An Undergraduate An Undergraduate

Ion Beam Analysis LaboratoryIon Beam Analysis Laboratory

Graham F. PeasleeGraham F. Peaslee

Paul A. DeYoung

May 5, 2009May 5, 2009

Outline

• Motivation

• Hope College Approach

– RNB studies

– Ion Beam Analysis Laboratory

• Representative science:

– Lake sediment chemistry

– Metalloprotein biochemistry

– Luminescence & forensic geology

• Conclusions

The Need for Change in the US?

•• Traditional Undergraduate Approach:Traditional Undergraduate Approach:

Lectures (and labs)Lectures (and labs)

This approach is limited/threatened by:This approach is limited/threatened by:

(a)(a) Changing demographicsChanging demographics

(b)(b) Changing student interestsChanging student interests

(c)(c) Years since discoveryYears since discovery……

There hasn’t been a sputnik recently…

• SOURCE: AIP Statistical Research

International Perspective?

•• Same observations for the Same observations for the ““traditionaltraditional””undergraduate educational approachundergraduate educational approach

Lectures (and labs)Lectures (and labs)

•• New instrumentation and connectivity New instrumentation and connectivity

allow new collaborative approachesallow new collaborative approaches

•• Interdisciplinary and nonInterdisciplinary and non--proliferativeproliferative

Where is Hope?Where is Hope?

~3200 undergraduates

Holland, MIHolland, MI

The Hope College Nuclear GroupThe Hope College Nuclear Group

• The integration of research and education

• Publication–driven, NSF funded

• An interdisciplinary expansion

70 undergraduates / 16 years

Our Research Model (#1)Our Research Model (#1)

• Heavy Ion Reactions

• Off-site experiments at MSU & Notre Dame

• Equipment building at Hope

• Data analysis at Hope

• Small to medium-sized collaborations

• Multi-year projects

Radioactive Nuclear Beams

Our Research Model (#1)Our Research Model (#1)

• Heavy Ion Reactions

• Off-site experiments at MSU & Notre Dame

• Equipment building at Hope

• Data analysis at Hope

• Small to medium-sized collaborations

• Multi-year projects

Radioactive Nuclear Beams

Our Research Model (#1)Our Research Model (#1)

• Heavy Ion Reactions

• Off-site experiments at MSU & Notre Dame

• Equipment building at Hope

• Data analysis at Hope

• Small to medium-sized collaborations

• Multi-year projects

Radioactive Nuclear Beams

Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 152502 (2008)

Nucl. Phys. A801 101 (2008)

Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 112501 (2007)

Symmetry Vol. 4 Issue 6 Aug. 2007

"Undergraduates as Researchers", The Chronicle Review, Vol. 53,

Issue 33, (April 20, 2007).

Our Research Model (#2)Our Research Model (#2)

• Ion Beam Analysis

• On-site experiments (HIBAL)

• Sample preparation at Hope

• Data analysis at Hope

• Small collaborations

• Single and multi-year projects

• Very interdisciplinary

PIXE, RBS, PESA, IBIL…

Ion Beam Analysis Techniques:Ion Beam Analysis Techniques:

Particle Induced XParticle Induced X--Ray Emission (PIXE)Ray Emission (PIXE)

Rutherford Backscattering (RBS)Rutherford Backscattering (RBS)

Proton Elastic Scattering Analysis (PESA)Proton Elastic Scattering Analysis (PESA)

Ion Beam Induced Luminescence (IBIL)Ion Beam Induced Luminescence (IBIL)

Hope College Ion Beam Analysis LabHope College Ion Beam Analysis Lab

HIBAL

““StandardStandard”” AlphatrossAlphatross Ion SourceIon Source

H+ or He+ available

Rb charge

exchange:

H- or He-

PelletronPelletron Tank: +1.7MV Tank: +1.7MV

Extra lead shielding option…<2mR/hr

N2 stripping gas

HE Focusing & AnalyzingHE Focusing & Analyzing

Full energy:

3.4 MeV H+

5.1 MeV He2+

EndstationsEndstations & Microprobe& Microprobe

5-axis goniometer, CCD camera, sample

vacuum interlock, separate control console

Windows

RC43

Control ConsolesControl Consoles

Linux

AccelNET

Windows

CAMAC/

FPGA

DAQ

control

Trace Metal Analysis Trace Metal Analysis

of Sediment...of Sediment...

Metals via ICPMetals via ICP

Metals via PIXEMetals via PIXE

Sample prep: 1. dry sediment

2. press into self-

supporting target

RadiodatingRadiodating Lake CoresLake Cores

Convert core Convert core

depth to yeardepth to year

Sediment ChemistrySediment Chemistry

AnthropogenicAnthropogenic

ICP vs. PIXEICP vs. PIXE• White Lake Sediment Core

Chromium ICP and PIXE Results for White Lake Core 3

y = 0.7972x + 83.282

R2 = 0.9813

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

300.0 500.0 700.0 900.0 1100.0 1300.0

Concentration by Depth As Measured by PIXE (ppm)C

on

cen

trati

on

by D

ep

th A

s

Measu

red

by IC

P (

pp

m)

Manganese ICP and PIXE Results for White Lake Core 3

y = 3.2085x - 1561.4

R2 = 0.929

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300

Concentration of Mn (ppm) via PIXE

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n o

f M

n (

pp

m)

via

IC

P

– Quantitative,

reproducible,

non-destructive

– Faster by a

factor of ~3!

J. M. Lunderberg et al.

NIM B266 (2008)

4782-4787

Gel Thickness DeterminationGel Thickness Determination

• ∆E is directly proportional to ∆x

• SIMNRA allows us to relate energy loss to atoms/cm2

Proton Elastic Scattering Analysis (PESA)

J.Warner, L.Ellsworth, M.Rycenga, L.Kiessel

Myoglobin

PESA AnalysisPESA Analysis

Channel440420400380360340320300280260240220200180160

Co

un

ts

3,000

2,800

2,600

2,400

2,200

2,000

1,800

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600

Energy [keV]

SIMNRA Analysis

SIMNRA by Matej Mayer

http://www.rzg.mpg.de/~mam/index.html

Blank Polyacrylamide Gel

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

X-ray Energy (keV)

Co

un

ts399µg Myoglobin

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

X-ray Energy (keV)

Co

un

ts Fe

S

PIXE PIXE

AnalysisAnalysis

Cyctachrome c

J. D. Warner et al.

NIM B (2009)

submitted

26 mm ~ 1 ”

CL System for Forensic Geology

Soil Analysis

Hilo, HI - 66

Yona, Guam - 29Lanesboro, MA - 10

Juarez, MX - 49

1 mm

Ion Beam Induced Luminescence

Another Example: Feldspars

CL peaks of known origin, mostly…

Mn2+

Mn2+

Fe3+

Fe3+

Lattice defects?

PeakFit 4.0©

Similar Spectra: Feldspar IBIL

Peak blue-shift observed

Conclusions

•• It is not only possible to integrate research It is not only possible to integrate research and education and education –– it attracts studentsit attracts students

•• New instrumentation and connectivity New instrumentation and connectivity

allow new collaborative approachesallow new collaborative approaches

•• Undergraduates can contributeUndergraduates can contribute

•• Interdisciplinary and nonInterdisciplinary and non--proliferativeproliferative

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

NSF – MRI 0319523 & RUI 0651627

Dave Daugherty, Ken Brown, Ed Hansen, Brian Bodenbender (Hope College)

Graham Bench (LLNL), Rick Rediske (GVSU),Tom Guarr (Gentex), Bryce Bergethon (Huron Technology), JoAnn Buscaglia, Bob Koons(FBI)

Recent Students: Andy Huisman, Lee Kiessel, Jill Pinter, Natalie Hoogeveen, Matt Rycenga, Josh Warner, Pat Mears, Richard Sampson, Derek Padilla, Erica Beck, Mark Lunderberg, Rachel Driscoll, Dyanne Cooper, Dale Purcell