on known criteria. Some of the

tools use a combination of Tree andMatrix Diagram techniques. Above allthey are tools for decision making.


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Concept

As said above when wehave too many things tochoose and have limited

time or choice,prioritization becomesessential. When thesechoices are needed to bemade by an individual, theprocess is not difficult.


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Concept

When the decisionshave to be made by agroup we must havea proper method.

When a group has tosolve a problem orassign a task with

limited resourcesprioritizationbecomes an

important aspect.


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This is one of the essential requirement in an

organization. We face innumerous problems inour day-to-day functions. Since all cannot getour equal attention we should know which oneis important so that we are able to pay proper

attention to that first.

Our sales has comedown. Thus we haveto give first priority to

our marketing sector.


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Where data are available the task is simple.We can use Pareto Principle and find out thevital few and here the data will help us inthe task.

DATA COLLECTION IN PROGRESS

DATADATA


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But when we arenot having data,probing into anunknown area orwhere we havelimitedknowledge, thenprioritizationmethods have tobe used.

I think I must go forprioritization method


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There are many methods available.

Some are simple and have a straightforward system. They can be used whereit is simply a choice and no criticality is

involved.

Paired Choice

Criteria RatingNominal Group

Consensus card

Consensus CriteriaCombination Relation


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For example Quality Circles need not gointo a detailed analysis as they are notexpected to take up critical problems.They can use a simple method.

Quality Circles should

solve simple problems

using simple methods


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When it comes tocross functional

teams and wherethe choice needs tobe done in a criticalmanner there are

certain othertechniques which

use matrix format

for analysis. They

use a weightagesystem which isvery useful when agroup is involved.

TRIVIAL MANY

VITAL FEW


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The following are the techniques which

will be dealt here.


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a) Nominal Group Technique

Issue Ranking

ii)

i)

iii)

iv)

v)

vi)

4

5

6

1

2

3

Issue Ranking

ii)

i)

iii)

iv)

v)

vi)

3

2

6

1

5

4

Issue Ranking

ii)

i)

iii)

iv)

v)

vi)

2

1

6

3

4

5


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b) Consensus Card System


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c) Paired Choice Method


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d) Criteria Rating Technique


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e) Consensus Criteria Method


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f) Combination Relations

Diagram/ Paired choice Method.


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A) NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE


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This technique is very simple, It does not call for detailed

discussion and normally the decision making process iscarried out quietly without any discussion. This helps toavoid argument and consequential problems. Group isable to build up a consensus and arrive at a team

decision.

Before we choosea problem othermembers want todiscuss

O.K. Let us usenominal grouptechniques for the

selection of problem


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This method is used by Quality Circleand also by others when the issue is

controversial and sensitive. Discussionshere may lead to unpleasant argumentand sometimes bring the entire work to a

grinding halt.

Will youlisten to me?

You are talkingnonsense.

I am leavingthe meeting

Will you allkeep quite.


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This can also be used when we thinkthat we should give equal

participation to all the members.

I want each one of youto give me your idea


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How to do it ?


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Step 1

Explain the number of issuespending which call for prioritization.


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Assemble the group and explain to them aboutthe issues pending which call for prioritization.The best way will be giving sometime fordiscussions by the group about each issue. The

idea is to get a clarity of the issue by all.


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Many times people do not have a clear idea aboutthe issues and their importance. In the absenceof such information they tend to think about themfrom their point of view. Such a discussions may

help to get a clear idea about each issue.

Ihave an idea!!


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The leader should ensure that the discussionsare conducted in a fair way without showing

bias. He should not indicate his preference.

I dont understand

why I even have to let

her speak!

BIASED LEADERA QC MEMBER


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Step 2

For each issue give a label. It can be 1,2,3.... or A,B,C,D,E.... They may be writtenclearly on a flip chart for everybody to see.

Supply a sheet to every one and also a penor pencil to indicate their preference.


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Malfunctioning of the weight control systemII Uneven tensions causing

frequent failure of chain conveyor

III Leakage in dust collecting systemIV Leakage in oil pipe line

V Variation in RAM pressure

VI Ineffective rotor cooling causingbatch temperature to shoot up


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Step 3

Ask each member to carefully weigheach issue and then show theirpriorities. They should write 1 for theissue which according to them is mostimportant and 2 for the next importantone and in this way indicate their

preference for all the issues.


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Issue Ranking

i) 4

ii) 5

iii) 1iv) 2

v) 3

vi) 6

Issue Ranking

i) 4

ii) 6

iii) 1

iv) 2

v) 3

vi) 6

Issue Ranking

i) 5

ii) 5

iii) 1

iv) 2

v) 3

vi) 6

Issue Ranking

i) 6ii) 5

iii) 1

iv) 2

v) 3

vi) 6

Issue Ranking

i) 4

ii) 5

iii) 1

iv) 2

v) 3

vi) 6

Issue Ranking

i) 6

ii) 5iii) 1

iv) 2

v) 3

vi) 6

Issue Ranking

i) 4

ii) 5

iii) 1

iv) 2

v) 3

vi) 6


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Step 4

Then all the sheets are to be collectedand in one bigger sheet they shouldbe copied as shown. Then add up thenumber indicated and write down the

cumulative value.


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Total PreferenceA B C D E F G

I 4 5 5 6 4 6 4 34 6

VI 3 3 1 5 6 5 6 29 4

V 6 4 6 2 2 2 3 25 3

IV 1 2 3 3 1 3 2 15 2

III 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 11 1

II 5 6 4 4 5 4 5 33 5


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Let us say the group consists of sevenmembers and each one has indicated

issue No.3 as their preference i.e. theyhave marked it as 1. Then cumulativevalue for issue 3 will be 7which will be

the lowest number.

A B C D E F G TotalPr.

No.

3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7


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In actual practice seldom will all have the samepreference. Hence, one which is having thelowest cumulative value can be considered asfirst preference of the group and next one as

second preference and so on.

Total PreferenceA B C D E F G

I 4 5 5 6 4 6 4 34 6

VI 3 3 1 5 6 5 6 29 4

V 6 4 6 2 2 2 3 25 3

IV 1 2 3 3 1 3 2 15 2

III 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 11 1

II 5 6 4 4 5 4 5 33 5


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Step 5

Now list the issues according to the priorityindicated by the group and have an opendiscussion. If some inconsistency is noticedon the prioritization the process can be carried

out once again. Such situation seldom occurs.

Now that we haveclarity about theissues can we

discuss on them?


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Step 5

However, the group may take the firstthree issues and have an opendiscussion and reprioritize them, if

needed.


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Step 5

This method is a simple,

straight forward and hasslefree. But, it is purely basedon individual opinion and not

on any systematic analysis. Itcould be subjective.


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B) CONSENSUS CARD METHOD


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Red : I do not agree with the idea.

Yellow : I do not agree. But I haveno objection.

Green : I fully agree with the idea.


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In this method we will be usingcertain visual aids. Generally coloursused for cards are Red, YellowandGreen. However, group can use anycolour they like.

Here the indication of Red means Ido not agree with the idea. Yellowmeans I am not hundred percent with

you, but if the group wants I have noobjection;Greenmeans I fully agreewith the idea.


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When to use this method ?

* The group is engaged in discussion andare unable to arrive at a conclusion.

* Sometimes a complex issue is involvedand discussion may not help much inthat case.

* Sometimes you want to find out the opinionof the people about various issues in the

company without entering into discussionsand arguments.

In all these cases this method is useful


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How to do it ?Let us say that there are four or fiveissues before the group and there is noconsensus about which one is to be

taken up first. Within the group subgroups are formed for advocating theirpreference for consideration. Here you

can go for consensus card method.


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Assemble all the members of the group andexplain to them the reason for selecting the

method. Give them a clear idea about themethod.

Write down all the issues on a flip chart or on a

board for general viewing of members.

Step 1


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* Team members must have a clearview of all others and their consensuscards

M Sh th t


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* The moderator recognizes speakersand keeps the group fromdeadlocking.

Mrs. Sharma that was a

good idea, now let us go to

Mr.Patel

M D h d t it


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* Allow each individual to fully presenthis or her idea before recognizing thenext speaker.

Mr. Das, why dont you wait

for Mr. Patel to finish?

M S th l it till


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* Ask questions only when you areallowed. (You can be allowed by the teamleader or speaker who just presented anidea).

Mrs. Seth, please wait till

you are allowed to ask

questions

Now I would like to give my


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* Feel free to make judgments, but beopen-minded and listen to thejudgments and opinions of others.

Now I would like to give my

opinion. But I would be glad

if you let me know whether

you all agree with me.


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Step 2Set up some ground rules for theproceeding. Give sometime for

each person or sub group topresent their views. After all

have presented their view point,once again explain the system.


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a) The purpose of the session

is for everyone to know theviews of each group andthen take a decision.


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b) Each group will be given an

opportunity for presentingtheir views for a period of ten

minutes.


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c) There will be a moderatorwho will ensure smoothfunctioning


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d) Clarification can be asked of

the presentation but nocriticism or effort to find fault

in the view.


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Step 3

Now allow each group or person to makea presentation as per the time stipulated.Ensure that discipline is maintained.


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Once all have made

their presentationeach point will beput before the group

to express theirviews. Membersshould simply show

their view with thecolour and shouldnot talk.

Step 4


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Step 4

For this you can

use simple cardboard flags ofdifferent colours or

a wooden triangularblocks with eachside pointed withone colour.

Each membershould be given oneof these.


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Step 5Once the members haveindicated the choice find out the

score for each problem basedon the values or marks already

decided. The result is asfollows:


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In this we saw how chance were givento individuals or to groups to express

their view point about their choices.Issues were taken one by one andclarified without any discussion.

Opinions of everyone were collectedusing colour indication. We noteddown how many marks each problemhas scored.

Leakage of oil pipe line had scored 26marks followed by, leakage in dustcollecting system with 21 marks.

O hi h d i k i h


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One which scored maximum mark is thepreference of the group. If the difference isvery narrow between two issues then adetailed discussion can be held to find outwhich one is more preferable.

Here the group can discuss about leakage of

oil pipe line and and the leakage in dustcollecting system. The group may select anyone of them for finding a solution.

This kind of an approach helps in avoidingunnecessary conflict, thereby the group maylose the objective of such team work and itsbenefit.


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C. PAIRED CHOICE METHOD


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When we face a number of alternatives thismethod is useful. Of course if the number

exceeds beyond ten then it will become alengthy process. It is something like aleague match, but here this ends with a finalchoice and no selections for knock out.

Do we choose Saurav,Rahul, Sachin for the

captaincy for the next

match


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When to use this method?

When you want each point to be

individually compared with the other onethis method is used.

Here complications are avoided as only

two issues are discussed at a time.

Let us choosebetween Rahul

and Saurav


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How to do it ?

Step 1

Let us say a company is offering certainbenefit packages to the staff and workers.They are given as plan A, plan B, plan

C, plan D, plan E and plan F. The

union is asked to select one of them.

Negotiation committee members aremeeting to decide on the selection of thepackage.


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Now let us see the procedure.

First write down clearly about each plan giving

all the relevant information. They are

A) Plan A

B) Plan B

C) Plan C

D) Plan D

E) Plan E

F) Plan F

S 2


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Step 2

First have a detaileddiscussion about all the plansone by one. The group isunable to select anyone ofthem.

In that case make a matrix asshown

TotalA B C D E F


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total

Now start comparing each one of them with the next one.

Start with the first horizontal line marked A.


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There cannot be any comparisons

between A and A. So cross the AAblock as shown above. Now compareplan A with plan B. The group feels

plan B is better than plan A. Then write

down B in the block of AB as B. Then

compare A with C. here group feels A

is better. Mark in AC block as A. Next

compare A with D. Here alsopreference is for A. Write in AD block

as A.


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Next compare A with E.Here the preference is for

E. Write down E. Thencompare A with F and the

preference is F. Write F

in AF block.


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total

B A A E F

=

=

=

=

=


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Step 3

Now go to the next line B. A and B are alreadycompared. Put a dash mark as BA block. Therecannot be any comparison between B. Cross theBB block as shown. Compare B with C. Herethe preference is for B. So write down B in BCblock, then compare B with D. The preference isonce again B. Write B in BD block. Proceed in

this manner block by block for each column.

The end result is as shown below.


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total

B A A E F

=

=

=

=

=

B B E B

= = =E

= = = =

= = E D

= C E C

The end result is as shown below.


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Step 4

Now start going through it row by rowonce again, horizontally. For A columnfind out how many times A was preferred.

As we can see it was preferred twice.

Write down in the total column 2. Go tonext line i.e., to B. Check up how many

times B was preferred. It was for 3 times.

Similarly C was preferred twice, D was foronce and E was for once.

Write down all of them


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total

B A A E F 2

=

=

=

=

=

B B E B 3

= = = E 1

= = = = =

= = E D 1

= C E C 2

Write down all of them.


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Step 5Carryout the similar totaling

vertically column by column.The result is as follows.


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total

B A A E F 2

=

=

=

=

=

B B E B 3

= = = E 1

= = = = =

= = E D 1

=C E C 2

- 1 - - 4 1


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Step 6

Vertical and Horizontal Totaling

Now add up the total for each plan horizontally aswell as vertically. The result is follows as

A = 2 + 0 = 2.

B = 3 + 1 = 4.

C = 2 + 0 = 2.

D = 1 + 0 = 1.

E = 1 + 4 = 5.

F = 0 + 1 = 1.


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Another method is we can add

up how many times each plan ispreferred one by one, but there

are chances of errors incounting. The above method is afool proof one. As you can see

number of times compared is 15and the total is tallying.

St 7


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Step 7

Groups PreferenceIt is seen that plan E has thehighest preference

Now that the groups choice is E,discuss about E in detail and

analyze what are the reasons which

made the group to prefer that.

This will help in further work.


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D. CRITERIA RATINGTECHNIQUE


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Now let us see a method which

uses a very elaborate system foranalysis and for finalizing theorder of priority among various

options or choice before us i.e. toput it in a simple way, it helps us

to decide which problem shouldbe chosen first.

H hi h d i b d


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Hence this method is to be used

only when we are in a situationwhere we find it difficult tochoose the problem for solving in

a normal way. If the problems areequally important and we feel aconsensus is needed in a more

systematic way then it is betterwe opt for this method.

As we know a problem has adverse


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As we know, a problem has adverseeffect on various aspects. It may

cause monetary loss, create a safetyhazard or could be too cumbersome.For this purpose first create a list of

criteria applicable to the problemsbefore us. The following are thecriteria which were identified forprioritizing from the group of problembefore us.


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Criteria

1. Improved safety2. Increased output

3. Reduction in waste

4. Easy to implement5. Less resistance from people for

acceptance

6. No adverse effect on other areas

7. Helps in preventing pollution.

Distinguishing the Levels Importance


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Now let us create certain levels of importance for them.

Level of Importance Marks

Extremely important 10

More important 5important 2

Needed 1

Not significant 0.5Low priority 0.2

No priority 0.1

Step 1


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Step 1

Establishing Value for Each Criteria

As a first step we will have to establish avalue for each criteria. Let us use pairedchoice method to find out the value using

the above levels of importance.

Let us start with A (improved safety) andcompare it with B (increased output). The

group feels A is important than B. Writedown in the horizontal column of A beforeB as 2.

St 1


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Step 1

As you can see from the table markfor important is 2.

In order to ensure that we dont make

any arithmetical error write thereverse value before horizontalcolumn of B before column A as 0.5.

(If A compared with B is two then Bcompared with A is only one half of

A) and so on.


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A B C D E F G

0.5

C Reduction in waste

G Helps in pollution prevention

F No adverse effect

E Less response from People

D Easy to implement

A Improved Safety

B Increased Output

2


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This way compare A with C, D, E, Fand G. Let us say

A compared with C = 2 times more important.

A compared with D = 5 times more important.

A compared with E = 5 times more important.

A compared with F = 5 times more important.

A compared with G = Equally important.

Let us fill up the values accordingly on both the sides.


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A B C D E F G

1

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.2



F No adverse effect


D Easy to implement

A Improved Safety

B Increased Output

2 2 5 5 5 1

A 2B


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Step 2Now let us start with B. Logically we can say if

A compared with B and C is twice more, then

B and C should be equal. But it does not

happen in that way. Group may view it, in adifferent way. Hence we have to workoutindividually and write down the value. The result

is as follows, which is also the final finding.

A = 2B

A = 2C

A = 2B


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A B C D E F G

1

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.2



F No adverse effect


D Easy to implement

A Improved Safety

B Increased Output

2 2 5 5 5 1 20

2.6 7.5 5.4 20 25 20 2.4 82.9

2 2 5 10 10 30

0.5 0.5 2 2 0.1 5.3

0.5 0.2 1 0.5 0.1 2.5

0.5 0.2 1 0.5 0.2 2.6

2 5 5 2 0.5 15

0.5 2 2 2 0.5 7.5


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Now we can drop the less significantcriteria and take only the first four. Theyare :-

Value %

1. Pollution Prevention 30.0 41.4

2. Improved safety 20.0 27.6

3. Waste rejection 15.0 20.7

4. Increased output 7.5 10.3

72.50 100-

What?! I am not allowed to


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smoke as our group has selected

pollution prevention as a

problem to solve


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From here on we canfollow two methods.

Method 1: Let us look into afew problems before us.

The following problems were faced in the


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g pcompound mixing area of rubber

product manufacturing1) Malfunctioning of the weight control

system

2) Uneven tension causing frequent failure ofchain conveyor

3) Leakage in dust collecting system

4) Leakage of oil pipe line

5) Variation in the Ram pressure

6) Ineffective rotor cooling causing batchtemperature to shoot up

A simple method here would be to draw a Matrix firstas shown below


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Poll

Pre.41.4%

Imp.

Saf.27.6%

Was

Rej.20.7%

Inc.

O/P10.3% Total

B.

C.D.

E.F.

Total

A.

Malfunctioning of weightcontrol system

Conveyer belt breakingdue to uneven tension

Leakage of dustcollecting system

Leakage of oil pipeline

Variation in RAM

pressure

Inefficient motorcooling

as shown below


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As you can see all the six

problems have to be checked upwith the four criteria selected.This has to be done to find out the

type of effect they would have onthese criteria if those problemsare solved. For finding out that,

certain weightage is given for theimpact.


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Level of Impact MarksHigh impact 10 marks

Impact 5 marks

Low impact 1 mark

No impact 0 mark


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First take up the malfunctioning of

weight control system. Raise thequestion to the group. What will bethe effect on pollution prevention if

this problem is tackled. The answer isthat they have no connection.

Then mark in the appropriate columnvalue zero (O).

Next take up improved safety and


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Next take up improved safety andcarryout the comparison. Here the

feeling is that it will have a low impact.The mark for that is 1. Similarlycheckup for other two criteria.

Then carry on in the same way for allthe problem with this kind of a

comparison. Give the appropriatemark.

The result is as shown.

PollPre.

Imp.Saf.

WasRej.

Inc.O/P Total


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Malfunctioning of weight controlsystem

Conveyer belt breaking due touneven tension

Leakage of dust collectingsystem

Leakage of oil pipe

Variation in RAM pressure

Inefficient motor cooling

Total

A

C

D

E

F

B

41.4% 27.6% 20.7% 10.3%

0( )

1(27.6)

5(103.5)

5(51.5) 182.6

5(138)

5(103.5)

5

(103.5)5

(103.5)

5(103.5)

5(103.5)

5(138)

10

(276)1

(27.6)

5

(207)

10(414)

1(41.4)

10(103)

1(10.3)

5(51.5)

5(51.5)

1(10.3)

344.5

665.8

596.8

224

155

2168.7278.1621607.2662.4

-

--

Based on the above valuation ofleakage ofdust collection systemgets the top priority

followed by oil leakage system.

Method 2


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Method 2

This method is a little moreelaborate than the abovemethod. Here we will take one

of the criterion first. Let us takeEnvironmental pollution.

Decide on certain comparativelevel like what is shown here.


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Now make an L matrix and writedown all the problem in that asshown.

Level of Importance Marks

Equally Important = 1

Very important = 5

Extremely important = 10

Important = 1/5 (0.2)

least important = 1/10 (0.1)


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total

Malfunctioning of weight control

system



Leakage of oil pipe



Now using the paired choice method


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Now using the paired choice method,compare A (malfunctioning of weight

control system) with B (frequent failureof chain conveyor system due to uneventension) from Environmental pollution

point of view. The group feels theimpact will be equal. Then mark as 1.

Mark on both the sides. Now proceed to

compare A with C, then with, D, E, andF. Mark the values accordingly on bothsides.

Criteria Basis: Environmental Pollution


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total




Leakage of oil pipe



1

10

5

2

1

19

1 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2.8


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Now proceed to B and

compare with C, D, Eand F and similarly C

with D, E and F and soon. Mark accordingly.

Convert them intopercentages.

TotalA B C D E F %


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A

B

C

D

E

F

Total




Leakage of oil pipe



1

10

5

2

1

19

1 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2.8

10

5

2

1

19

0.1

0.5

0.2

0.1

0.2

2

0.2

0.1

1 2.7

0.5

5

5

1

12

1

10

10

1

23

2.8

37

25.5

5.4

3.2

76.6

3.7

3.7

48.2

33.2

7.0

4.2

100

What emerges here is that Leakage of DUST collectionsystem has a great impact on Environmental pollution.

b Criteria Basis: Improved


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b. Criteria Basis: Improved

SafetyNow let us proceed on thesame line and carry on the

comparison with paired choicemethod for all the problems inthe same line i.e. A with B C,

D E and F from the

Improved safety point of view.


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total



Leakage of dust collecting

system

Leakage of oil pipe



2

2

10

1

1

16

0.5 0.5 0.1 1 1 3.1

5

10

0.5

0.5

16.5

0.2

2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.5

0.1

0.1

3.1 0.9

2

5

10

1

19

2

5

10

1

19

6.3

17.5

42

2.8

2.8

74.5

4.2

8.5

23.4

56.3

3.8

3.8

100

%


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Carryout the similarexercise from waste

reduction point of viewand write down the

values.

c. Criteria Basis : Waste Reduction


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total




Leakage of oil pipe



0.5

5

5

1

1

12.5

2 0.2 0.2 1 1 4.4

5

10

2

2

21

0.2

2

0.5

0.5

0.1

0.5

0.2

0.1

3.4 1.1

0.5

2

5

1

9.5

0.5

2

10

1

14.5

1.8

14.5

32

4.7

4.6

62

7.1

2.9

23.4

51.6

7.6

7.4

100

%

F thi M t i fi d th t l t


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From this Matrix we find that lot

of oil is wasted (51.69) due toleakage in oil pipe linewarranting control and adopting

waste reduction measures.

Now lastly carryout the exercise

from Increasedoutput point ofview and write down the values.

d. Criteria Basis: Increased Output


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p

This Matrix shows that the frequent breakage

of conveyor belt was hampering productionand the consequent reduction in out-put.Now that we have worked out comparativevalues for each problem from various criteriapoint of view i.e., from the pollution,safety,waste and output, write them down in thetable mentioned below. Multiply each of those

values with the applicable value arrived at foreach factor as shown. Then find out thecumulative value.


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total




system

Leakage of oil pipe



0.2

0.5

0.5

1

1

3.2

0.2 2 2 1 1 6.2

0.2

0.2

0.5

0.5

1.6

5

1

2

2

5

1

2

2

12 12

2

0.5

0.5

0.5

4.5

2

0.5

0.5

2

6

14.2

2.7

2.7

7.5

6

39.3

15.8

36.1

6.9

6.9

19.1

15.2

100

%

Final conclusion


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Leakage of oil pipe



Total

A

C

D

E

F

B

Poll

Pre.41.4%

Imp.

Saf.27.6%

Was

Rej.20.7%

Inc.

O/P10.3% Total

153.2( 3.7 )

115.9(4.2)

147(7.1)

169.1(15.8)

585.2

234.6(8.5)

60

1068.1(51.6)

157.3(7.6)

153.2(7.4)

484.4(23.4)

645.8(23.4)

1553.9(56.3)

104.9(3.8)

1374.5(32.2)

1995.5(48.2)

290

(7)

386.3(36.1)

73.8(6.9)

162.6(15.2)

204.4

(19.1)

73.8(6.9)

834.1

3199.5

4070.3

756.6

594.6

10040.31070207027604140.3

153.2( 3.7 )

73.9( 4.2 )

104.9( 3.8 )

(2.9.)

a co c us o


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Now we have values foreach problem calculated,taking into account all theaspects or criteria. Rankthem based on their

cumulative value.


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The order according to ranking will emerge as

follows:-1) Leakage of oil pipe line - 4070.3

2) Leakage in dust collecting system - 3199.5

3) Uneven tension causing frequent failureof conveyor system - 834.1

4) Variation in RAM pressure - 756.6

5) Inefficient rotor cooling system causing

batch temperature to shoot up - 594.6

6) Malfunctioning of weight control system - 585.2


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This is a lengthy process nevertheless, if

we want to decide on selecting a problemgiving importance to various aspects wehave to carryout similar exercises only.


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E) CONSENSUS CRITERIA METHOD

Thi th d i ti l


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Here also it uses criteria asshown in the earlier method,but values are arrived at by

using group consensus systemas shown here.

This method is comparatively

simpler and uses simpler wayof comparison.

Let us say it is using the same


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y gfactors as criteria like in the previous

method i.e.,a) Improved safety

b) Increased output

c) Reduced waste

d) Easy to implement

e) Less resistance from peoplef) No adverse effect

g) Helps in pollution prevention.

St 1


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Step 1

The group consists of sixpeople. Each one will rank

them according to their choiceusing nominal group technique

and the ranking is done asshown here :-

A B C D E F T l R k


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A B C D E F

2

4

3

6

7

5



F No adverse effect


D Easy to implement

A Improved Safety

B Increased Output

1 2 3 2 1 2 11 2

28 28 28 28 28 28 168

1 1 1 3 1 9 1

7 6 5 6 5 34 5

5 7 7 5 6 37 7

6 5 4 7 7 35 6

4 4 6 2 3 22 4

3 2 3 4 4 20 3

Total Rank

According to the group order of


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According to the group order ofpreference is as follows:

1. Helps in pollution prevention

2. Improved safety3. Increased output

4. Reduced waste

5. No adverse effects6. Easy to implement

7. Less resistance from people

Step 2


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p

Here also for convenience let us first takefour criteria only for further exercise. Firstlist out the problems before all members.Ask them to take the first criteria i.e. Helps

in pollution prevention and find outaccording to each member which problem,if solved will give us the maximum benefit

for this criteria and ask them to rank themaccordingly. Let us use the problem of theprevious method here also.

TotalA B C D E F Rank

a. Criteria: Pollution Prevention


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A

B

C

D

E

F

Total




Leakage of oil pipe



4

1

2

5

6

21

4 5 5 3 4 24

2

1

6

5

21

4

2

3

6

3

1

4

6

21 21

4

1

2

6

21

3

2

1

5

21

21

8

10

28

35

126

4

3

1

2

5

6

3

3

1

2

5

6

Based on this leakage of dust collection systems gets the

top priority.


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Step 3Similarly rank them

from the improvedsafety point of view.

Criteria : Improved Safety


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total




Leakage of oil pipe



1

3

2

4

6

21

4 4 4 3 4 24

1

3

6

5

21

2

1

5

6

1

2

6

5

21 21

2

4

1

6

21

2

1

3

6

21

10

14

13

32

33

126

4

1

3

2

5

6

5

Rank

2

3

3

5

5


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Step 4Now rank them from

increased output point ofview

c. Criteria: Increased Output.


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total




Leakage of oil pipe



2

4

3

1

5

21

3 3 6 2 2 22

2

5

4

6

21

2

6

1

5

2

1

5

3

21 21

3

4

6

5

21

4

3

5

1

21

14

18

29

13

30

126

4

2

3

5

1

6

6

Rank

1

4

4

1

6


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Step 5Now rank them from

reduced waste point ofview.

d. Criteria: Reduced Waste.


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TotalA B C D E F

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total




system

Leakage of oil pipe



5

3

1

4

6

21

3 3 1 2 3 14

2

1

5

4

21

4

2

5

6

4

3

6

5

21 21

4

1

3

6

21

6

2

1

5

21

29

12

10

30

31

126

3

4

2

1

5

6

2

Rank

6

1

2

5

4


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Step 6Calculate the individual value

by multiplying each problemwith the rank number of eachcriteria, for example.

Malfunctioning of weight control system by each

criteria


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criteria.

Ranking of Malfunction of each value is

1) Pollution prevention - 1 x 4 = 4

2) Increased safety - 2 x 6 = 12

3) Increased output - 3 x 4 = 124) Reduced waste - 4 x 3 = 12

Total 40

Find out the value for every problem in the sameway.

Final conclusion


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TotalA B C D

A

B

C

D

E

F

Total



Leakage of dust collecting system

Leakage of oil pipe



36

27

24

25

38

60

210

4

3

1

2

5

6

Rank

4x1=4 4x2=8 4x3=12 3x4=12

3x1=3 1x2=2 2x3=6 4x4=16

1x1=1 3x2=6 3x3=9 2x4=8

2x1=2 2x2=4 5x3=15 1x4=4

5x1=5 5x2=10 1x3=3 5x4=20

6x1=6 6x2=12 6x3=18 6x4=24

21 42 63 84


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F) COMBINATION OF RELATIONSDIAGRAM / PAIRED CHOICE METHOD

Often problems are inter connected. Attendingt h ff t th S h


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to one may have effect on others. Such an

effect can be adverse or positive. When weattend to problems we should check up for that.This method can be used in both the conditionsusing weightage for both the types of inter

relationship. However, for the purpose ofexample we shall be considering only positiveeffects.

This system can be used in areas whereinterrelationship is an important aspect forconsideration.

Step 1


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Step 1

A company wants to launch a newproduct. There are many activitieswhich needs to be carried out for thelaunching. The product manager hasselected such points and wants toprioritize them using this method. Heengages his campaign team on that.

The tasks before him are twelve


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The tasks before him are twelve

Task 7,

Task 8,

Task 9,

Task 10,

Task 11,

Task 12

Task 1,

Task 2,

Task 3,

Task 4,

Task 5,

Task 6,

Step 2


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Step 2

Now the team is trying to findout whether these tasks haveany inter-relationship betweenthem. If these are inter-related,what is the level i.e. intensity of

the relationship. To do that theteam is making a L.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Matrix as shown here and tasks are written in that.


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Task 1

Task 6

Task 7

Task 8

Task 9Task 10

Task 11

Task 12

Task 5

Task 4

Task 3

Task 2

Step 3


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Step 3

Now they start checking the inter-relationship line by line using the

paired choice method. First theytake up the Task A and compareit with Task B. They could find a

relationship. Next question waswhat is the intensity level.

To indicate that they used the


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To indicate that they used the

following three symbols.

Level Symbol

1. High intensity

2. Medium intensity

3. Low intensity or possible relationship


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Now they show thaton both the sidesi.e., horizontally aswell as vertically.

Task 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


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Task 6

Task 7

Task 8

Task 9

Task 10

Task 11

Task 12

Task 5

Task 4

Task 3

Task 2


152/167

Step 4The team completed thecomparison line by line for

all the tasks and markedthem in the L matrix as

shown here.

Task 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


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Task 6Task 7

Task 8

Task 9

Task 10

Task 11

Task 12

Task 5

Task 4

Task 3

Task 2

Step 5


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Next, they asked the question, whether

the relationship is cause or effect. Forexample, Task 1 was causing the effect

on task 3. To indicate that effect, an

arrow is drawn vertically indicatingtowards 3 in the horizontal column.Correspondingly in the horizontal column

of 3 the arrow is shown horizontallytowards task 3 to show that 1 is thecausal factor for effect on 3.


155/167

Step 6This way arrows are drawn

wherever the relationshipswere found linking oneanother.

Task 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


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Task 6Task 7

Task 8

Task 9

Task 10

Task 11

Task 12

Task 5

Task 4

Task 3

Task 2

Step 7


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Step 7

Team has finalized marks for each type ofintensity as shown below

Symbol Mark

10

5

1

For each arrow incoming and outgoing


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Using these value of marksfor each task the totalvalues were worked outand indicated in theappropriate place as

shown in the next diagram.

Now that we have completed the


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comparison, the next step is prioritizing

the task based on that comparison. Forthat we have to find out the intensity foreach task based on the mark assigned

for the symbols.We also have to give one mark each forthe arrows incoming as well as outgoing.

This is for giving weightage to the effecton number of tasks.

For example one task of high intensitymay score 5 marks Four tasks of low


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may score 5 marks. Four tasks of low

intensity will get 4 marks. Which isbetter? Is it high effect on one or loweffect on four ? A mark to each arrow

will make the score as six and eightrespectively.

Your can see in the table shown belowmarks for each task and prioritydecided based on that valuation.


161/167

Step 8Based on the intensity, tasks

were rearranged for workingout an action plan.

Task 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


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Task 6

Task 7

Task 8

Task 9

Task 10

Task 11

Task 12

Task 5

Task 4

Task 3

Task 2

Total

pointsArrows Total

marksArrows

In Out


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Task 1 36 - 5 41 7

Task 2 23 5 1 29 10Task 3 46 1 6 53 3

Task 4 37 5 2 44 4

Task 5 29 2 6 37 8

Task 6 58 5 4 67 2

Task 7 36 3 3 42 6

Task 8 30 2 2 34 9

Task 9 22 4 1 27 11

Task 10 11 - 2 13 12

Task 11 65 7 2 74 1

Task 12 37 3 3 43 5

In the office and sometimes even

Summary


164/167

In the office and sometimes even

at home we come acrossoccasions wherein prioritizationbecomes an important needbefore proceeding to takeactions. If a group is involved in

such occasions, the job becomesmore difficult.

Summary


165/167

On such occasions, dependingupon the need, we can use any ofthese six methods explained here

to decide on the priority.Whatever may be our selection,the important point is that wehave not resorted to gut feeling orarbitrary methods.

Summary


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These systems not only helpin working out the priorities ina reasoned, logical manner but

also make us to acquire asystematic approach toproblem selection, planning,

analysis and finding asolution.

B t one thing e sho ld

Summary


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But one thing we shouldremember is that there isno point in making heavy

weather of issues. Teamsor individual should

choose the most suitabled th i t l ti

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ion Analysis