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8/10/2019 Introduction to the Use of Wood as a Building Material
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In t roduc t ion to the Use of Wood
as a Bu ilding Material
Presented by
MAPLE LEAF HOUSING CENTRESustainable Solutions for Global Housing
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Use of Wood as a Building Material
Today, approximately
80% of all structures in
North America are
constructed using woodas the primary building
material
More wood by both
weight and volume is
used than all other
construction materials
combined
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Sustainability of Wood-Frame
Construction
Natural, organic carbon based material
Renewable resource
More environmentally friendly and energyefficient than concrete or steel
Wood-frame construction minimizes the pollutioncaused by the manufacture of the materials used
in the building
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lower greenhouse gas emissions than steel or
concrete lower air pollution than steel or concrete
lower water pollution than steel or concrete
lower solid waste by-products than steel orconcrete
© 2010 MAPLE LEAF HOUSING CENTRE – Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Sustainability of Wood-Frame
Construction
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Embodied energy includes all energy, direct and
indirect, used to extract, manufacture, transport
and install materials The manufacture of wood uses very little energy
so, even though it may be brought to the
building site from outside the area, the
embodied energy will normally be less than
locally manufactured concrete
© 2010 MAPLE LEAF HOUSING CENTRE – Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Sustainability of Wood-Frame
Construction
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© 2010 MAPLE LEAF HOUSING CENTRE – Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Sustainability of Wood-Frame
Construction
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Wood Characteristics
Wood cells are like a
bundle of drinkingstraws
Straws have
different properties
in different directions
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Wood Characteristics
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Wood is affected bymoisture
Wood cells can hold
a great deal of water
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Wood Characteristics
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It shrinks or swellsdepending on itsmoisture content
Unless shrinkageis accounted for,some of thebuilding elements
may crack or settlein an undesirablemanner
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Wood Characteristics
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As wood dries, its
shrinkage
characteristicsdepend on where
it was cut from
the tree
© 2010 MAPLE LEAF HOUSING CENTRE – Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Wood Characteristics
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Wood
manufactured foruse as structural
building
components is
usually kiln dried
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Wood Characteristics
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It is recommended
that all structural
framing lumber havea moisture content of
approximately 19 –
25%, depending upon
local conditions
© 2010 MAPLE LEAF HOUSING CENTRE – Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Wood Characteristics
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To provide continued protection from moisture,
wood-frame buildings should be constructed to
provide the following:
Deflection; keep water away
Drainage; allow water to leave structure
Drying; provide opportunity for wet wood to dry,
ventilation Durability; choose or make materials suitable for
exposure to moisture
© 2010 MAPLE LEAF HOUSING CENTRE – Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Wood Characteristics
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Deflection
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Drainage
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Drying
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Durability
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Light Wood-Frame Construction
Light wood-framing
is the use of
closely spaced
members of
dimension lumber
combined with
sheathing to formstructural elements
of a building.
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The structural elements provide rigidity, support
for interior finish and exterior cladding, and a
cavity for the installation of insulation &mechanical/electrical systems.
Wood-frame construction commonly combines
dimension lumber, engineered wood products
and structural wood panel sheathing to make
wall, floor and roof assemblies.
© 2010 MAPLE LEAF HOUSING CENTRE – Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Light Wood-Frame Construction
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© 2006 BCIT Canadian Housing & Construction Centre
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Dimension lumber
common sizes of
framing lumber
38x89 mm
38x140 mm
38x184 mm
38x235 mm 38x286 mm
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common lengths of
framing lumber
2400mm to 7200mm,
in 600mm increments
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Dimension lumber
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lumber structural
characteristics
grading
strength
species
moisture content
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Dimension lumber
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National Lumber
Grades Authority
Standard GradingRules for Canadian
Lumber
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Dimension lumber
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Dimension Lumber Grading Stamps
(North America)
grading agency
species grade
moisture content
saw mill
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lumber species with similar characteristics are
grouped together
Douglas Fir – Larch (D.Fir-L) Hemlock – Fir (Hem-fir)
Spruce – Pine – Fir (SPF)
Northern Species (Northern)
Dimension lumber Species Grading
(Canada)
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size and location of knots
slope of grain
amount of wane
size of shakes, splits and checks
Dimension Lumber Strength
Grading
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select structural (SS)
No.1 & No.2
No.3
Dimension Lumber Strength –
Visual Grading
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Dimension Lumber Moisture
Content
S – Dry (surfaced dry)
S – Grn (surfaced greenor wet)
measured at time of
milling
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each piece of lumberis load tested
determines bendingstrength and stiffness
used in highlystressed components,such as trusses and I-
joists
Machine Stress Rated Lumber
(MSR)
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Finger Jointed
Lumber
short pieces glued
together, end to end
visual and machinetested
primarily compression
members (studs)
kiln dried (SPF)
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Timber Frame Lumber
Minimum dimension of 140
x 140mm, maximum 394 x
394mm
Usually used for columns
and beams
Visually graded – Select
Structural, No.1, No.2 Surfaced green
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Engineered Wood Products
Engineered wood products are produced to
enhance qualities of wood
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large sections of wood becoming difficult to find engineered wood can utilize waste material
product more uniform, weak sections of wood
removed
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Engineered Wood Products
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dimensionally stable
can span large distances
provide high strengthcomponents
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Engineered Wood Products
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Plywood is the original
engineered wood-based panel.
Plywood is a highly stable
panel. When exposed tomoisture or high humidity,
plywood is up to seven times
more resistant to thickness
swell than other wood-based
panels.
© 2010 MAPLE LEAF HOUSING CENTRE – Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Engineered Wood Products
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Plywood is stronger than other wood-basedpanels in the four important engineering strengthproperties of bending, tension, compression andplanar shear and plywood weighs up to 40%less than substitute wood-based panels ofequivalent thickness.
Plywood is a highly impact-resistant panel andcontinues to perform even when wet.
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Engineered Wood Products
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Plywood has over 50
years of proven serviceas a structural panel for
homes and other wood-
frame structures.
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Engineered Wood Products
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Glulam (glue laminated)
38mm or 19mm
laminations available in various
shapes
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Engineered Wood Products
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structural compositelumber
lumber made from small
pieces of wood gluedtogether
poor parts of woodremoved
3 times bending strengthand stiffness of standarddimension lumber
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Engineered Wood Products
E i d W d
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laminated veneer
lumber (LVL) veneers glued
together, grain in
same direction
© 2010 MAPLE LEAF HOUSING CENTRE – Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Engineered Wood
Products
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Engineered Wood Products
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parallel strandlumber (PSL)
strands of lumberglued together
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Engineered Wood Products
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Engineered
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timber strand
lumber wafers of lumber
glued together,
same direction –
similar to OSB
Engineered
Wood Products
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wood I-joist
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Engineered Wood Products
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Wood Trusses
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Advantages of Wood Trusses
high quality engineeredcomponents
unlimited profiles long spans
light weight
fast close-in
economical
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Proven Performance
used in residential, commercial and farm
buildings in North America since the 1950’s
used in over 90% of the homes built in Canada
and the USA today
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Architectural Versatility
wood trusses are
compatible with
other structural
systems
allow flexible
interior
partitioning androom
arrangements
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Common Truss Shapes
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Easy to erect
A
B
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Can be used on wood structures
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Can be used on masonry or steel
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Can be assembled on the ground or
on the structure
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Floor Trusses
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
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Computerized truss design
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Computerized truss design
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
E i i D i
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Engineering Drawings
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Truss manufacturing
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Truss manufacturing
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Truss manufacturing
Fasteners used in wood-frame
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Fasteners used in wood frame
construction
Light framing makes use of many smallfasteners in the form of nails, spikes, or staplesto attach framing members to each other and toattach the sheathing to the framing members.
Nailing requirements for light framing areestablished by the building codes.
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Fasteners used in wood-frame
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There are a
variety of nails
used in wood-
frame
construction.
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Fasteners used in wood frame
construction
Fasteners used in wood-frame
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Bolts are also used in
wood-frame
construction – quite
often to make the
connections between
wood and steel or wood
and concrete.
Fasteners used in wood frame
construction
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
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Fasteners used in wood-frame
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Timber rivets are
special nails made of
hardened steel and are
used for the to fastenglulam or parallam
component connections
using metal connectors.
Fasteners used in wood frame
construction
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
Fasteners used in wood-frame
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Truss plates connectors are made from light
gauge metal toothed plates which are forced by
pressure into the wood surfaces to be joined.
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
as e e s used ood a e
construction
Fasteners used in wood-frame
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A variety of metal fasteners, such as joist
hangers, are available which can reduce
installation time and improve connection
strength. Most light framing connectors rely onnails for attachment.
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
construction
Fasteners used in wood-frame
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In addition, special fastens are used to achieve
greater structural strength in areas prone to
earthquakes or high wind loads.
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
construction
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Sustainable Solutions for Global Housing
8/10/2019 Introduction to the Use of Wood as a Building Material
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The End
