Introductory Reference to the IBM As

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Introductory Reference to theIBM AS/400

Introduction to the AS/400

The IBM Application System/400 popularly known as AS/400 is a family of mid-range business computing systems, that supersedes IBM's highly successfulSystem/3X family. The AS/400 is available in three different types the 9402,9404, and the 9406.

Currently, here at Minnesota State University, Mankato, the Computer Servicesis supporting a dual processor IBM AS/400 9406 model D80, that contains 192Megabytes of primary memory and 7.1 Gigabytes of mirrored secondary storage.

The AS/400 systems exclusively use the IBM Operating System/400 (OS/400). Itis a multi-user operating system that works with the Licensed Internal Code (LIC)instructions to implement the functions that are basic to the AS/400 architecture.OS/400 can perform tasks under direct control of both the user and anapplication program.

The AS/400 system differs from the traditional systems in several ways. Theyoffer more compatibility across the product line since only one operating systemand architecture is used consistently across the entire family. The system offersvery high performance compared to the earlier System/3X computers. This isachieved by a combination of faster processors, extended storage and improved

fixed disk systems. The software architecture is different from that of moretraditional systems. Implementing functions such as security, database andcommunications in microcode, and providing a one-piece operating systemresulted in improved efficiency, consistency and simplicity.

Now, to take a look into the highlights of the system


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AS/400's standard functions plus the many communications options andsupporting software provide users with flexibility for various communicationsenvironments. The AS/400 application programming interface provides somenew capabilities not found in earlier operating systems. The basic architecture ofAS/400 systems makes for a very productive program development environment.

The built-in database and single-level storage provide high-level structures andconsistency. This along with the programming tools available for AS/400 canincrease programmer productivity. The programmer has the flexibility to chooseone of the following programming languages for their application programs:

BASIC C CL command language COBOLX3.23-1974 & X3.23-1985 FORTRAN Pascal

PL/I REXX RPG II & III

The AS/400 marks a new beginning in the business computing world. This newgeneration of systems with advanced technology and advanced applicationsserve as a growth platform for the customer to expand in application, size andnetwork complexity.

Signing On to the AS/400

PC Support/400

Reboot the PC by pressing at the same time. Pressthis key combination twice.

Select the option that indicates PC Support and/or AS/400. Answer "Enter common user ID:" with your username Answer "Enter password for common user ID:" with your password. If there is a beep or a message press to bypass the message. At this point you should have the following screen:

Sign On

System . . . . . : MKTAS400Subsystem . . . . : QINTERDisplay . . . . . : PCnnnnS1

User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __________Password . . . . . . . . . . . .Program/procedure. . . . . . . . __________Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __________


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Current library. . . . . . . . . __________

Type your username in the "User" blank. Press the key. Type your password. The password will not be displayed.

Press the key.

If for some reason you can not longer type, press the key. On theMicroterms or PC-VT this would be the key then R. On PC Support/400this would be the left key.

If this is the first time you signed on continue with the Changing your passwordsection of this manual.

Changing Your Password

The first time you log on the AS/400 you will be forced to change your passwordbefore continuing.

Press to change your password. At the "Current Password" field, type `xx' followed by the last six digits of

your social security number (ie. xx999999) NOTE: nothing you type onthis screen will be displayed to ensure that no one views your passwordas you type it.

Press or . For the "New Password" field, type the password you would like to use

when you sign on to the computer. It must not exceed 10 characters, it

must begin with a alphabetic character and the remaining characters maybe any combination of alphabetic, numeric characters. Note: Try not tomake it too difficult, you will need to know it to sign on the AS/400 again.

Press or At the "New Password (to verify)" field, type in your new password for a

second time to make sure you have entered it correctly. If you haveentered it incorrectly you will get an error message and your initialpassword will still be `xx' followed by the last four digits of your socialsecurity number.

Press Upon completion, the following message will be displayed:

Password changed successfully Read the following screens, pressing to exit each one, until you

reach the AS/400 Main Menu screen.

Later on when you want to change your password, type CHGPWD on thecommand line and go through the same steps.
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Signing Off of the AS/400

Press until you see a command prompt, ===>. At the command prompt type SIGNOFF.

Getting Online Help

AS/400 provides extensive On-line help, and a simple method of accessing thehelp information. On-line help information is provided for all system displays. Thetype of help provided depends on the location of the cursor.

For all displays, the following information is provided:

What the display is used for How to use the display

How to use the command line if there is one How to use the entry fields and parameter line if any What function keys are active and what they do.

If the key is pressed when the cursor is in an area where specific on-linehelp information is available, the help text for that area of the display is shown.

If the key is pressed when the cursor is in an area for which no specificinformation is available, information for the entire display is shown. Then you canpage forward or backward through the information for the entire display and foreach area.

If the key is pressed while a help display is shown, a description of thetypes of help that are available on the displays, and how to get each type of helpis shown.

The key on the PC Support stations is labeled . On the VT-100 or PC-VT stations the key sequence for < Help>is h.

If =Search index is shown at the bottom of the display, you can pressto see the Search Help Index display. On that display, you can requestinformation about any topic you specify.

STRSCHIDX

The start search index command is used when you would like to get help on aspecific or general topic. To use the index search facility type STRSCHIDX andhit . Type your subject topic, or topics on the bottom subject line. Whenyou hit again your topic will be searched for and the topics found will bedisplayed on the screen above the topic line. To display the information you are


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looking for type 5 in the option field by the topic line press . To get outof the index search facility press until exited.

CD-ROM Manuals

If you are attached to the AS/400 using PC Support/400 you have the ability tolook at a hypertext version of a subset of the complete AS/400 manual set. Tostart the hypertext book reader type the command MANUALS at any AS/400prompt. This guide is laid out like a library. The library contains bookshelves.These bookshelves contain books. For example our library contains a bookshelfname Languages. We select the bookshelf by using the arrow keys to place thehighlighted cursor over it and press . On this bookshelf there are severalbooks on languages. One of the books is titled "COBOL/400 Reference". Onceagain we use the arrows and cursor to select the item. Now that we have thebook it opens up a "Table of Contents" for the book. By using this search andselect procedure you can look through the book like a book you'd check out at

the library.

More Help

There are three ways to get help on the READ/DOS book reader (AS/400command MANUALS):

Start the book reader and select the bookshelf entitled BookManagerREAD/DOS.

Press anywhere you're in question about your current options. Press h (or h) and select the appropriate help selection for

your current problem.

Using the Prompt Facility

AS/400 provides interactive command prompting for any command supplied withthe system or created by the user. On the command entry screen notice theoption F4 = Prompt at the bottom of the screen. You can type the commandname only, and press to see the prompt display for the command. Usually,a command may require many parameters before it can be executed. Theprompt displays provide a convenient method of supplying that parameterinformation. For example, type SNDMSG on any command line and press .

The following prompt display is shown:

Send Message (SNDMSG)

Type choices, press Enter.

Message text . . . . . . . . . .________________________________________


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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

To user profile . . . . . . . . . __________ Name , *SYSOPR,*ALLACT...

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F10=Additional parameters F12=cancelF13=How to use this display F24=More keys

To execute the command, supply the required information for Message text anduser profile and press . Most of the parameters used on commands havedefault values that are used if no other value is specified. You may change the

default values if you desire to do so.

If = Prompt is shown on the prompt display, you can press < F4>to requesta list of predefined values (such as *SYSOPR and *ALLACT in the abovedisplay) that are permitted in the field where the cursor is currently positioned.

In relation to the SNDMSG command, you can use DSPMSG at any time todisplay messages in your message queue.

Organization of OS/400 Objects

Objects

On the AS/400, everything that can be stored or retrieved is stored in an object.Examples of objects are libraries, files, executable programs, queues, and more.Objects share some common attributes such as name, type, size, description,date created, and owner. The concept of an object allows the system to performcertain standard operations, such as authorization management, on all objectstypes. The object types that we will be primarily concerned with in this manualare:

*LIB Libraries *FILE Files *PGM Compiled programs *OUTQ Output queues

Libraries


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Every object is contained in a library. A library is an object, of type *LIB, thatcontains a group of objects. It is similar to the "root" or top-level directory onUnix, MS-DOS, and VAX/VMS. However, unlike these systems, a library cannot"contain" other libraries (with the exception of QSYS, the system master library,which "contains" all libraries on the system). An interesting implication of the non-

hierarchical nature of libraries is that two users cannot have libraries with thesame name. There are basically three general categories of libraries:

1. QSYS - the library that contains all other libraries,2. System supplied libraries NOTE:all IBM-supplied library names begin with

the letter "Q" or "#"3. User-created libraries.

Files

A file is an object, of type *FILE, that contains data in the form of a database,

device data, or a group of related records that are handled as a unit. In thismanual, we are primarily concerned with database files. There are two types ofdatabase files:

1. physical files2. logical files.

A physical file contains actual data stored on the system. It has a fixed-lengthrecord format. In this manual, we are primarily interested in two kinds of physicalfiles:

1. data physical files2. source physical files.

A data physical file (*FILE PF-DTA) contains data that cannot be compiled, suchas an input file to a program. In conventional terms, a data physical file is a datafile, for example an employee master file. A data physical file normally has arecord format. This record format is defined using Data Description Specifications(DDS is a language that is used to describe database files to the system). Thisdescription is then compiled to produce a *FILE object with attribute PF-DTA.

A source physical file (*FILE PF-SRC) contains source statements, for example

the source statements of a Pascal or COBOL program. A source physical file hasthe attribute "PF-SRC". It is usually created using the "Create Source PhysicalFile" (CRTSRCPF) command (more information about this command will begiven later). A source physical file is actually a special type of data physical file.The CRTSRCPF command creates a physical file with attributes appropriate forsource physical files. For example, the default record length is 92 (80 for thesource data field, 6 for the sequence number field, and 6 for the date field. Referto the section on the SEU editor for the meanings of these fields.)
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The data records in a data physical file can be grouped into members. A dataphysical file may contain one or more members. These members are not objectsthemselves but subsets of an object. This implies that all members of an objectshare the same basic characteristics with the other members in the object suchas ownership and security. In a PF-SRC file, each member contains source

statements for a program or DDS source. Members have an attribute associatedwith them, which in the case of PF-SRC members, determines how the varioussystems programs (such as the editor and compilers) on the AS/400 treat themember. This attribute is specified when creating the member, and allowscompilation to be totally automatic. Once, for example, a member has beenspecified as having an attribute of CBL (for COBOL program,) the AS/400 editor,SEU, will format the program as a COBOL program, and when PDM (ProgramDevelopment Manager) is given the instruction to compile the file, it "knows" thatit should invoke the COBOL compiler. An example of a PF-SRC file and itsmembers is shown below (we will explain how to get to this screen in the sectionon PDM):

Work with Members Using PDM

File . . . . . . SRCFILE___Library . . . . YOURLIB___ Position to . . . .

__________Type options, press Enter.

2=Edit 3=Copy 4=Delete 5=Display 6=Print7=Rename 8=Display description 9=Save 13=Change text

...

Opt Member Type Text__ NAMEEMP LF Sample DDS Source for a Logical File__ CLPROG CLP Sample Control Language Source Program__ RPGPROG RPG Sample RPG Source Program__ EMPMAST PF Sample DDS Source for a Physical File__ SCRNMBR DSPF Sample DDS Source for a Display File

Parameters or command===> ___________________________________________________________

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F6=Create

F9=Retrieve F10=Command entry F23=More options F24=Morekeys

The name of the source physical file is SRCFILE, and it is contained in the libraryYOURLIB. Although, in the above example, source members of different typesare stored in the same source physical file, you will probably want to store sourceprograms of the same type in a separate source physical file. For example, youmay want to keep all your RPG source programs in a PF-SRC file called, for


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example, "RPGSRC" and DDS source in a PF-SRC file called, for example,"DDSSRC". You may also use the standard IBM-supplied names such as"QRPGSRC", "QDDSSRC", and "QCLSRC" for the various PF-SRC files.However, you may choose to include source members of different typesbelonging to the same application in the same PF-SRC file, as in the above

example.

In a data physical file (PF-DTA), the member(s) contains data for use byprograms. Normally, a PF-DTA file will only have one member (by default, themember's name is the same as the file name). However, it is possible to includemultiple members in a single PF-DTA file. For example, you may want to groupthe records in a sales transactions file so that each member contains data foreach month. In this way, each month's data can be processed separately byprocessing one member at a time. It is important to understand, at this point, thedifference between "source" and "data" in regards to data physical files. In the"Work with Members using PDM" screen above, the "PF" member, "EMPMAST",

contains DDS source that defines a physical file. When this source member iscompiled (using CRTPF or option 14 in the "Work with Members using PDM"screen), it will produce a *FILE object with attribute PF-DTA. This compiledobject is the actual file that is used to hold data records.

A data logical file (*FILE LF-DTA) is a data file that contains no actual data, butprovides a different method of viewing the data of an accompyning data physicalfile(s) which it internally references. It is similar to the concept of a "view" in SQL.A data logical file is described to the system using DDS. When the DDS source iscompiled, a *FILE object with the attribute LF-DTA is produced.

Another *FILE object type that you may encounter in your programming coursesis the device file. A device file contains a description how data is to be presentedto a program from a device or vice versa. Two common types of device files areprinter files (*FILE PRTF) and display files (*FILE DSPF). A printer file describesthe attributes that printed output will have, such as the length and width of aprinted page. A printer file can be created using the "Create Printer File"(CRTPRTF) command. A display file describes what information is to bedisplayed and where it is to be displayed on the screen of a display station. Oneway of defining and creating a display file is with the Screen Design Aid (SDA)utility.

Other Object TypesA program object (*PGM) is a compiled program. The attribute for a *PGM objectindicates the language the program was written in. For instance, when a COBOLsource program is compiled, it produces an object with a type of *PGM with theattribute CBL.


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An important object type on the AS/400 is the output queue (*OUTQ). On theAS/400, whenever something is printed, the output goes to an output queue andit stays there as a spooled file. A spooled files, like a member, is not an objectitself but a subset of an object. The spooled file stays in the output queue until itis directed to a printer or removed. An output queue has already been created for

you with the creation of your user profile. The name of the output queue isnormally the same as that of your user profile. Refer to the section "PrintingProcedure" in this manual for more information on printing spooled files.

The relationships between the various objects that have been discussed in thissection are as follows:

QSYS (*LIB)[special library]

|| contains|

Library (*LIB)

|| contains|

.------------------+----^-----------------.--------.| | | |

Programs (*PGM) Outqueues (*OUTQ) Files (*FILE) Other[Executable] | | objects

| contains |Spooled Files |

[Output intended for Printer] ||

.----------------^--.

| |Physical Data Logicalfile file(PF) (LF-DTA)| ^ contains

.------^-----. Member(s)| | [Reorginized data]

Source DataPhysical PhysicalFile File

(PF-SRC) (PF-DTA)| |

contains | | contains

| |Member(s) Member(s)[Program source] [Actual Data]

Creating a Library

A library has already been created for during user profile creation. The name ofthis library is normally the same as that of your user profile. In this section, wewill create another library and use this library as an example throughout the


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manual. Note that you can use your default library, i.e. the library that has thesame name as that as your user profile, to store all your application objects.

To create a library, type the CRTLIB ("Create Library") on a command line andpress to prompt on it. Type in the name of the library and enter a brief

description for the library. Leave the library type as *PROD (a production libraryis one that is used for normal processing).

Create Library (CRTLIB)


Library . . . . . . . . . . . . YOURLIB__ NameLibrary type . . . . . . . . . . *PROD____ *PROD, *TESTText 'description' . . . . . . . Sample_Library__________________

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F10=Additional parametersF12=CancelF13=How to use this display F24=More keys

Press . You should see a message at the bottom of the screen saying"Library ... created". If you see the message "Library ... already exists", it meansthat some other user already has a library by the same name. Note: All librariesare on the same "level" with only QSYS above them. If you get this message, tryanother name for the library. Other commands that operate on libraries are:

DSPLIB (Display Library) DLTLIB (Delete Library) WRKLIB (Work with Library).

Creating a Source Physical File

Now, let's create a source physical file in the library that we have just created. Tocreate a source physical file, type CRTSRCPF and press to prompt on it.Supply the names for the source file and the library that will hold it. Below, weshow the display for creating a source file called "SRCFILE" in the library"YOURLIB". Press < Enter> and you should see the message "File ... created inlibrary ..." at the bottom of your screen.

Create Source Physical File (CRTSRCPF)


File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SRCFILE___ NameLibrary . . . . . . . . . . . YOURLIB___ Name, *CURLIB

Record length . . . . . . . . . 92_______ NumberMember, if desired . . . . . . . *NONE_____ Name, *NONE, *FILE


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Text 'description' . . . . . . .Sample_Source_File___________________

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F10=Additional parametersF12=CancelF13=How to use this display F24=More keys

Library Lists

You may have noticed in the previous screen that the "Library" field defaults tothe value *CURLIB, meaning the current library. The current library is tied closelyto the concept of a library list. Before we discuss what the current library is, wefirst explain what a library list is. A library list is similar in concept to the "PATH"in Unix and MS-DOS. It specifies which libraries are to be searched and theorder in which they are searched when the system looks for an object. A librarylist is identified by the value *LIBL. A default library list is automatically created byOS/400 for each job started by a user. Your default library, that is the library that

has the same name as that as your user profile, is automatically included in yourlibrary list. You can display your library list by typing DSPLIBL and press on a command line. The following is the library list for the user "JOHNDOE".

Display Library List

System:MKTAS400

Type options, press Enter.

5=Display objects in library

Opt Library Type Text__ QSYS SYS System Library__ QHLPSYS SYS__ QUSRSYS SYS *IN USE__ JOHNDOE CUR JOHN DOE's default library__ QTEMP USR__ QGDDM USR__ QGPL USR GENERAL PURPOSE LIBRARY__ QMSU USR MSU generated commands and programs__ QPAS USR__ MBNLQ USR Common Library for MBNLQ ..__ ONLINE USR COLLECTION - created by SQL

F3=Exit F12=Cancel F17=Top F18=Bottom

Note that you may not have all the libraries in the above list. As you can see, alibrary list is divided into three parts:

system portion


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which consists of the libraries that are required to run system functionscurrent library

which by default, is the library that has the same name as your user profile(in this case, the library "JOHNDOE"). The current library is the first userlibrary that is searched before the rest of the user libraries in the list.

user portionwhich consists of libraries that holds user objects. Some user libraries,such as QTEMP, QGPL, and QGDDM come with the system while othersare locally supplied. In addition, the user can create their own libraries andadd them to their library list.

If a user does not specify a library name when requesting an operation on anobject, the libraries in the library list are searched for the object (starting with thesystem libraries, the current library, and the user libraries). For example, assumethat the user "JOHNDOE" has an executable program (*PGM object) called"TESTPROG" in the library "YOURLIB". User "JOHNDOE" wants to run the

program (using the CALL command) and issues the command CALL TESTPROG. Amessage will appear stating that the program is not found in the library list. Thisis because "YOURLIB" is currently not in the library list. If, however,"TESTPROG" is qualified by "YOURLIB" as CALL YOURLIB/TESTPROG then the

program can be found and executed.

To add a library to the library list, type the "Add Library List Entry" (ADDLIBLE)command, followed by the library name (or prompt on the command) ADDLIBLE

YOURLIB.

If "JOHNDOE" now issues the the unqualified CALL command, the program can

now be located and executed since the library that contains the program is nowin the library list. You can edit your library list using the EDTLIBL command andremove a library list entry using the RMVLIBLE command. "YOURLIB" can bemade the current library by typing CHGCURLIB YOURLIB.

Some commands automatically default to the current library (*CURLIB), such asthe CRTSRCPF command. Note, however, that both commands (ADDLIBLE andCHGCURLIB) are only effective for a particular session. Next time, when"JOHNDOE" signs on, "YOURLIB" will no longer be in their library list and hence,no longer the current library. In the section "Steps in Developing a Program", wewill create an "initial program" that will automatically run these commands when a

user signs on the system.

Using the Program Development Manager (PDM)

The Program Development Manager (PDM) is a set of utilities under OS/400designed to simplify the creation and development of software. It automates fileand member creation, editing, compilation and program execution, and allowsthe programmer to manage their environment from a set of standard menus.


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Starting PDM

PDM may either be started using the command STRPDM (for Start PDM,) whichwill produce a menu of options for the level on which the user wishes to work(libraries, objects, or members,) or using one of three commands which indicate

the level at which the user would like to work:

WRKLIBPDM -- Work with libraries using PDM WRKOBJPDM -- Work with objects using PDM WRKMBRPDM -- Work with file members using PDM

Work with Objects

One of the most commonly used commands to start PDM is WRKOBJPDM. Thisallows the user to work with objects inside a library. Type WRKOBJPDM andpress to prompt on it.

Work with Objects Using PDM (WRKOBJPDM)


Library . . . . . . . . . . . . *PRV______ *PRV, name, *CURLIBObject . . . . . . . . . . . . . *ALL______ *PRV, name, *generic...Object type . . . . . . . . . . *ALL______ *PRV, *ALL, *ALRTBL,

*AUTL..Object attribute . . . . . . . . *ALL______ *PRV, attribute,

*generic...

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F12=Cancel F13=How to use this display

F24=More keys

The *PRV value on the "Library" field indicates that the default is to work on thelibrary the user last worked with. These may be replaced with the name of aspecific library. The "Object" and "Object type" options allow the user to limitwhich objects will be displayed. Type WRKOBJPDM and prompt with .

Work with Objects Using PDM (WRKOBJPDM)


Library . . . . . . . . . . . . YOURLIB___ *PRV, name, *CURLIB

Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . *ALL______ *PRV, name, *generic*...Object type . . . . . . . . . . *ALL______ *PRV, *ALL, *ALRTBL,

*AUTL..Object attribute . . . . . . . . *ALL______ *PRV, attribute,

*generic...

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F12=Cancel F13=How to use this displayF24=More keys


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The screen resulting from command WRKOBJPDM, with the library specified asYOURLIB, and *ALL on the other options, is shown below.

Work with Objects Using PDM

Library . . . . . YOURLIB___ Position to . . . . . .__________

Position to type . . . .__________

Type options, press Enter.2=Change 3=Copy 4=Delete 5=Display 7=Rename8=Display description 9=Save 10=Restore 11=Move ...

Opt Object Type Attribute Text__ SRCFILE *FILE PF-SRC Sample Source File

Bot

tom

Parameters or command===> ________________________________________________________________

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F6=CreateF9=Retrieve F10=Command entry F23=More options F24=More keys

Presently, there should be just one object in the library, the source physical file"SRCFILE" that you have just created.

PDM Options

Options are displayed across the top of the screen (for a list of all the optionsavailable in PDM, see Table 1 at the end of this section.) Each option is an actionwhich may be performed on an object by placing its number on the "Opt" linenext to the object and pressing the < Enter> key. This method of specifyingactions on a form listing the objects available is consistent throughout PDM.

There are two important special features which this method of specifying actionsoffers: First, the options support the prompting facility, and second, multipleobjects may be operated on in succession. To use the prompting facility, simplypress while an option number is on one of the "Opt" lines. PDM will present

the prompt screen for the command associated with that option number. Multipleobjects may be operated on sequentially by placing numbers on more than oneOpt line. For example, assume we have two source files in "YOURLIB". You cantype "5" (Display) against one and type "7" (Rename) against the other. Pressing causes PDM to process each option in turn.

More on PDM levels


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Moving down levels in PDM is accomplished using the "12" (Work With...) option.At the WRKOBJPDM screen, the action of this option depends on the file type.Placing a 12 on the line next to an item on this display will:

If the item is of type *FILE, go to the WRKMBRPDM display for that file

(there are different types of WRKMBRPDM displays for source and datafiles.) If the item is of type *OUTQ, go to the "Work With Output Queue" display,

allowing the user to work with spooled files. If the item is of type *PGM, present a display allowing the user to call the

program, change its attributes, etc. (programs may also be called from theWRKOBJPDM screen by using the 16 option.)

When this method of changing levels is used, pressing or (cancel) with no options on the screen returns to the previous level.

Work with Members

The WRKMBRPDM display is the bottom level of PDM. When working with asource physical file at this level, option 2 runs the STRSEU command to beginediting a member and 14 calls the compiler for a program of that type (if specificcompiler options are needed, for instance the *DEBUG option to includedebugging information in the program, remember that the prompting facility maybe invoked on any PDM option.) When working with a physical data file, the"2=change" option is no longer valid. However, the "18" option may be invoked tomodify the file using DFU (Data File Utility).

Type "12" against "SRCFILE" to work with it. The following "Work with Membersusing PDM" screen appears:

Work with Members Using PDM

File . . . . . . SRCFILE___Library . . . . YOURLIB___ Position to . . . .

__________

Type options, press Enter.

2=Edit 3=Copy 4=Delete 5=Display 6=Print7=Rename 8=Display description 9=Save 13=Change text ...

Opt Member Type Text(No members in file)

Parameters or command

===> ________________________________________________________________

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F6=Create


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F9=Retrieve F10=Command entry F23=More options F24=Morekeys

Presently, there are no members in "SRCFILE". Let's create a member. To dothat, press (Create). This will automatically invoke the SEU editor. Enterthe name of the new source member and for its source type, enter "TXT" (i.e. thesource member will contain only plain text). Press .

Start Source Entry Utility (STRSEU)


Source file . . . . . . . . . . > SRCFILE___ Name, *PRVLibrary . . . . . . . . . . . > YOURLIB___ Name, *LIBL, *CURLIB,

*PRVSource member . . . . . . . . . SRCMBR____ Name, *PRV, *SELECTSource type . . . . . . . . . . TXT_______ Name, *SAME, BAS, BASP,

C...

Text 'description' . . . . . . .Sample_Source_Member____________________

Bottom

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F12=Cancel F13=How to use thisdisplayF24=More keys

You will now be inside the SEU editor. For now, press to quit and type "Y"in the "Change/Create member" field to save the source member. Later on, in thesection on SEU we will use this source member. On return to the WRKMBRPDM

screen, you will notice that "SRCMBR" is now in "SRCFILE".

The "Work with Members using PDM" screen can be accessed directly using theWRKMBRPDM command. Type this command and press to prompt on it.To work with the member that we have just created, enter the names of thelibrary and file as shown below. If you have many members in your file, you canuse the "Member" and/or "Member Type" fields to narrow down the number ofmembers to work with.

Work with Members Using PDM (WRKMBRPDM)

Type choices, press Enter.File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SRCFILE___ *PRV, nameLibrary . . . . . . . . . . . YOURLIB___ *PRV, name, *LIBL,

*CURLIBMember . . . . . . . . . . . . . *ALL______ *PRV, name, *generic...Member type . . . . . . . . . . *ALL______ *PRV, type, *generic...

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F12=Cancel F13=How to use thisdisplay


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F24=More keys

Work with Libraries

Briefly, the WRKLIBPDM command lets you work with a library or libraries. Youwill probably use this command least among the three PDM commands. You can

work with the contents of a library by typing 12 against it. This will bring up the"Work with Objects using PDM" screen for that library.

Table 1: Options in PDM (Some options may not be valid at somelevels.)

2: Change Modify an object or edit a source member3: Copy Duplicate an object4: Delete Remove an object from storage5: Display Display the contents of an object6: Print Copy a source member to an output queue7: Rename Change an object's name

8: Display Descrip. Show summary information about an object9: Save Save an object to offline storage

10: Restore Retrieve an object from offline storage11: Move Move an object to another library12: Work With Perform operations on the contents of an object13: Change Text Change the text description line for an object14: Compile Compile a source physical file member15: Copy File Copy a *FILE object (has special options)16: Run Run an object of type *PGM17: Change Using SDA Change a screen design (in a PF-SRC) using SDA18: Change Using DFU Use DFU to change a PF-DTA member25: Find String Find a string of characters in an object

Table 2: Function Keys in PDM

F1: Help Obtain help on an area of PDMF3: Exit Exit PDM or current operationF4: Prompt Display prompt screen for options on screenF5: Refresh Redraw the screen with updated informationF6: Create Create a library, file, or memberF9: Retrieve Recall a previous command to the command line

F10: Command Entry Display an OS/400 command entry screenF11: Display Toggle Switch to/from brief display modeF12: Cancel Cancel an operationF13: Repeat Copy an option number to all linesF14: Source Type Toggle Switch between date and type display in PF-SRC

F15: Sort Change member list sort criteriaF16: User Options Specify user-defined commands to PDMF17: Subset Limit the list on the screen to certain typesF18: Change Defaults Change PDM user settingsF21: Print List Print the object list on the screenF23: More Options Display more PDM option numbers, if availableF24: More Keys Display more function keys, if available

Control Language Command Syntax


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The purpose of this section is to provide a more formal presentation of CLcommands. As you would probably know by now, a CL command is a way of ofinvoking functions and calling system services. A CL command is made up of twoparts: (1) a command name and (2) parameters.

Command Structure

First, let's consider the command name. A command is made made up of twocomponents:

1. a VERB and2. a SUBJECT. The verb consists of three characters and is the "action"

component of the command. Some common verbs and their meanings areshown below:

o ADD - Add Itemo CHG - Change

o CPY - Copyo CRT - Createo DLT - Delete

o DSP - Display itemo END - Stop a program which was started with a STR

o GRT - Granto MOV - Move

o RMV - Remove itemo RST - Restore

o RTV - Retrieveo RVK - Revoke

o SET - Seto SND - Send

o STR - Start (a program or utility)o WRK - Work with

The subject component of the command specifies the item that the verb acts on.Some examples of verb/subject combinations are:

CRTSRCPF - Create Source Physical File WRKOBJPDM - Work with Objects Using PDM STRPDM - Start PDM ADDLIBLE - Add Library List Entry

CL commands can be found in several ways. The command GO CMDxxx can beused to get a menu of commands related to xxx (where xxx can be a verb orsubject). Another way of finding commands is to press on any commandline. This will bring up the "Command Grouping Menu" where each optionrepresents a group of related commands. The first option SLTCMD ("Select


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Command by Name") can be used to obtain a list of commands using a wildcardcharacter (e.g. SLTCMD CR* will list all commands starting with CR).

Parameters

A CL command can have zero, one, or more parameters. A command may havesome parameters that are required and some that are optional. A system-defineddefault value (prefixed by "*") is usually assigned to an optional parameter if theuser does not specify a value for it.

So far in this manual, we have been using the prompt facility for specifyingparameters. Another way of specifying parameters is the free format or commandline method. You may want to use this method if you remember exactly whatparameter information is needed for a command. Using this method, parameterscan be specified in:

1. keyword form,2. positional form, or3. a combination of both.

A parameter that is specified in keyword form will have a keyword followedimmediately by a value (or list of values). For example, WRKOBJPDM LIB(YOURLIB)

OBJ(SRCFILE) There must not be any blanks between the keyword and the leftparenthesis. Parameters in keyword form can be specified in any order.

In the positional form, parameters are specified without keywords. The parametervalues must be positionally matched with the keywords in the parameter set for

that command. The above example can be specified in positional form as followsWRKOBJPDM YOURLIB SRCFILE.

Positional parameters are often limited to the first three or four parameters. If youdo not want to specify a value for one of the parameters, the system-definedvalue, *N, can be entered in the position of that parameter. For example, thefollowing command will display all objects of type *FILE in the library YOURLIB.WRKOBJPDM YOURLIB *N *FILE *N will map to the default value for that parameter,which in this case is *ALL. Note that when using the WRKMBRPDM command,the file name and library name fields are actually one parameter (a file name plusa library qualifier). If the reference is to a file in a specific library, the file name

must be qualified with a slash, "/", character in both keyword and positional formsWRKMBRPDM YOURLIB/SRCFILE SRCMBRWRKMBRPDM FILE(YOURLIB/SRCFILE)MBR(SRCMBR)

If only the file name is specified, as in the following statement WRKMBRPDM SRCFILE

the library qualifier will default to the library list (*LIBL).


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A CL command can use a combination of both positional and keywordparameters, for example WRKMBRPDM YOURLIB/SRCFILE MBRTYPE(TXT). Note thatthe "Member" parameter, which is in between the second and third parameters inthe parameter set, is omitted. One restriction of this mixed form of specifyingparameters is that positional parameters cannot follow keyword parameters. For

example, the following is invalid WRKOBJPDM LIB(YOURLIB) SRCFILE.

Using the SEU Editor

Introduction

The IBM AS/400 provides an integrated set of Application Development Tools(ADT) to design, develop and maintain applications. One such tool is theProgramming Development Manager (PDM) that offers the following:

Integrated application development environment. List-oriented selection of items for development or maintenance. Extendable interface to tools through user-defined options.

Another tool is the Source Entry Utility (SEU) that offers a full screen editorproviding syntax checking of source statements. PDM is one tool that may beused to access the SEU.

In this SEU tutorial, we will use the source member we created in the previoussection.

Starting the Editor

Type STRPDM (Start Program Development Manager) on any command line, and

press . The PDM menu is displayed. Choose option 3 to Work withmembers. The "Work with members" screen shows up. You can also reach thisscreen by typing WRKMBRPDM (Work with members using PDM) on any command

line and pressing . In either case, supply the necessary source file(SRCFILE) and library (YOURLIB) information and press Enter.

Type 2 on the "Opt" line to edit the source member "SRCMBR".

Press . You are now in the full-screen EDIT mode.

Columns . . . .: 1 80 EditSEU==>_______________________________________________________

SRCMBR

FMT ** ...+... 1 ...+... 2 ...+... 3 ...+... 4 ...+... 5...+... 6 ...+.


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*************** Beginning of data********************************'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

****************** End of data***********************************

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=RefreshF10=Top F11=Bottom F24=More keys

If you press without typing anything, the screen readjusts as shown:

Columns . . . .: 1 80 EditSEU==> _______________________________________________________

SRCMBR

FMT ** ...+... 1 ...+... 2 ...+... 3 ...+... 4 ...+... 5...+... 6 ...+.

*************** Beginning of data*********************************

****************** End of data************************************


Type I (for insert) on the first line as shown and press .

Columns . . . .: 1 80 Edit

SEU==> _______________________________________________________SRCMBR

FMT ** ...+... 1 ...+... 2 ...+... 3 ...+... 4 ...+... 5...+... 6 ...+. I

*************** Beginning of data*********************************

****************** End of data************************************

Now, you may start typing in the desired text. Below, we show a sample TEXTdocument that will be used in the next section for illustrating the use of variousSEU line commands.


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Columns . . . .: 1 80Edit

SEU==> _________________________________________________________SRCMBR

FMT ** ...+... 1 ...+... 2 ...+... 3 ...+... 4 ...+... 5...+... 6 ...+.

*************** Beginning of data*********************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.0002.000003.00 Begin First Block.0004.00 Text for the first block ...0005.00 End First Block.0006.000007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.0010.00

****************** End of data************************************

Notice the sequence numbers of records at the extreme left. The sequencenumber field of a record is used to specify the line commands. For moreinformation on line commands see 'Using SEU line commands'.

To save the current member and exit SEU follow the following procedure 'Exitingthe Editor.'

Exiting the Editor

To exit SEU press . The exit display shows up:

Exit


Change/create member . . . . . . . Y Y=Yes, N=NoMember . . . . . . . . . . . . . SRCMBR____ NameFile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SRCFILE___ NameLibrary . . . . . . . . . . . . YOURLIB___ Name

Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Description_for_the_member._____Resequence member . . . . . . . . Y Y=Yes, N=NoStart . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0001.00___ 0000.01 - 9999.99Increment . . . . . . . . . . . 01.00____ 00.01 - 99.99

Print member . . . . . . . . . . . N Y=Yes, N=NoReturn to editing . . . . . . . . . N Y=Yes, N=NoGo to member list . . . . . . . . . N Y=Yes, N=No

F3=Exit F5=Refresh F12=Cancel


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If you wish to save the changes you have made, you may simply press < Enter> .

The default values supplied for most of the options above are self-explanatory.However, note the following:

If you have decided not to quit the editor, press to cancel the exitdisplay. This returns you back to the editing mode. The default value for 'Change/create member' is Y, if the member is

modified, otherwise N. Type N in this field only if you do not want to savechanges made to your member.

The default value for 'Return to editing' option is N, if your member did nothave any syntax errors. However, if syntax errors do persist, the systemsupplies Y in this field and returns back to the editing mode ( unless youexplicitly type N and force it to exit ).

Using Line Commands

SEU supports various line commands that guide us in editing an existingmember. For example, command C is used to copy lines, command M for moving

lines and so on. The SEU line commands are entered over the digits that makeup the sequence number of a record. In the following discussion, a sample TEXTdocument is used to illustrate the use of the various commands. Note: If you typea line command, and then you decide to cancel it, use to refresh thescreen.

To edit a member that has already been created,

Use the command WRKMBRPDM as explained in the previous section,reach the 'Work with members using PDM' display.

Use the tab keys to position the cursor at the desired member, and typeoption 2. The screen for editing that member will show up.

For example, to edit the member SRCMBR created before, type WRKMBRPDM

YOURLIB/SRCFILE on any command line, and press < Enter> . From the "Work

with members using PDM" display, type option 2 in front of member SRCMBRand press . The edit display for this member is shown:

Columns . . . .: 1 71 EditYOURLIB/SRCFILE

SEU==> _________________________________________________________ SRCMBRFMT CB

......-A+++B++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*************** Beginning of data

********************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.


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0002.000003.00 Begin First Block.0004.00 Text for the first block ...0005.00 End First Block.0006.000007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.0010.00

****************** End of data***********************************


Inserting a line

To insert a line after a particular record, type I (insert) on the sequence numberfield of that record, and press .

*************** Beginning of data********************************

I001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.0002.000003.00 Begin First Block.0004.00 Text for the first block ...0005.00 End First Block.0006.000007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.

0010.00****************** End of data

***********************************


The screen adjusts as shown below. Type in the line to be inserted and press .

Columns . . . .: 1 71 Edit YOURLIB/SRCFILESEU==> ________________________________________________________ SRCMBR

FMT CB......-A+++B+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +*************** Beginning of data

********************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.''''''' PROGRAM-ID. SAMPLE.0002.000003.00 Begin First Block.0004.00 Text for the first block ...0005.00 End First Block.


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0006.000007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.0010.00

****************** End of data***********************************


Copying a line

To copy the "Begin First Block" line to the end of the program, type C (copy) in

the sequence number field, and press Enter. Note the message on the top thatindicates a pending Copy line command.

Columns . . . .: 1 71 Edit YOURLIB/SRCFILE

SEU==> _________________________________________________________SRCMBRFMT CB

......-A+++B++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*************** Beginning of data

********************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.0001.01 It illustrates the use of SEU line commands.0002.00C Begin First Block.0004.00 Text for the first block ...0005.00 End First Block.0006.000007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.0010.00

****************** End of data***********************************

Type A (after) on the last line as shown, and press Enter. This results in thepending line to be copied after the line you have indicated.

Columns . . . .: 1 71 EditYOURLIB/SRCFILESEU==> __________________________________________________________

SRCMBRFMT CB

......-A+++B++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*************** Beginning of

data********************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.0001.01 It illustrates the use of SEU line commands.0002.00C Begin First Block.0004.00 Text for the first block ...


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0005.00 End First Block.0006.000007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.A010.00

****************** End of data************************************

The program looks as shown below, after the copy. To move a single line, usethe command M (move) and follow the procedure as explained above for copy.

*************** Beginning of data********************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.0001.01 It illustrates the use of SEU line commands.0002.000003.00 Begin First Block.0004.00 Text for the first block ...

0005.00 End First Block.0006.000007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.0010.000011.00 Begin First Block.

****************** End of data***********************************

Deleting a line

To delete a line, type D (delete) in front of it and press . The line that wasjust copied may be deleted as shown below:

*************** Beginning of data*****************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.0001.01 It illustrates the use of SEU line commands.0002.000003.00 Begin First Block.0004.00 Text for the first block ...0005.00 End First Block.0006.000007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...

0009.00 End Second Block.0010.00D011.00 Begin First Block.

****************** End of data***********************************

Block Move


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To move a block, type MM at the beginning and the end of the block, and press . Now, the target for the move has to be specified. The Block Move isillustrated below; the first block of text being moved after the second one.

*************** Beginning of data********************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.0001.01 It illustrates the use of SEU line commands.0002.00MM Begin First Block.0004.00 Text for the first block ...0005.00 End First Block.MM0007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.0010.00

****************** End of data***********************************

Type A on the last line to move the block to the end of the program.

*************** Beginning of data********************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.0001.01 It illustrates the use of SEU line commands.0002.00MM Begin First Block.0004.00 Text for the first block ...0005.00 End First Block.MM0007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.A010.00

****************** End of data***********************************

Here is the member after the move:

*************** Beginning of data********************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.0001.01 It illustrates the use of SEU line commands.

0002.000007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.0010.000011.00 Begin First Block.0012.00 Text for the first block ...0013.00 End First Block.0014.00


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****************** End of data***********************************

Block Copy

Enclose the block to be copied within CC commands, and specify the target. The

block copy resembles the block move explained above. Note below, that B isspecified as the target, to copy the block before the indicated line.

*************** Beginning of data********************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.0001.01 It illustrates the use of SEU line commands.0002.00CC Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.CC

0011.00 Begin First Block.0012.00 Text for the first block ...0013.00 End First Block.B

****************** End of data***********************************

Block Delete

To delete a block, enclose it within DD commands and press . The block

that was just copied may be deleted as shown:

*************** Beginning of data********************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.0001.01 It illustrates the use of SEU line commands.0002.000007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.0010.000011.00 Begin First Block.0012.00 Text for the first block ...0013.00 End First Block.DD Begin Second Block.

0013.02 Text for second block ...0013.03 End Second Block.DD0014.00

****************** End of data***********************************

The source member looks as follows, after our experimentation with the aboveline commands:


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*************** Beginning of data********************************0001.00 THIS IS A TEXT DOCUMENT.0001.01 It illustrates the use of SEU line commands.0002.000007.00 Begin Second Block.0008.00 Text for second block ...0009.00 End Second Block.0010.000011.00 Begin First Block.0012.00 Text for the first block ...0013.00 End First Block.0014.00

****************** End of data***********************************

To get a complete list of commands for SEU place the cursor on the sequencenumber list and press the help key.

SEU Commands

SEU commands are entered in the "SEU==>" field at the top of the screen.

FIND

Search for an occurrence of a character string. If the string contains embeddedblanks, apostrophes, or quotation marks, it should be enclosed in quotationmarks. Several direction parameters are available: N (Next), P (Previous), F(First), L (Last), and A (All). The scope of the search can be specified usingsearch parameters: X (excluded records) and NX (non-excluded records). The

syntax of FIND is FIND string [N,P,A,F,L] [X,NX] [column parameter].Examples:

F XYZ F 'hello there' F *ERR A find all syntax errors F "'XYZ'"

Use the F16 "Repeat Find" key to find the next occurrence of a string.

CHANGE

Find all occurrences of a character string and replace it with another string. Thesyntax is CHANGE fstring cstring [N,P,A,F,L] [X,NX] [column parameter]

TOP

Go to the first page of the work screen.


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BOTTOM

Go to the last page of the work screen.

SAVE

Save changes and continue editing. SAVE [ [ [ library/ ] file ] member ]

FILE

Save changes and exit from edit session. FILE [ [ [ library/ ] file ]member ]

CANCEL

Cancel session and exit session.

SET

See the IBM SEU manual for more information.

Function Keys in SEU

When a member is being edited, the Edit display supports a diverse set offunction keys that allow you to perform specific tasks.

______________________________________________________________________________

Key Name Function______________________________________________________________________________F1 Help Press the help key for details about thedisplay.F3 Exit End the current task, returns to previous entrypoint.F4 Prompt Provides assistance for the options selected

in the list or a command on a command line.PDM will fill in the default values.

F5 Refresh Refresh the current display. Rebuilds displayand

shows it again.

F10 Cursor Moves the cursor from the data area to the SEUcommand line, and from the SEU command line tothe data area.

F11 Previous Record Places the previous record in the prompt.F13 Change Session Go to the Change Session Defaults Defaults

display.F14 Find/Change Options Go the Find/Change Options display.F15 Browse/Copy Options Go the Browse/Copy Options display.F16 Repeat Find Perform find or repeat current find.F17 Repeat Change Perform change or repeat current change


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function.F18 DBCS Conversion Perform DBCS conversion.F19 Left View the info. to the left of the currentdisplay.F20 Right View the info. to the right of the currentdisplay.F23 Select Prompt Go to the Select Prompt display. SEU returns

to the EDIT Session and displays the promptafter you make a selection.

F24 More keys View the other function keys available for thecurrent display.

Summary of Line Commands

The Sequence_number field displays the sequence number of the record and isused for entering SEU line commands. To use a line command, type thecommand over the digits that make up the sequence number.

The following is a list of all the valid commands:

A=After Move or copy records after this record. An=After with repeat n times Move or copy records after this record and

repeat these records n times. B=Before Move or copy records before this record. Bn=Before with repeat n times Move or copy records before this record

and repeat these records n times. C=Copy Line Copy this line to a specified target. Cn=Copy n lines Copy this line plus the next n-1 lines to the specified

target.

CC=Block Copy Copy all lines between the boundaries formed by the twoCC commands

CR=Copy records and retain command Copy this record to the specifiedtargets and keep this command on the display.

CRn=Copy n records and retain command. Copy n records to thespecified targets and keep this command on the display.

CCR=Copy block records and retain command Copy the block of recordsdefined by a pair of CCR commands to the specified targets and keep thiscommand on the display.

D=Delete Delete the current line. Dn=Delete n lines Delete the current line and the next n-1 lines.

DD=Block Delete Delete all lines between the two DD boundaries. F=Display format line Display a format line. I=Insert a line Insert a blank line after the current record. In=Insert n lines Insert n blank lines after this record. IP=Insert line and prompt Insert a blank line and display the line in a

prompt.


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L=Shift data 1 char left Shift data in this record one character position tothe left without losing data.

Ln=Shift data n chars left Shift data in this record n character positions tothe left without losing data.

LL=Shift block 1 char to the left Shift data defined by the boundary

between and including the two LL line commands one character positionto the left without losing data. LLn=Shift block n chars to the left Shift data defined by the boundary

between and including the LLn and LL line commands n characterpositions to the left.

M=Move a line Move a line to a specified target. Mn=Move n lines Move the current line and the following n-1 lines to a

specified target. MM=Block Move Move all records between and including the boundaries

defined by the MM line commands to a specified target. O=Overlay Overlay the current line with the first line defined by the move,

copy, or copy repeated line command. On=Overlay n lines Overlay this line and the following n-1 lines with the

first n lines defined by the move, copy, or copy repeated line command. OO=Block overlay Overlay all the records between and including the

boundaries defined by two OO line commands with the lines defined bythe move, copy, or copy repeated line command.

P=Display prompt Type P to display this line in a prompt. R=Shift data 1 char right Shift data in the current record one character

position to the right without losing data. Rn=Shift data n chars right Shift data in the current record n character

positions to the right without losing data.

RR=Block shift 1 char to the right Shift data defined by the boundarybetween and including the two RR line commands one character positionto the right without losing data.

RRn=Block shift n chars to the right Shift data defined by the boundarybetween and including the RRn and RR line commands n characterpositions to the right, without losing data.

RP=Repeat line Repeat the current line once before the following line. RPn=Repeat line n times Repeat the current line n times before the

following line. RPP=Block repeat Repeat all lines defined by the boundary between the

two RPP line commands. RPPn=Block repeat Repeat all lines defined by the boundary between the

two RPP line commands n times. SF=Show first record Show the first record of the exclude group. SFn=Show first n records Show the first n records of the exclude group. SL=Show last record Show the last record of the exclude group SLn=Show last n records Show the last n records of the exclude group. W=Display member from column 1 Display the member beginning in

column 1.


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Wn=Display member from column n Display the member beginning incolumn n.

X=Exclude Exclude the current record from the display. Xn=Exclude plus Exclude the the current record and the next n-1 records. XX=Block Exclude Exclude all lines between the boundaries formed by the

two XX line commands. + (plus sign)=Roll member forward 1 line Roll the member forward one

line. +n=Roll member forward n lines Roll the member forward n lines. - (minus sign)=Roll member backward 1 line Roll the member backward

one line. -n=Roll member backward n lines Roll the member backward n lines. n=Absolute Positioning Position the line identified by the sequence

number(n) as the first record on the display.

Steps in Developing a Program

In this section, we are going to use a simple Control Language (CL) program toillustrate the steps in developing, compiling, and running a program on theAS/400. We will also demonstrate how to find compilation errors when theyoccur, and how to obtain information about certain compilation and runtimeerrors. The intention here is not to teach CL programming.

The CL program is very simple; all it does is make the library that you havecreated (in my case, YOURLIB) the current library while retaining the existingcurrent library on the library list. First, let's create a source physical (PF-SRC) filecalled QCLSRC (the IBM-supplied name for a CL source physical file). The

command line form of issuing CL commands will be used in this section (you maywant to use the prompt facility to assist you if you are not familiar with thecommands). The following creates a PF-SRC file in the library ALIBRARY.ALIBRARY represents the library that has the same name as your user profile oryour other library, that is the one you created in an earlier section.

CRTSRCPF FILE(ALIBRARY/QCLSRC)

Once the PF-SRC file has been created, work with the file by typing:

WRKMBRPDM FILE(ALIBRARY/QCLSRC)

Then create a source member called TEST in QCLSRC by pressing . Thiswill start the SEU editor. Enter TEST for the name of the source member, CLPfor the source type (to see what source types are available, put the cursor on the"Source type" field and press ), and a brief description of the sourcemember. Once you have entered all the necessary information, press .You will enter a SEU editing session. Type in the following program:


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*************** Beginning of data********************************0002.00 PGM0003.00 DCL VAR(&OLDCURLIB) TYPE(*CHAR) LEN(10)0004.00 RTVJOBA CURLIB(&OLDCURLIB)0005.00 CHGCURLIB CURLIB(&YOURLIB) /* intentional error*/0006.00 ADDLIBLE LIB(&OLDCURLIB)0007.00 ENDPGM

****************** End of data***********************************

You can use the SEU line command, IP (insert line and prompt), to help you inselecting a CL command. Also, note that CL programs are "free format" in thatcomponents of CL statements do not have to be placed in particular columns onthe screen (some source types, such as RPG, are "fixed-format"; the IP linecommand can help enormously in coding such programs).

A CL program begins with the PGM command, which is optional if the CLprogram does not receive any parameters. (Aside: If a CL program has aparameter named &MYVAR, the PGM statement is coded as: PGMPARM(&MYVAR). The ampersand symbol, "&", denotes that &MYVAR is avariable. In this case, &MYVAR will be used to hold the parameter's value.Moreover, the variable &MYVAR has to be declared using the DCL command.)For more information, the reader is referred to the IBM "CL Programmer's Guide"or the online education modules: "AS/400 Control Language Programming" in the"Tutorial Support System" course, and the modules "Creating a ControlLanguage Program" and "How to Use Error Handling Facilities" in the "Facilitiesand Implementation" course.

The second statement declares a CL variable called &OLDCURLIB. This variablewill be used to save the name of the existing current library. The variable will beused to hold a character string with a maximum length of 10. Note that SEUprovides syntax checking for CL programs. Remove the parameters of DCL sothat the statement contains only "DCL", and press . SEU will highlightthat statement, indicating that there is a syntax error. SEU will not let you exit anediting session that has syntax errors unless you explicitly specify that you wantto exit in the exit screen. Put the parameters back on the DCL statement.

The RTVJOBA command, on the third statement, is used to retrieve the name of

the job's existing current library, saving it in the variable &OLDCURLIB. Thereason for this step will be explained shortly.

The CHGCURLIB command, on the fourth statement, is used to make YOURLIBthe new current library (where "YOURLIB" is any existing library that you haveaccess to). Notice that we have intentionally introduced an error in thisstatement. We have mistakenly prefixed YOURLIB with "&", that is we really wantCHGCURLIB CURLIB(YOURLIB) instead ofCHGCURLIB CURLIB(&YOURLIB).


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A name with "&" as its prefix denotes that it is a CL variable. This is an errorbecause if we intended &YOURLIB to be a variable, it must be declared in a DCLstatement. Note that SEU cannot detect this kind of error. This error will bedetected during compilation.

The ADDLIBLE command, on the fifth statement, adds the name of the formercurrent library (which we saved in the variable &OLDCURLIB in the RTVJOBAstatement) to the library list. This step is needed if we want this library to stay onthe library list. This is because when the CHGCURLIB command is executed, the"old" current library will not be retained on the library list. Hence, the need to useRTVJOBA to save the name of that library, and to add it back on the library listusing ADDLIBLE. The last statement, ENDPGM, indicates the end of the CLprogram. Now, exit and save the program as it is (i.e. with the error).

Compiling a Program

In the "Work with Members using PDM" screen, enter option 14 to compile themember that contain the CL source program. Option 14, in this case, will invokethe CRTCLPGM (Create CL Program) command. Option 14 will invoke adifferent "create program" command for a different source type (e.g. if the sourcetype is CBL, it will invoke the CRTCBLPGM command). If you prompt on theoption (ie. press when you use option 14), you will see the followingscreen:

Create CL Program (CRTCLPGM)Type choices, press Enter.Program . . . . . . . . . . . . > TEST Name, *PGMIDLibrary . . . . . . . . . . . > ALIBRARY Name, *CURLIB

Source file . . . . . . . . . . > QCLSRC NameLibrary . . . . . . . . . . . > ALIBRARY Name, *LIBL, *CURLIB

Source member . . . . . . . . . > TEST Name, *PGMGeneration severity level . . . 29 0-29Text 'description' . . . . . . . *SRCMBRTXT

Additional Parameters

Replace program . . . . . . . . > *YES *NO, *YESBottom

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F10=Additional parametersF12=Cancel

F13=How to use this display F24=More keys

The "Program" field specifies the name of the *PGM object that will be created ifthe compilation is successful. This name defaults to name of the source member.The "Library" field specifies the library that will contain the *PGM object. Thedefault is the library that contains the source member. You can change thesedefault values. Unless you want to rename the *PGM object or put it in anotherlibrary, accept the defaults.


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On pressing , you will see a message at the bottom of the screen sayingthat the compilation job has been submitted to QBATCH, which is the job queuefor batch jobs. If there are no compilation errors, you will receive a messagesaying that the job completed normally. Since there is an error in the aboveprogram, a message will return saying that the job has ended abnormally,

meaning there are compilation errors. Press to continue.

Finding Compilation Errors

To find out the cause of the compilation error, type WRKSPLF to see what's inyour output queue. There should be a spooled file with the same name as yoursource member (the compiler listing) and a job log (QPJOBLOG). Type 5 againstQPJOBLOG to display it. There should be a message stating that the programwas not created because of compilation error. The message will refer you to thecompiler listing of the program. Press to exit this display. Type 5 todisplay the contents of the compiler listing of the program. A segment of that

listing is presented here:

200- PGM300- DCL VAR(&OLDCURLIB) TYPE(*CHAR) LEN(10)400- RTVJOBA CURLIB(&OLDCURLIB)500- CHGCURLIB CURLIB(&YOURLIB)

* CPD0727 40 Variable '&YOURLIB ' is referred to but not declared.600- ADDLIBLE LIB(&OLDCURLIB)700- ENDPGM

* * * * * E N D O F S O U R C E ** * * *

5738SS1 V2R1M1 920306 Control Language

YOURLIB/TEST

Cross ReferenceDeclared VariablesName Defined Type Length References&OLDCURLIB 300 *CHAR 10 400 600

* CPD0791 00 No labels used in program.

* * * * * E N D O F C R O S S R E F E R E NC E *5738SS1 V2R1M1 920306 Control Language YOURLIB/TEST

Message Summary

SeverityTotal 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89

90-992 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

0

Program TEST not created in library YOURLIB. Maximum error severity 40.


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There are two errors in the listing (errors are marked with "*" in column 1): thefirst with a severity of 40 and the second with severity of 0. The second error isonly an information message; it is not the cause of the compilation failure. Themeaning of first error is evident; it is the cause of the failure. You can use theDSPMSGD (Display Message Description) command to get more information

about a compilation error. For example, to get more details about the errorCPD0727 DSPMSGD RANGE(CPD0727) MSGF(QCPFMSG) where QCPFMSG is the

system message file and CPD0727 is the message ID. Let's go back to thesource member and fix the problem.

Using SEU to Find Compilation Errors

You may want to use SEU to view your compiler listing instead of the waydiscussed above, especially if the compiler listing is too lengthy to scan by eye.SEU provides special support for locating compilation errors. To view a spooledfile while you are in SEU, press (Browse/Copy). Enter 2 in the selection

field. Place the cursor on the "Browse/copy spool file" field and press .Select the appropriate spool file. On return to the editing session, you should seea split screen with the member you are editing on top and the spooled file on thebottom. To find compilation errors, in the bottom screen type FIND *ERR on theSEU command line (or simply, F *ERR). An advantage of using SEU for thispurpose is that you can see both the source member and the compiler listing onthe same screen, and make the corrections to the source member on the spot.

Using SEU, edit the source member to remove the ampersand, "&", fromYOURLIB. The program should compile normally after this change. To make thesituation more interesting, let's introduce another type of error. In the ADDLIBLE

statement, specify some library name that you do not own or one that you are notauthorized to use. In our example, we specify a nonexistent library calledDOGNAP, that is ADDLIBLE DOGNAP. The rest of the source remain the same asbefore (except for removing the ampersand character). Compile the sourcemember (you will probably be asked if you want to delete the existing *PGMobject. Respond with a "Y"). The program should compile normally. The *PGMobject will be created in the library that contains your source file unless youspecified otherwise.

Running a Program

Use the WRKOBJPDM command to work with the library that contain the *PGMobject that was created. Type 16 against the *PGM object to run/execute it.Alternatively, you can run the program by using the CALL command (in fact,option 16 invokes the CALL command). If the library that contains the *PGMobject is in your library list, type CALL TEST on a command line. If the library is not

in your library list, you can still run the program by qualifying it with the libraryname CALL ALIBRARY/TEST The example program used here does not take any

input parameters. But if you created a program that requires an input


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parameter(s), you can pass the parameter value(s) by prompting on either theoption 16 or the CALL command. If your program takes more than one inputparameter, type '+' on the "Parameters" field and press . This will bringanother screen that allows you to enter multiple parameters. You can also uspass parameters using the command line method. For example, CALL MYPROGPARM(parameter1 parameter2 ...)

Diagnosing Runtime Errors

In any case, when you run the program, you will get a runtime or object errormessage similar to the one below:

Display Program Messages

Job 287471/T03/DSP02 started on 07/20/92 at 13:48:44 in subsystemQINTER

CPF2110 received by TEST at 600. (C D I R)

Type reply, press Enter.

Reply . . . ________________________________________________________

F3=Exit F12=Cancel

To find out the cause of the error, place the cursor on the message id (in thiscase CPF2110) and press . You see a screen similar to the one below. Themessage text, in this case, indicated clearly what the problem is, i.e. the library

DOGNAP was not found. Sometimes you can obtain additional messages bypressing to display messages in the job log.

Additional Message Information

Message ID . . . . . . : CPA0701 Severity . . . . . .: 99Message type . . . . . : INQUIRYDate sent . . . . . . . : 07/20/92 Time sent . . . . .:

14:00:05From program . . . . . : QCLXERR Instruction . . . .: 0000

To program . . . . . . : *EXT Instruction . . . .: 0000Message . . . . : CPF2110 received by TEST at 600. (C D I R)Cause . . . . . : Control language (CL) program TEST inlibrary

YOURLIBdetected an error at statement number 600. Message text for CPF2110

is:Library DOGNAP not found.

Recovery . . . : This inquiry message can be avoided bychanging the

program. Monitor for the error (MONMSG command) and perform error


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recovery within the program. To continue, choose a reply value.

Possible choices for replying to message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:

C -- Cancel the CL program.D -- Dump the CL program variables and cancel the CL program.I -- Ignore the failing command.

More...

Press Enter to continue.

F3=Exit F10=Display messages in job log F12=Cancel

Again, the DSPMSGD ("Display Message Description") command can be used toobtain more information about the error. For example, DSPMSGD RANGE(CPF2110)

MSGF(QCPFMSG) where QCPFMSG is the system message file and CPF2110 is the

message ID.

Press to cancel the program. Go back to the source member, fix theerror, and recompile. The next time you run the program, it should run withoutany problems. Type DSPLIBL to check whether the library has been added andwhether it has been made the current library.

Creating an Initial Program

An initial program is similar to the AUTOEXEC.BAT file in MS-DOS. It isexecuted when the user logs on. The initial program has to reside in your defaultlibrary (i.e. the library with the same name as your user profile) and it has to be

named INITIALPGM. For instance, you can make the above CL program yourinitial program. Rename the source member to INITIALPGM and recompile it. Ifyou created the source member in a another library, when you recompile it usingthe option 14, press < F4>to prompt on it. Specify your default library as thelibrary where the *PGM object is to be stored.

Understanding Object Authorities

Introduction

To maintain security of data and/or program objects the AS/400 offers a variety

of options available to limit access to object. These authorities must be set tosecure object to the level of security required. Likewise, if objects are to beshared or used between users, the object authorities must be relaxed correctly tomaintain object integrity. This section is designed to help users maintain correctauthorities and to understand the authorities on the objects that they own.

Authorities and their meanings


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Object Authorities

Object authority is used to control access to an object including the ability to seean object description, control read and write access to an object, or control anobject's existence.

*OBJMGTprovides the authority to specify the security (grant/revoke objectauthority), move or rename the object, and add members to database file.

*OBJEXISTprovides the authority to control the object existence and ownership. Theuser with this authority can delete, save, and transfer ownership of theobject.

*OBJOPRprovides the authority to look at the description of an object and use theobject as determined by the data authority that the user has to the object.

Data Authorities

Data authority is the authority to access data contained in an object, for examplerecords in a database file. This includes the ability to view, update, add, or deleterecords.

*READprovides the authority to get the contents or an entry in an object or to runa program.

*ADDprovides the authority to add entries to an object.

*UPDprovides the authority to change the entries in an object.

*DLTprovides the authority to remove entries from an object.

Combinations of Object and Data Authorities

These are keywords, each representing predefined combination of object anddata authorities. They reduce the time required to assign specific authorities tousers.

*ALLallows the user to perform all authorized operations (object and data) onthe object.

*CHANGEprovides *OBJOPR authority and all data authority.

*USEprovides *OBJOPR authority and data read authority.

*EXCLUDE


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authority prevents the user from accessing the object even if *PUBLIC isauthorized.

In addition to these, users can create customized combinations of object anddata authorities.

Changing authorities with EDTOBJAUT

We use an example here to illustrate the use of some of the types of authoritiesdiscussed above. In this example, we want to allow a certain user to copy amember from the file "SRCFILE" which is stored in the library "YOURLIB". First ofall, we need to allow the user to have access to the library "YOURLIB". To dothat, we use the "Edit Object Authority", EDTOBJAUT, command to edit theauthority on "YOURLIB". (Note that your default library, i.e. the library that hasthe same name as your user profile, is normally owned by your security officer soyou cannot change its authorities). Type EDTOBJAUT on a command line and

press . Fill in the blanks for object, library, and object type (*LIB) and press .

Edit Object Authority (EDTOBJAUT)

Type choices, press Enter.Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . > YOURLIB NameLibrary . . . . . . . . . . . *LIBL Name, *LIBL, *CURLIB

Object type . . . . . . . . . . > *LIB *ALRTBL, *AUTL,*CFGL...

To see the detail screen as shown below, press . Note that the owner of

"YOURLIB" has *ALL authority on the object.

Edit Object Authority

Object . . . . . . . : YOURLIB Object type . . . . : *LIB

Library . . . . . : QSYS Owner . . . . . . . :JOHNDOE

Type changes to current authorities, press Enter.

Object secured by authorization list . . . . . . . . . . . .: *NONE

Object ----Object----- ----------Data-----------

User Authority Opr Mgt Exist Read Add Update DeleteJOHNDOE *ALL X X X X X X X*PUBLIC *EXCLUDE _ _ _ _ _ _ _

F3=Exit F5=Refresh F6=Add new users F10=Grant with referenceobject


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F11=Nondisplay detail F12=Cancel F17=Top F18=Bottom

Press to add a user to the list of users authorized to this object. Type in thename of the user and *USE for the object authority. Press to return tothe previous screen. Notice that *USE gives the user *OBJOPR and *READ

authorities on "YOURLIB". (Note: If you want to edit a specific authority, type "X"in the position relating to that authority to grant authority or a space to delete thatauthority.)

Next, we need to allow the user access to the file "SRCFILE". Use EDTOBJAUTto edit the authority on the file "SRCFILE". Type EDTOBJAUTOBJ(YOURLIB/SRCFILE) OBJTYPE(*FILE) or use the prompt to fill in the

parameters. Press to add the user to the authorization list with *USEauthority. This will allow them to do perform various operations on "SRCFILE"including copying members from the file. To allow them to copy the entire file (i.e."SRCFILE"), *OBJMGT must be granted. To do that, type "X" under "Mgt" in the

detail screen for that user. Note that the object authority changes from *USE toUSER DEF (meaning a customized authority).

Changing Authorities with GRTOBJAUT and RVKOBJAUT

To use GRTOBJAUT and RVKOBJAUT type the command and prompt . Fillin the library name, object name, object type along with the user you are grantingauthorities and the respective authority being granted. At any time press formore help.

Sending and Receiving Network Files

Users can send and receive network files to and from each other. The "SendNetwork File" (SNDNETF) command can be used to send a member of aphysical database file (PF-DTA or PF-SRC) to another user. In the exampleshown below, the member "SNDMBR" of the physical database file "SNDFILE"(which is contained in the library "SNDLIB") is to be sent to the user "RCV"."MKTAS400" is the address of the AS/400 at Minnesota State University,Mankato. When the network file arrives at its destination, a message is sent toboth the sender and receiver.

Send Network File (SNDNETF)

Type choices, press Enter.File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > SNDFILE___ NameLibrary . . . . . . . . . . . > SNDLIB____ Name, *LIBL, *CURLIB

User ID: _User ID . . . . . . . . . . . > RCV_______ Character valueAddress . . . . . . . . . . . > MKTAS400__ Character value

+ for more values _Member . . . . . . . . . . . . . > SNDMBR____ Name, *FIRST


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Additional ParametersTo file type . . . . . . . . . . *FROMFILE_ *FROMFILE, *DATA

VM/MVS class . . . . . . . . . . A A, B, C, D, E, F, G,H, ISend priority . . . . . . . . . *NORMAL__ *NORMAL, *HIGH

F3=Exit F4=Prompt F5=Refresh F12=Cancel F13=How to use this displayF24=More keys

The receiver will have to run the "Work with Network Files" (WRKNETF)command to inspect their network files.

Work with Network Files (WRKNETF)

User . . . . . . . . . . . . : RCV_______User ID/Address . . . . . . : RCV_______ MKTAS400

Type options, pr

Documents

Introductory Reference to the IBM As