Intro_Logic With Notes

7/23/2019 Intro_Logic With Notes

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Introduction to AmericanGovernmentPOLS 1101

Prof. Ryan Bakker

Fall 201


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!la"" Re"ource"

Lecture#

!la"" $e%"ite

&i"cu""ion Section Leader" Online re"ource"

'tt(")**ed+e."a+e(u%.com*kernell,e*"tudent-re"ource"

!/ &rud+e Re(ort/ Five 'irtyi+'t/ Political ire/ Politic"1/'e 3onkey !a+e/ 4o5/ 'e 6("'ot
http://spia.uga.edu/faculty_pages/rbakker/POLS%201101.htmhttps://edge.sagepub.com/kernell7e/student-resourceshttps://edge.sagepub.com/kernell7e/student-resourceshttps://edge.sagepub.com/kernell7e/student-resourceshttps://edge.sagepub.com/kernell7e/student-resourceshttp://spia.uga.edu/faculty_pages/rbakker/POLS%201101.htm


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'y are you 'ere7

Let8" make a deal9

ill you take a one :ue"tion te"t7

it' 4R; 'i+' "take"77


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'o i" t'i" (er"on7


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'o i" t'i" (er"on7


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'o i" t'i" (er"on7


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Making Sense of Government

and Politics Two fundamental questions aboutgovernment and politics:

What do we observe? An empirical question

Why? Requires building a theory aroundprinciples

Two objectives in this introductory chapter:

Explain what we mean by government andpolitics

Introduce the collective action problem


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What is Government?

The institutions and procedures throughwhich a land and its people are ruled

Governments may be simple, like a tribalcouncil that makes all decisions, or theymay be complex, like our own system ofseparate branches and levels of

government


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Forms of Government:

Inclusiveness Autocracy A single individual rules Oligarchy A small group of landowners,military officers, or wealthy merchants

rules Democracy A system of rule thatpermits citizens to play a significant partin the governmental process


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Forms of Government:

Recognition of Limits Constitutional Formal and effective limitsare placed on the powers of government

Authoritarian No formal limits are placedon government but government may beeffectively limited by other socialinstitutions

Totalitarian No formal or effective limitson governments power of any kind


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'e Lo+ic of AmericanPolitic"

Politic" - t'e (roce"" t'rou+' $'ic' individual" and

+rou(" reac' a+reementon a cour"e of common/ orcollective/ action < even a" t'ey may continuetodi"a+ree on t'e +oal" t'at action in intended toac'ieve

In"titution" - a "et of rule" (ro"cri%in+ a (roce""for reac'in+ and enforcin+ collective a+reement"

!on"titution - e"ta%li"'e" a nation" +overnin+in"titution" and t'e "et of rule" and (rocedure"t'e"e in"titution" mu"t =and mu"t not> follo$ toreac' and enforce collective a+reement".


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In"titutional &e"i+n

?So "tron+ i" t'e t'i" (ro(en"ityof mankind to fall into mutualanimo"itie"/ t'at $'ere no

"u%"tantial occa"ion (re"ent"it"elf/ t'e mo"t frivolou" andfanciful di"tinction" 'ave %een"ufficient to kindle t'eir

unfriendly (a""ion" and e5citet'eir mo"t violent conflict"@

--James Madison, Fed 10


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Institutions Provide Authority

in Four Ways Jurisdiction The domain over whichdecisions may be made

Agenda and Veto Power Gatekeepingpower and the power to say no

Decisiveness Rules for decision making

Delegation Transmission of authority


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!on"titution" andGovt8"

'e !on"titution "ou+'t torea""ure diver"e intere"t" t'ey$ould %e %etter off under t'e

(ro(o"ed "y"tem t'an under t'eArticle" of !onfederation.

Aut'ority ver"u" Po$er9


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!on"titution" andGovt8"

Authority) 'eackno$led+edri+'t to make a(articulardeci"ion

Power: t'e actualinfluence $it'ot'eroffice'older"


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In"titutional&ura%ility

'y are in"titution" "o dura%le7

Aut'ority i" +enerally a""i+ned tot'e in"titution =not (eo(le>.

'u"/ it "'ould e5i"t lon+ after anoffice 'older retire"

Peo(le make (lan" contin+ent on t'ee5(ectation t'at t'e in"titution$ill (er"i"t

It8" 'ard to a+ree on alternative".


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Collective Action

Two classes of challenges to efforts for groups to reachand implement agreements:

Coordination:

Problem increases with group size

Solutions: Delegation, self-enforcing rules, focal point

Prisoners Dilemma:

Free riding, tragedy of the commons Solutions:

Make reneging and defection expensive

Create institutions to enforce agreements


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A Collective Dilemma


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Free Rider"

Lar+e +rou(" mu"t addre"" mem%er"8tem(tation" to free ride)

o defect from t'e a+reement %y

$it''oldin+ t'eir contri%ution to t'e+rou( $'ile "till enoyin+ t'e%enefit" of t'e +rou(8" effort

Become" a (ro%lem a" individual"

reco+nie t'at t'eir "mallcontri%ution $ill not make adifference.


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Co$ to Solve FreeRidin+

Private inducement" to(artici(ate $it' t'e +rou(effort"

3em%er"'i( %enefit"

!oercion

6"e la$ to force (artici(ation

Provide ta5 %reak"


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ra+edy of t'e !ommon"

'ere i" a (u%lic +ood t'at i"in dan+er of %ein+ ":uanderedunle"" mem%er" coo(erate to

(re"erve it.

'e +ood already e5i"t"/ %ut$ill %e de"troyed ife5(loitation i" not controlled.


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ra+edy of t'e !ommon"

'e trick to avoidin+ t'edilemma lie" in in"titutionalde"i+n

Link t'e individual8" (er"onalintere"t to t'e (rovi"ion of t'e(u%lic +ood.

Solution") Force*re+ulation

Privatiation


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!ollective Action !o"t"

!ollective action offer" %enefit"t'at individual" cannot ac'ieveon t'eir o$n.

Partici(ation may re:uire co"t"

'e key) de"i+n a "y"tem t'atminimie" co"t".

!o"t" may %e material) a5e" for road"/ "c'ool"/ etc.

Police "alarie"


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!ollective Action !o"t"

$o kind" of co"t" t'at are relevantfor de"i+nin+ in"titution")

ran"action co"t"

!onformity co"t"

&ifferent a"(ect" of 'o$ a +rou(deal" $it' collective action

Often involve trade-off" $it' oneanot'er


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ran"action !o"t"

ran"action co"t") 'e time/effort and re"ource" re:uiredto make collective deci"ion".

3ore (eo(le D 'i+'er co"t"

Sometime" tran"action co"t" areintentionally included.

!'an+in+ t'e !on"titution


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!onformity !o"t"

!onformity co"t") 'edifference %et$een $'at anindividual (refer" and $'at t'e

collective %ody re:uire". Payin+ (ro(erty ta5e"

3ilitary de(loyment

fundin+ +ov8t (ro+ram" you o((o"e


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ran"action v"!onformity

Often a trade off)

'en tran"action co"t" are lo$/t'en deci"ion" are made more

:uickly/ often leavin+ more (eo(leun"ati"fied.

'en conformity co"t" are lo$/

t'en tran"action i" more co"tly 6nanimou" deci"ion".

n"t tut ona e" +n to


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n"t tut ona e" +n toAc'ieve !ollective

Action $o im(ortant de"i+n (rinci(le" 4otin+ rule

3aority Rule) 0E 1 to make a

deci"ion Plurality Rule) t'e mo"t vote" $in"

Bill !linton never $on a maority of t'e(o(ular vote

&ele+ation) a""i+n" aut'ority to makedeci"ion" to "ome "maller num%er of (eo(le$'o act in t'e intere"t of t'e lar+er +rou(


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&ele+ation

Preferred "olution tocontrollin+ tran"action co"t"

Princi(le) individual*+rou(aut'oried to dele+ate

A+ent) individual*+rou( to $'om(o$er i" dele+ated.


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Pro%lem" $it'&ele+ation

A+ency Lo"") 'e di"cre(ancy%et$een t'e (rinci(le and t'ea+ent.

Some lo"" i" inevita%le

3em%er" of !on+re"" "'irkin+

re"(on"i%ility A+ent" turnin+ a+ain"t (rinci(le"

Radical vie$" a%out t'e 2ndamendment.


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Re(re"entative Gov8t

Re(re"entative +ov8t) !itien" limitt'eir deci"ion" to t'e "election of+ov8t official" $'o/ actin+ a" t'eir

a+ent"/ deli%erate and commit t'ecitienry to collective enter(ri"e".

!ontra"t $it' direct democracy/$'ere citien" (artici(ate directlyin deci"ion-makin+.


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Re(re"entative Gov8t

Re(u%lic) voter" elect t'eir re(re"entative"/%ut t'e"e re(re"entative" are con"trained infollo$in+ t'e maority8" $ill in t'e form ofcon"titutional +uarantee" for minoritie" and %yin"titution" re:uirin+ lar+e maoritie" for "omedeci"ion".

3o"t of t'e $orld8" democracie" are(arliamentary +ovt8" $'ere t'e le+i"lature

elect" t'e e5ecutive.

'e 6.S. 'a" a "y"tem of "e(aration of (o$er"/$'ic' increa"e" tran"action co"t".


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'e ork of Government

I" collective action +reater t'an(rivate action7

Private +ood") t'in+" (eo(le %uy andcon"ume t'em"elve" in a market(lacet'at "u((lie" t'e"e +ood" accordin+ todemand

Pu%lic +ood) co"t" are %orncollectively and no%ody can %e e5cluded

5ternalitie") ne+ative (u%lic +ood".


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'e ork of Government

!itien" look to t'e +ov8t to(rovide (u%lic +ood".

ational defen"e

Ci+'$ay"

Le+al "y"tem

Govt8" al"o $ork to minimie

e5ternalitie" !lean air*$ater

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Intro_Logic With Notes