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Takefumi OdaGreenhouse Gas Inventory Office (GIO)
National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)
IPCC Open MeetingEstimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions - A Basis of
Climate Actions
22 August 2011, Yokohama
Inventory Compilation Under the IPCC Guidelines
- Japan’s Case
Contents(mainly for waste sector)
Compilation of GHG inventory Actual application of IPCC Guidelines
– Usefulness of IPCC Guidelines– Difference from domestic report– Improvement of inventory
Support to developing country in inventory compilation
1
Compilation of GHG Inventory
2
Compilation of GHG InventoryWhat is GHG inventory Report for estimation amount of greenhouse gas
emissions and removals• National Inventory Report (NIR)• Common Reporting Format (CRF)
Annual submission under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol
Authoritative data in reporting achievement of the Kyoto Protocol’s commitment
3
GHGSector
CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs, PFCs, SF6
Energy Fuel combustion
Fugitive emission from fuels/ Fuel
combustionFuel combustion
Industrial Processes
Cement products / etc.
Chemical Industry(Coke production /
etc.)
Chemical Industry(Adipic acid
production / etc.)
Semiconductor / Refrigeration /
Solvents
AgricultureEnteric fermentation
/ Rice cultivation / Manure management
agricultural soil / Manure management
Waste Waste incineration
Solid waste disposal on land / Wastewater
Handling / Waste incineration
Wastewater Handling / Waste
incineration
Compilation of GHG inventoryGHG emission sources under the IPCC guidelines
Other sector of sources and sinks:Land Use, Land-Use Change & Forestry (LULUCF)
4
IPCC Methodologies are employed in 1st commitment period.1996 revised IPCC guidelinesGood Practice Guidance(GPG) 2000GPG-LULUCF2006 IPCC Guidelines
•Applied in a part of waste sector•Still discussed for official applications for the next commitment period
It is selectable from default method to complicated country specific estimation.The estimations which reflect actual emissions are recommended.
Compilation of GHG inventory Estimation methodology for GHG emissions
Emission Emission Factor
ActivityData= ×
GlobalWarming Potential
×
GHG missions is estimated by using data of relevant human activity, not from actual measurement of atmosphere.
5
Compilation of GHG inventoryStatistics and data to estimate GHG emissions
主な統計・調査データ
Relevant M
inistry
MOE Statistics for waste, etc.
METI General Energy Statistics, Data of Halocarbon &SF6, etc.
MLIT Annual of Land Transport Statistics, etc.MAFF Crop Statistics, Livestock Statistics, etc.
MHLW Statistics of Production by Pharmaceutical Industry
Relevant O
rganization
Federation of Electric Power Companies
Amount of fuel used by pressurized fluidized bed boilers
Japan Coal Energy Center Coal production
Japan Cement Association Amount of clinker production, etc.Japan Iron and Steel Federation Emissions from coke oven covers, etc.
Japan Paper Association Amount of RPF incineration, etc.Japan AutomobileManufacturers Association Data of exhaust gases from automobile
local public entity Waste relation dataPrivate company Confidential date related in estimation
6
Activity data are mainly obtained from published statistics. Essential data are provided from stakeholders.
Based on the Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
Private Consultants
UNFCCC Secretariat
Other Stakeholder Organizations
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Ministry of the Environment (Other sections)
Ministry of Finance Japan
Relevant Ministries
GIO(in NIES/CGER)
Data request
Data provide
Data request
Data provide
Request for reviewing NIR&CRF
Request for revising
NIR&CRF (QC)
Inventory Submission
Inventory Submission
Review and approval of estimation methodologies
Committee for the GHG Emissions
Estimation Methods
GHG Inventory Quality Assurance
Working GroupExpert Peer Review of inventory
(QA)
Request for reviewing NIR&CRF
Request for revising
NIR&CRF (QC)
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
Ministry of theEnvironment
(Low-carbon Society Promotion Office, Global
Environment Bureau)
Responsible for Inventory
Compilation
GIO(in NIES/CGER)
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
Compilation of GHG inventory
Institutional arrangement
7
Actual application of IPCC Guidelines
8
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
京都議定書の基準年
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
(単
位百
万t-
CO
2換
算)
(年度)
SF6
PFCs
HFCs
N2O
CH4
CO2
- 5%
【基準年】
CO2
CH4 1990年度
N2O
HFCs
PFCs 1995年
SF6
≈
+10%
+5%
±0%
SF6
N2O
CH4
CO2
PFCs
HFCs
Actual application of IPCC Guidelines
GHG emissions from Japan
Base year for Halocarbon &SF6: FY1995
FY2009:1,290Mt-CO2
9
What is advantage of IPCC Guideline using?
Mt-C
O2
eq.
Bas
e ye
ar u
nder
K
yoto
pro
toco
l
Fiscal Year
Base year
FY1990
FY1995
10
Actual application of IPCC Guidelines
Usefulness of IPCC guidelines
Five principles of Inventory ensure the quality.
Transparency
Comparability
Consistency
Completeness
Accuracy
National Inventory Report(NIR)Documentation for detailed methodology
(Transparency )
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Australia
Canada
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Russian Federation
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
11
Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Usefulness of IPCC Guidelines
International comparison(waste sector in 2011 submission)
From UNFCCC data
International comparison under same methodology(Comparability)
•Not only for GHG emissions, but also for activity data(e.g. amount of waste treatment)
GH
Gs
from
Was
te, i
n G
g C
O2
eq.
→
31.7
31.2
31.3
31.1
32.3
32.7
33.7
34.4
32.8
26.4
29.0
25.5
24.8
24.5
24.5
24.0
24.0
22.7
22.5
22.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
N2O
Emiss
ions
(Mill
ion
tonn
es C
O2
eq.)
(Fiscal Year)
6D. Waste (other)
6C. Waste Incineration
6B. Wastewater Handling
5. LULUCF
4F. Field Burning of Agricultural Residue4D. Agricultural Soils
4B. Manure Management
3. Solvents & Other Product Use
2. Industrial Processes
1B. Fugitive Emission from Fuels
1A3. Fuel Combustion (Mobile Sources)1A1.1A2.1A4. Fuel Combustion (Stationary Sources)
Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Usefulness of IPCC Guidelines
GHG emission trend (time series of N2O emissions)
2.B.3 Adipic acid productionIntroduction of N2O destruction unit at sole source firm
Accident
Consistent methodology & time series data(Consistency) 12
From inventory submitted in 2011
More reasonable methodology( Accuracy )•Appropriate methodology helps verification of reductions
Including much sources ( Completeness )
Difference of source categorization• Allocated emissions in each final demand sector in domestic report• To promote improvement of CO2 emission intensity of demand side
68百万t 80百万t
482百万t
388百万t
217百万t 230百万t
164百万t 216百万t
127百万t
162百万t
60百万t 40百万t
22百万t 29百万t
0
100
200
300
400
500
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
(年度)
エネルギー転換部門(発電所等)
運輸部門(自動車・船舶
家庭部門
工業プロセス廃棄物(焼却
業務その他部門
(商業・サービス・事務所
産業部門(工場等)
13
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CO
2排
出量
(百
万トン
CO
2)
(年度)
386百万t
319百万t
223百万t
162百万t
40百万t
14百万t
1A1. エネルギー転換部門
1A2. 産業部門
1A3. 運輸部門
1A4. その他部門
2. 工業プロセス
6. 廃棄物
371百万t
324百万t
211百万t
162百万t
60百万t
13百万t
Submission to UNFCCCin line with IPCC Guidelines
(Direct emissions)
Domestic report(Allocated emissions)
Actual application of IPCC Guidelines
Difference from domestic report (Case of CO2 emissions)
CO
2em
issi
ons
(Mt C
O2)
1A1. Energy Industries
1A2. Manufacturing Industries1A3. Transport
1A4. Other Sectors
2. Industrial Processes
6. Waste
Energy Industries
Manufacturing Industries
Transport
Industrial Processes Waste incineration
Residential
Commercial etc.
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
その他
焼却
排水処理
埋立
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
その他 (6.D)エネルギー利用 (1.A)廃棄物の焼却 (6.C)排水処理 (6.B)埋立 (6.A)
14
Domestic reportSubmission to UNFCCCin line with IPCC Guidelines
Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Difference from domestic reportEnergy recovery from waste incineration
Emissions from this source are included in waste sector to promote energy recovery.
Inclusion of energy recovery in energy sector causes deterioration of GHG emission intensity in energy sector.
GH
Gs
from
Was
te, i
n G
g C
O2
eq.
GH
Gs
from
Was
te, i
n G
g C
O2
eq.
Other (6.D)Energy recovery (1.A)Waste incineration (6.C)Wastewater treatment (6.B)Solid waste disposal on land (6.A)
OtherIncinerationWastewater treatmentLandfill
Inventory is improving to be better.National system
• Improvement of institutional arrangement– e.g. Establishment of Inventory Quality Assurance Working Group (2009)
Peer review by external expert
National Inventory Report(NIR)• Update for revised methodology and new national system• Improvement for transparent description
Estimation methodology• Improvement for more reasonable estimation
– IPCC guidelines recommend country specific methodology.– Example: Waste sector
15
Actual application of IPCC Guidelines
Improvement of inventory
26.1
26.1
27.2
26.9
29.3
29.5
29.8
30.2
29.9
29.5
29.3
27.6
26.8
28.0
25.8
24.8
24.4
24.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
(単
位百
万トン
CO
2換算
)
(年度)
Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Improvement of inventoryEstimation changes due to improvement (waste sector)
Estimation methods were revised at 2010. To reflect actual emissions To verify mitigation actions
Emissions in FY2007: revised 24.2 Mt to 22.2 Mt
その他(N2O)
その他(CH4)その他(CO2)廃棄物の焼却(N2O)
廃棄物の焼却(CH4)廃棄物の焼却(CO2)排水の処理(N2O)
排水の処理(CH4)埋立(CH4)
6D. その他(N2O)
6D. その他(CH4)
6D. その他(CO2)
6C. 廃棄物の焼却(N2O)
6C. 廃棄物の焼却(CH4)
6C. 廃棄物の焼却(CO2)
6B. 排水の処理(N2O)
6B. 排水の処理(CH4)
6A. 埋立(CH4)
25.6
25.5
26.6
26.2
28.6
28.8
29.1
29.5
29.1
28.7
28.5
26.8
25.7
25.4
24.5
23.7
22.4
22.2
20.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
(年度)
Inventory submitted in 2009 Inventory submitted in 2010
Consistent re-calculations due to methodological revises
16
(Mt C
O2
eq.)
6D. Other (N2O)
6D. Other (CH4)
6D. Other (CO2)
6C. Waste Incineration (N2O)
6C. Waste Incineration (CH4)
6C. Waste Incineration (CO2)
6B. Wastewater Handling (N2O)
6B. Wastewater Handling (CH4)
6A. SWDS (CH4)
26.1
26.1
27.2
26.9
29.3
29.5
29.8
30.2
29.9
29.5
29.3
27.6
26.8
28.0
25.8
24.8
24.4
24.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
(単位
百万トン
CO
2換算)
(年度)
Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Improvement of inventoryGHG emissions from waste sector
Accedence of Basel convention
Renewal and revamp of incinerator to reduce dioxins emissions (late 1990s to early 2000s)
To reflect improvement of incinerator…
Improvement of
incinerators
その他(N2O)
その他(CH4)その他(CO2)廃棄物の焼却(N2O)
廃棄物の焼却(CH4)廃棄物の焼却(CO2)排水の処理(N2O)
排水の処理(CH4)埋立(CH4)
6D. その他(N2O)
6D. その他(CH4)
6D. その他(CO2)
6C. 廃棄物の焼却(N2O)
6C. 廃棄物の焼却(CH4)
6C. 廃棄物の焼却(CO2)
6B. 排水の処理(N2O)
6B. 排水の処理(CH4)
6A. 埋立(CH4)
Enforcement of Containers and Packaging Recycling Law
Increase of Industrial waste incineration since 1994
Increase of energy recovery since 2001;Allocated to Energy sector
17
Inventory submitted in 2010
6D. Other (N2O)
6D. Other (CH4)
6D. Other (CO2)
6C. Waste Incineration (N2O)
6C. Waste Incineration (CH4)
6C. Waste Incineration (CO2)
6B. Wastewater Handling (N2O)
6B. Wastewater Handling (CH4)
6A. SWDS (CH4)
Reduce of final disposal due to prevailing
incineration
Act on Special Measures against Dioxins
Amount of incineration of MSW by type of incinerator
Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Improvement of inventoryN2O emissions from waste incineration (2010 submission)
Incinerator typeEF [gN2O/t](- FY2001)
EF [gN2O/t](FY2002 -)
Stoker furnace
Continuous incinerator 57.0 35.3 Semi-Continuous Incinerator 51.7 52.2 Batch type Incinerator 69.7 76.4 Fluidized bed furnace
Continuous incinerator 77.8 58.3Semi-Continuous Incinerator 70.2 109.1 Batch type Incinerator 259.8 67.3 Gasification melting furnace
Shaft furnace 19.30 Fluidized bed 5.80 Other 9.90
Item Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008Continuous incinerator kt /year (wet) 26,215 29,716 32,749 32,246 31,962 30,840 29,538Semi-Continuous Incinerator kt /year (wet) 4,810 5,455 5,882 4,047 3,852 3,609 3,457Batch type Incinerator kt /year (wet) 5,643 4,328 3,131 1,562 1,470 1,369 1,312Gasification melting furnace kt /year (wet) 0 0 370 2,397 2,630 2,954 2,830
N2O emission factors for incinerator (MSW)
・New emission factors for gasification melting furnace
・Estimation by new emission factors
・Resurvey for recent incinerator
Inventory submitted in 2009 and prior•N2O emission factors for incinerators were the same for all years.•No emission factors for gasification melting furnace. Substitutions had been used.
Surveyed at 1990s
Inventory submitted in 2010
18
・Reduction of emission factors for recent continuous incinerator
Actual application of IPCC Guidelines: Improvement of inventoryImprovements of estimation in 2010 submission
6A Solid waste disposal on land: emission source of CH4 Revision of carbon contents in disposed waterworks sludge (-10 Gg CO2)
Accelerated data collection for waste disposal (-500 Gg CO2)
6C Waste incineration: emission source of CO2, CH4 & N2O Survey for new emission factors for incinerators (-500 Gg CO2)
Subtraction of CO2 emissions from biogenic waste oil (-600 Gg CO2)
6D Other: emission source of CO2, CH4 & N2O Addition of CH4 & N2O emissions from composting of human waste
(+1 Gg CO2)(differences in revised emissions in 2007)
Improvement of estimation to verify mitigation actions• Reflection of actual emissions and effort for reduction, NOT RIGGIG OF
ESTIMATIONS19
Support to developing country in inventory compilation
20
Support to developing country in inventory compilation Workshop on GHG Inventories in Asia (WGIA)Annual Workshop since 2003
Objective: To improve GHG inventory through information sharing among researchers and relative officers in inventory compilation
Host: Ministry of Environment of JapanNational Institute for Environmental Studies
Participated countries: Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
9th Workshop (WGIA9)Date:13-15 July 2011Place:Phnom Penh, CambodiaParticipants: 75 person from 13
Asian countries and etc.
21
-
5 000.0
10 000.0
15 000.0
20 000.0
25 000.0
30 000.0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
CO2
emis
sion
s (m
illio
n to
nnes
)
Year
Support to developing country in inventory compilationGlobal GHG emissions from energy sector
(CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2010 – Highlights –, IEA, Paris.)
Increase GHG emissions from Non Annex I parties Necessity of MRV for NAMA in Non Annex I parties GIO is supporting to WGIA participants in inventory compilation
NAMA:Nationally Appropriate Mitigation ActionMRV:measurable, reportable and verifiable
22
Other countries
Annex Ⅰ(Excepting Japan)
Japan
Non AnnexⅠ(Excepting WGIA)
WGIA Participants(Excepting Japan)
Support to developing country in inventory compilationEstimation methodology in WGIA countries (waste sector)
Accuracy and completeness of estimation for each source
E (full): Fully Estimated IE: Included Elsewhere NO: Not Occurred E(part): Partly Estimated NE: Not Estimated NA: Not Applicable
D (IPCC default) T1 (IPCC Tier 1) T1a, T1b, T1c (IPCC Tier 1a, Tier 1b and Tier 1c, respectively) T2 (IPCC Tier 2) T3 (IPCC Tier 3) CS (Country Specific) OTH (Other)
CH4
N2O
Completeness of estimation:
Accuracy of Methodology:
Cambodia China Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Mongolia Philippines Thailand Vietnam6C1 Biogenic NA- E(full)T1 NE- E(full)CS NA- NA- ET1 NE- NA- NA-6C2 Other (please specify) NA- E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS E(full)T2 NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-6D Other NA- NA- NA- E(full)CS NA- NA- NA- NA- NA- NA-6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land E(part)T1 E(full)T2 NA- E(full)T3 E(full)T1 ET1 ET1 E(full)T2 E(full)T2 E(part)T16A2 Unmanaged Waste Disposal Site E(part)T1 E(full)T2 E(part)T1 NA- E(full)T1 NE- ET1 E(part)T2 E(full)T2 E(part)T1a Deep (>5m) E(part)T1 E(full)T2 E(part)T1 NA- E(full)T1 NE- IE- E(part)T2 E(full)T2 E(part)T1b Shallow (<5m) E(part)T1 E(full)T2 NA- NA- E(full)T1 NE- IE- E(part)T2 E(full)T2 E(part)T16A3 Other (please specify) NA- NA- E(part)T1 E(full)T3 NA- NE- NA- NA- NA- NA-6B1 Industrial Waste Water E(part)T1 E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS E(part)T2 E(part)T1 ET1 E(part)T2 E(full)T2 E(part)T1a Waste Water E(part)T1 E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS E(full)T2 E(part)T1 ET1 E(part)T2 E(full)T2 IE-b Sludge E(part)T1 E(full)T1 NE- IE- NE- E(part)T1 ET1 NE- E(full)T2 IE-6B2 Domestic and Commercial Wastewater E(part)T1 E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS E(full)T2 E(full)T1 ET1 E(part)T2 E(full)T2 E(part)T1a Waste Water E(part)T1 E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS E(full)T2 E(full)T1 ET1 E(full)T2 E(full)T2 IE-b Sludge E(part)T1 E(full)T1 NE- IE- IE- E(full)T1 NE- E(part)T2 E(full)T2 IE-6B3 Other (please specify) NA- NO- NE- NO- NE- NO- NA- NA- NA- NA-6C1 Biogenic NA- NO- NO- E(full)CS NA- NA- ET1 NA- NE- NA-6C2 Other (please specify) NA- NO- NO- E(full)CS NE- NA- NA- NA- E(full)T1 NA-6D Other (please specify) NA- NA- NA- E(full)T1 E(full)T1 NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-6B1 Industrial Waste Water NA- E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS NE- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-a Waste Water NA- E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS NE- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-b Sludge NA- E(full)T1 NE- IE- NE- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-6B2 Domestic and Commercial Wastewater NA- E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS NE- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-a Waste Water NA- E(full)T1 E(part)T1 E(full)CS NE- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-b Sludge NA- E(full)T1 NE- IE- NE- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-
N2O from human sewage E(part)T1 NE- NE- E(full)CS E(full)T1 NA- NE- E(full)T2 E(full)T1 E(part)T16B3 Other (please specify) NA- NE- NA- NO- NA- NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-6C1 Biogenic NA- NE- NO- E(full)CS NA- NA- NA- NA- NA- NA-6C2 Other (please specify) NA- NE- NO- E(full)CS E(full)T2 NA- NA- NA- NE- NA-6D Other (please specify) NA- NE- NA- E(full)T1 E(full)T1 NA- NA- NA- NA- NA-
CO2
23
Support to developing country in inventory compilationClassification of waste sector inventory
Result of cluster analysis for estimation methodology of each country
Objective: To understand development status of inventory compilation in each country
1. Default method with notenough activity data
2. High tier but partially enough activity data
3. Low tier but many accounting sub-category
4. High tier (excluding FOD) with enough activity data
5. High tier (including FOD ) with enough activity data
6. Many country specific methodology
CambodiaVietnamMongoliaMalaysiaPhilippinesIndonesiaKoreaChinaThailandJapan
Variation of development status Necessity of various support by each development status Benefit to support: establishment of national key statistics
24
Objective: To improve GHG inventory through information sharing among inventory compilers
Date: 14 July 2011 Venue: Phnom PenhParticipants: Energy sector (Indonesia, Mongolia)
LULUCF sector (Japan, Lao PDR)Waste sector (Cambodia, Indonesia, Korea)
Support to developing country in inventory compilationMutual Learning
Implementation:
Exchange inventories and Q&A related to the other methodologies prior the workshop
Discussion about detailed methodologies by sector with small group at closed door
Annually implementation between Japan and Korea since 2007
25
Summary
Japan is annually compiling GHG inventory based on the methodology of IPCC guidelines to submit to the UNFCCC.
GHG inventory provides basic information to verify reduction of emissions through appropriate mitigation actions.
IPCC Guidelines also helps international comparison of other environmental information relevant to resource, energy, agriculture, forestry and waste management.
Support to developing countries in inventory compilation helps promotion of mitigation actions in their rapid growth of economy.
26