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Introduction to Unit 4. 1950-1982. Post-War Prosperity. Europe’s effort of rebuilding after WWII created jobs People earned a lot of $$ during war Canada also went through period of prosperity War ends, worry of economy collapse as factories closed and people lost jobs - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Introduction to Unit 4
1950-1982
Europe’s effort of rebuilding after WWII
created jobs People earned a lot of $$ during war Canada also went through period of prosperity War ends, worry of economy collapse as
factories closed and people lost jobs Cdn govt loosens wartime wage and price
controls, economy remains fairly good People wanted what they couldn’t have during
the war
Post-War Prosperity
Economic Boom
Post-WWII Canada’s natural resources in high demand This leads to:
prosperity new sense of optimism economic development
Result: Money to spend: cars, homes, appliances and luxury items Welfare State – Gov’t creates new social programs (p.305-6)
Family Allowance (aka “Baby Bonus”) Employment Insurance Health Programs Old Age Security expand/improved
Growth of Unions (p.306-7) Women in the Workforce
Economic Boom
Canadians had more money to spend than ever before! new homes, cars, and appliances. 1948 - fewer than 1 million homes had
refrigerators By 1960, refrigerators in more than 4 million
homes.
Men return home after war Time to go out with friends, go on dates, get
married, set up a home, have families Pushed Cdn population up from 13.5 million in
1949 to 17.5 million in 1959 (30%) Housing shortages in urban centres lead to
creation of the SUBURBS
The Baby Boom
Television
Television Comes to Canada (early 1950s) 1952 - First CBC TV stations begin broadcasting
in Montreal and Toronto “Hockey Night in Canada” an early success
By end of 1957 = over 3 million TV sets in Canada (about one for every five Canadians)
Teenage Life in the 1950s
Movies, Motorcars and Music
The new concept of the
teenager Before WWII, the concept of a teenager did
not exist After the war, the “teenager” became a part
of North American culture Because of TV, teens across North America
were able to see and hear the same things. Teens looked to TV for the newest music,
movies, cars and consumer goods Canadian culture became very influenced by
American culture as well Help create a CONSUMER CULTURE (p.298)
Music
Record players were huge and many teens collected ’45s (singles on vinyl).
Variety TV shows like Hit Parade and The Ed Sullivan Show brought live performances to living rooms.
Frank Sinatra and other “crooners” were popular as were folk musicians like The Weavers.
Young white stars began to sing a Black style of music called Rock n’ Roll. Defining this new style was the use of electric guitars.
Many parents disliked the music and thought it was too loud and too sexual.
Singers like Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Elvis Presley, Pat Boone and Jerry Lee Lewis were very popular with teenagers.
Movies
Teenage movie stars set the trends. Marlon Brando was the standard of cool with
his “hood” look: blue jeans (rolled up at the hem), T-shirts (with rolled-up sleeves), flipped up collar and black leather jacket
Kids also tried to copy his “duck-tail” hair, growing hair long on the sides with side burns, and long at the back. Various forms of hair grease were used to keep the hair in place.
Movies
Others copied the Pat Boone look with short hair and dressier shirts, flat-fronted khaki pants and white dress shoes
Girls wore skirts to school, but jeans and “pedal pushers” (capri pants) were popular outside of school. Sweater twin sets, white blouses, pleated skirts, white bobby socks and saddle shoes with hair in a pony tail were popular high school looks.
Popular movie stars were Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, and James Dean
Cars
Cars in the 50s were cool if they were big in size, had large engines, and large fins out the back.
Teens saw the car as a form of independence and were buying used cars for the first time
Used cars were fixed up, “souped up” and made louder, faster and cooler.
Cars allowed teens to “cruise the main drag”, go to school “sock hops”, watch movies at the theatre or drive-in and visit the local drive-in restaurant
…comes more need for infrastructure
(hospitals, schools, roads, libraries, houses) The Trans-Canada Highway connects Canada
coast to coast by road The St. Lawrence Seaway connects ocean-
going ships with cities along Great Lakes Resource at Elliot Lake (Uranium oxide) found
and exported to US (creation of nuclear weapons)
With More People….
After Hiroshima and Nagasaki, fear of potential
of atomic bombs How do we co-exist?
Temporary Peace
How to Kill Everybody
How to Live with Everybody
2 World Wars in 3 decades…
Period of time marked by fear Western democracies banned together: USA,
France, Britain, Canada Eastern communist dictatorships of Europe:
Soviet Union, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania Superpower USA and USSR built nuclear
weapons (competition) Build up of weapons is period of Cold War
New Fears
Cold War
Historical period after WWII No active fighting War of words and ideas State of balance between equally strong enemies USA and Russia are enemies Threats but no war: MAD (mutually assured
destruction) kept fighting away People lived in fear of nuclear war Espionage became a tool for all (spying / info
gathering)
The Cold War
Igor Gouzenko
Broke alliance between Soviet Union, Canada, Britain, USA
Soviet citizen working at Soviet Embassy in Ottawa
Revealed Soviet spies in Can trying to steal secrets to help Soviet Union with nuclear weapons
Didn’t show face in public Fear Soviets would
assassinate him
Fears of nuclear attack were so strong in the late 1950s and early 1960s that the government of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker built a secret underground bunker in Carp, Ontario, near Ottawa.
The bunker was meant to protect 535 top government officials, including the prime minister and cabinet, in the event of a nuclear attack.
The bunker, which didn’t stay secret for long, was quickly nicknamed the “Diefenbunker.” It was designed to withstand a nuclear blast that was the equivalent of five million tons of dynamite exploding 1.6 kilometres away and contained enough food and supplies to last 30 days.
Across Canada, about 50 other shelters were also built, but they were different. They were fallout shelters, rather than shelters built to survive a nuclear bomb.
In 1994, the Diefenbunker, which was never used, was designated a national historic site. It was later transformed into a Cold War museum.
More to The Story
India, Jamaica, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Ethiopia
achieved independence Disagreements about what new government
should look like Sometimes turned into civil wars USA and USSR often picked sides in wars as
wanted to persuade them to join their “camp”
New Independence for Many Countries
Canada more active role in world Growing industries Increased trade Solutions to conflicts Safe haven for displaced people Advocate for protection of natural
environment
Canada’s Role
Canada not superpower Military was smaller than
others but gained influence on superpower countries
Tried to help resolve international disputes through compromises
Large to moderate influence and international recognition
Middle Power
After WWII – what previously was ruled by
Japanese now ruled by Soviet Union in north (communist) and USA in south (democratic driven)
North Korean leader wanted entire country under rule
Wants to invade South Korea Soviets don’t want to clash with USA PROXY WAR breaks out – war fought by 1
country for interests of another
Korea
N. Koreans attack June 1950 Seen by USA as Soviet expansion UN force called in to help South Korea 90% of these troops were American Canada contributes $$ and military personnel
Korea
1850s French co. financed construction of massive
canal linking Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea Britain buys into company Britain ruled Egypt but after WWII independence
movement Egyptians wanted independence West needs more oil due to # of cars 2/3 of oil shipped through Canal Egypt seizes canal to charge fees for profit Britain invades canal zone Soviet Union, USA, UN deem as bullying Britain begins to deteriorate due to decreasing funds
The Suez Crisis
Lester B. Pearson of Canada Found solution using an international
peacekeeping force Peacekeepers replaced occupying forces while
peaceful solution was negotiated Pearson awarded Nobel Peace Prize
The Suez Crisis
International organization Created in hopes of a peaceful world
Save future from war Reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights Establish conditions for justice and respect for
law Promote social progress and better standards of
life
The United Nations