Introduction to Protists - Uni · PDF fileIntroduction to Protists C. Beardsley, ICBM ... organoheterotrophic or mixotrophic heterotrophic: ... Introduction to Protists Euglena

Eukaryotes and viruses:

Introduction to Protists

C. Beardsley, ICBM

11.01.2011

Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists

History

Leeuwenhoek and the „Little Animals“ by R. Thom, 1966, Museum of Art, University of Michigan


History

Microbes were first observed using a simple microscope and reported as “animalcules” to the Royal Society of London.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1673) Animalcula


History

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1676) Animalcula

sampled habitats: water droplets, soil, sand grains,mucus, teeth scrapings,animal feces, plant seeds, parts of insects, pepper- & hay infusions …

movements, sizes, abundances


History

Martin Frobenius Ledermüller (1760/63) Infusoria (Aufgusstierchen, dessication resistant)

Lorenz Oken (1805) Urthiere (unicellular)Georg August Goldfuss (1818) Protozoa


History

John Hogg (1861) Protoctista (unicellular kingdom)

Ernst Haeckel (1866) Protista


History

Wikipedia.org

http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/library/images

Definition


Mostly, but not exclusively, unicellular eukaryotic organisms.

What are classification schemes based on?

Classification by Morphology & Physiology


Cell membrane: naked, carbonate, silicate, cellulose, chitin, proteins...

Fotos: H. Cypionka

Note: term classification is neutral and only means grouping by categories!



Movement: Pseudopodia, Flagella, Cilia, Sessile

Fotos: H. Cypionka



Developmental stages: sexual and/or asexual reproduction

Fotos: H. Cypionka



Trophic life style: phototrophic, organoheterotrophic

� heterotrophic: phagotrophic or osmotrophic

� phagotrophic: Filter feeding or Interception feeding

Fotos: H. Cypionka



Trophic life style: phototrophic, organoheterotrophic or mixotrophic

� heterotrophic: phagotrophic or osmotrophic

� phagotrophic: Filter feeding or Interception feeding

Fotos: H. Cypionka


Concept: These similarities (or lack thereof) were inherited and “modified” by random mutation & natural selectio n - thus reflect phylogeny.

But within the heterogeneous group of protists no consistent classification arises from putting these phenotypical trades into some kind of serial order!

Summary: Classification schemes, and thus taxonomic definitions, were based on morphological and physiological similarities among organisms.


Classification by Phylogeny:

Tree of Life Based on SSU-rRNA Sequence Similarity

http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/library/images

DinoflagellatesCiliates

Chrysophytes

Diatoms

Bicosoecids

Prymnesiophytes(Haptophytes)

FungiChoanoflagellates

Chlorophytes

Cryptomonads

Euglenoids

Kinetoplastids

Groups with Heterotrophic NanoflagellatesSherr & Sherr 2000

Phylogeny of Free-Living Aquatic Protists Based on 18S rRNA Sequence Similarity

length of branches depicts phylogenetic relationship


Classification by Phylogeny:

Paraphysomonas foraminiferaParaphysomonas sp.

Paraphysomonas foraminiferaParaphysomonas imperforataParaphysomonas imperforata

Metanophrys similisParaphysomonas bandaiensis

Paraphysomonas butcheriTessellaria volvocina

Mallomonas akrokomosMallomonas annulata

Mallomonas adamasMallomonas splendensMallomonas striataMallomonas striataMallomonas papillosaMallomonas rasilis

Mallomonas caudataMallomonas matvienkoae

Synura mammillosaSynura spinosa

Synura sphagnicolaSynura uvella

Synura glabraSynura petersenii

uncultured eukaryote, AY046836uncultured eukaryote, AY046860uncultured eukaryote, AY046844uncultured eukaryote, AY046852uncultured eukaryote, AY046864

Heterosigma akashiwoHeterosigma akashiwo

Heterosigma carteraeChattonella subsalsa

Vacuolaria virescensPteridomonas danicaApedinella radians

Pseudopedinella elasticaCiliophrys infusionum

Rhizochromulina cf. marinaeukaryote clone OLI11025

Dictyocha speculumHyphochytrium catenoides

Developayella elegansOomycete

0.1

heterotrophic

autotrophic

autotrophic

heterotrophic

Phylogeny Does Not Reflect Trophic Life Style


Chrysophytes

Beardsley, unpub.

Evolution


From lecture of H. Arndt, Köln

Chrom

alveolata

Opisthokonta

Amoebozoa

Mycobionta (Fungi)

Choanoflagellates

Animals (Metazoa)

Holozoa

Unikonta

��

Rhodophyta

Glaucophyta

Viridiplantae

Plantae

(= Archaeplastida)

?

��

Cryptophyta

Haptophyta

?

StramenopilesAlveolata

Radiolaria

Foraminifera

Cercozoa

Rhizaria

Excavata

��

Discicristae

PreaxostylaFornicata

Parabasalida

Malawimonadozoa

Euglenozoa

Heterolobosea

Jacobozoa

��

root ?

root ?

Nucleariidae

IchthyosporeaFilasterea

Hacrobia

Eukaryotes and viruses:

Introduction to Protists

Synthesis of trees by A

dl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, R

odriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007

Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

anof

lage

llate

s

Ani

mal

s (M

etaz

oa)

Holozoa

Unikonta

��

Rho

doph

yta

Gla

ucop

hyta

Viri

dipl

anta

e

Plantae(= Archaeplastida)

?

��

Cry

ptop

hyta

Hap

toph

yta

?

Str

amen

opile

sA

lveo

lata

Rad

iola

ria

For

amin

ifera

Cer

cozo

a

Rhizaria

Excavata

��

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reax

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laF

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Par

abas

alid

a

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awim

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Nuc

lear

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Hacrobia


Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007

Parabasalida: Trichomonads:

Trichomonas vaginalis

dizoic: 2 nucleii, 2 cytostomes, 8 flagella, mitosomes

Nucleii

Fornicata: Diplomonads:

Giardia lamblia


- often described as deep branching group, probably not true anymore

- anaerobic without mitochondria (secondary lost)

- Trichomonas is frequent in human vaginal flora (3 - 60 % of women), usually not pathogenic

- Giardia: causes diarrhea; builds cysts as resting stages

hydrogenosomes

Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

anof

lage

llate

s

Ani

mal

s (M

etaz

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Holozoa

Unikonta

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Nuc

lear

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Icht

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Hacrobia



Malawimonadozoa:

Malawimonas jacobiformis


- free-swimming heterotrophic flagellates

- both groups completely unknown before 1990, but of significant interest because of their key position regarding the evolution and phylogeny of Excavata

Patterson et al. 2001

Jacobozoa:

Jacoba sp.

- approx. 5 um in size

- only 1 genus, freshwater & soil

- approx. 10 um in size

- 4 genera, also marine

Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

anof

lage

llate

s

Ani

mal

s (M

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Holozoa

Unikonta

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Nuc

lear

iidae

Icht

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Hacrobia



Heterolobosae (Myxobionta)


• Do not confuse with Myxobakteria !

• Myxomycota: True Slime Molds (Plasmodium, acellular)

• Acrasiomycota: Cellular Slime Molds (Pseudoplasmodium)Dictyostelium

aggregation of cells = pseudoplasmodium� production of fruiting boddies

Physarum sp.

Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

anof

lage

llate

s

Ani

mal

s (M

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Holozoa

Unikonta

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Nuc

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Icht

hyos

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Hacrobia



Euglenozoa: Euglenids


Euglena

Throphic life style: most heterotrophic, but also phototrophic or mixotrophic

Chlorophyll a fluoresces under UV-light

Euglenids grazing on bacteria

Images: www.mikrobiologischer-garten.de

Euglena


Throphic life style :

Free living heterotrophic

Bodo, Rhynchomonas

Lee & Patterson 2000

parasitic

cause sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma


Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastida

important bacteriovores

Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

anof

lage

llate

s

Ani

mal

s (M

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Holozoa

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Hacrobia



Cryptophyta

Chilomonas

Rhodomonas

www.glerl.noaa.gov

saprophytic

phototrophic


• 2 flagella

• some organelles not free in cytoplasm but surrounded by an additional double membrane

• protein plates

Haptophyta (Prymnesiophyta)


Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

anof

lage

llate

s

Ani

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s (M

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Holozoa

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Hacrobia



Stramenopiles (Heterokontobionta):

2 flagella (1 short and 1 long & hairy)


Heterokonts:- Diatoms (Bacillariophyceen)

- Chrysophyceae / Chrysomonads (Gold algae)

- Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)

Oomyceta: - Cellulose molds


Stramenopiles: Diatoms

• 250 genera, ca. 100 000 species

• phototrophic (1 exception)

• chloroplasts with chlorophyll a & fucoxanthin

• no flagella

• single cells or colony forming

• asexual reproduction usual, but sexual reproduction & formation of auxospores possible

REM of a diatom cell wall (Foto Renate Kort, Erhard Rhiel).

• silica containing cell walls: silcate frustules consisting of 2 halves: epi- & hypotheca



Navicula sp.

Pennate (Bacillariales) and central (Biddulphiales) forms



Chaetoceros curvisetusCoscinodiscus wailesii

Asterionellopsis glacialis

Nitzschia sp.

• phototrophic and/or heterotrophic: mixotrophic

• HNF: important bacterivores

Dunaliella sp.

Synura sp.

HNF


Stramenopiles: Chrysomonads

Fotos: H. Cypionka

Laminaria (kelp): by definition a protist ?


Stramenopiles: Phaeophyceae

• mostly free living in water; some live in soils or as parasites

• heterokont biflagellated spores depend on water

• cellulose molds: cell walls consist of Cellulose and Glucane

•(ß-(1-3) and ß-(1-6) glycosidic bonds

• potatoe disease in Ireland (1845-49)


Stramenopiles: Oomycetes

Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

anof

lage

llate

s

Ani

mal

s (M

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Holozoa

Unikonta

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Alveolata:

•membranous sacs, called “alveoli”, positioned beneath the plasma membrane

•distinct micropores through the cell surface that function in pinocytosis

•tubular mitochondrial cristae


- Dinoflagellates

- Ciliates

- Apicomplexa


Alveolata: Dinoflagellates

Major contributors to global marine photosynthesis!

- cellulose-plates

- 2 flagella: operate in a transverse constriction (girdle) & a longitudinal groove (= dinocont flagellation)

� screw-like swimming movement

Red tide

M. Godfrey

Throphic life style: phototrophic and/or heterotrophic: mixotrophic

Ceratium sp.

Alveolata: Ciliates

Cypionka, Grundlagen der Mikrobiologie


„mouth“

•mostly heterotrophic filter- or interception feeders, but also photo- and mixotrophic species

•complex cell structures

Vorticella sp.

Fotos: H. Cypionka

Alveolata: Ciliates

•Rows of cilia originating from the kinetosomal bases

•Nucleii dimorphism


Vorticella: filter feeder

www.mikrobiologischer-garten.de


Alveolata: Ciliates

Obligate anaerobic ciliates:

Important in the rumen of cattle or the intestine of termites !


Alveolata: Ciliates

Plasmodium: causes malaria

•obligate parasitic

•alternation of generation and of host

•>>100 Mio. people per year


Alveolata: Apicomplexa

Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

anof

lage

llate

s

Ani

mal

s (M

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Actinopoda: Radiolaria

Eukaryotes and viruses: Protists

- radiating axopodia, stiffened by microtubular bundles

� for locomotion & food capture

Fotos: H. Cypionka

Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

anof

lage

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s

Ani

mal

s (M

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Foraminifera - calcified shells- single- or multichambered- protoplasm in chamber

- > 4000 recent species

- > 30000 ancient species

- chalk skeletons of ancient foraminifera used as indicators for marine palaeo-temperatures

Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

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Viridiplantae: Chlorophyta

Chlorella

Volvox: •colonies of up to 20000 cells, connected via plasma bridges•� functional differentiation


• 2, 4 or no flagella

• Autotrophic

• related to plants

Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

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Amoebozoae:


- pseudopodia: movement by alternating new formation and retraction

- with shells (tests) or without (naked)- uni- or multinuclei- size: few micrometer up to 5 mm (Chaos carolinense)

Fotos: H. Cypionka

Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

anof

lage

llate

s

Ani

mal

s (M

etaz

oa)

Holozoa

Unikonta

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Mycobionta: Yeast

By definition a protist ?� belongs to the fungi (Ascomycete) !

Saccharomyces sp.

Chromalveolata

Opisthokonta

Am

oebo

zoa

Myc

obio

nta

(Fun

gi)

Cho

anof

lage

llate

s

Ani

mal

s (M

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Par

abas

alid

a

Mal

awim

onad

ozoa

Eug

leno

zoa

Het

erol

obos

ea

Jaco

bozo

a

��

root ?

root ?

Nuc

lear

iidae

Icht

hyos

pore

aF

ilast

erea

Hacrobia



MonosigmaAcanthocorbis

Foto: van den Hoff

Solitary choanoflagellate

Colonial choanoflagellate


Choanoflagellates

• bacteriovores

• unique: collar (microvilli)

• 1 flagellum

Documents

Introduction to Protists - Uni · PDF fileIntroduction to Protists C. Beardsley, ICBM ... organoheterotrophic or mixotrophic heterotrophic: ... Introduction to Protists Euglena