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07.11.2012
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Yıldırım Beyazıt University School of Medicine Department of Physiology
Introduction to Physiology: Homeostasis and
Physiological Control Systems
Dr. Sinan Canan [email protected]
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Meet your physiology lecturer
Sinan Canan (PhD) Graduated biologist Former histologist (MSc) PhD in Medical Physiology Now, Assoc. Prof. in
YBU Medical School, Physiology Dep.
07.11.2012
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Meet your physiology lecturer
My areas of interest: Neuroscience, human behavior, chaos and complexity, fractal geometry, science philosophy , medical education and everything about life and human...
http://www.sinancanan.net.tr
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Suggested books&resources Medical Physiology (A.C. Guyton)
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Suggested books&resources Human Physiology 2 or 3d Ed.
(D. U. Silverthorn)
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Suggested books&resources Review of Medical Physiology, 23th Ed.
(W.F. Ganong)
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Suggested books&resources Vander’s Human Physiology, 11th Ed.
(Widmaier, Raff, Strang)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PHYSIOLOGY
What is physiology?
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
What is Physiology?
Physics + Biology = Physiology The branch of science dealing with the
basic functions of living organisms Science of “function”
Physiological: “Normal”; not pathological; properties belonging to normal functions of tissues, organs or body...
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
What is Physiology?
All things in physiology are about YOURSELF!
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What is LIFE?
?
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Basic properties of life
The Seven Properties Of Life: 1) Cellular organization, 2) Reproduction, 3) Metabolism, 4) Homeostasis, 5) Heredity, 6) Responsiveness, 7) Growth and development…
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Complexity and “emergence”
Emergence is the way that “complex systems” and “patterns” arise, out of a multiplicity of relatively simple and seemingly unrelated interactions.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Complexity and “emergence”
Complex: Something with many parts in intricate arrangement.
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Complexity and “emergence”
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Complexity and “emergence”
07.11.2012
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Complexity and “emergence”
Life is the most complex thing in this universe…
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Complexity and “emergence”
Emergent Properties Of Life: Order Reproduction Growth and Development Energy Utilization Response to Environment Homeostasis Adaptation
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Physiological terms; • Function:
Things to do... • Mechanism:
How to do... • Organization of life:
• Cell is the basic unit of life
• Hierarchical organization: Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organism
Structural and functional hierarchy
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ Systems
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• Cardiovascular System
• Respiratory System
• Digestive System
• Urinary System
• Reproductive System
• Musculoskeletal System
• Nervous System
• Endocrine System
• Immune System
Organ Systems
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
“Internal milieu”
“La fixité du milieu intérieur est la condition de la vie libre.”
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Evolution of Physiological Systems
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Substance exchange between body fluids
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Substance flow...
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Homeostasis
• Keeping the internal environment stable, against constantly changing circumstances...
• A dynamical balance of the internal environment
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• External or internal changes • Drifting away from Homeostasis • Necessary adjustments:
• Receptors, integration centers • Cell and tissue responses
Homeostasis and its control
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Homeostasis and its control
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostasis and its control
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostasis and its control
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostasis and its control
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostasis and its control
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• Succesful compensation • Homestasis re-
established • Unable to compensate
• Pathophysiology • Sickness • Death
Homeostasis
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Principles of “feedback”
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• Response attenuates the stimulus • Examples:
• Control of blood glucose • Control of blood oxygene and carbondioxide levels • Maintanence of sodium and fluid content of blood • Control of body temperature • Control of acidity of body fluids • Control of body weight • …………………
Negative Feedback
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Compensation limits in bleeding
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• Response enhances the stimulus • Examples:
• Blood coagulation • Birth • Generation of action potentials
Positive Feedback
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Feed-forward controls (preparing the body for an anticipated change): • Control of movement and balance • Monitoring the external environment • Learning
Adaptive control systems
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• Adaptation and acclimatization • Biological rythms • Regulation of cell death-Apoptosis
Processes related to Homeostasis
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• Disruption of homeostasis results in diseases. • Destructive positive feedback loops can be
repressed by negative feedback loops.
Homeostatic imbalance
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Some links...
• Web Resources • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology • http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-physiologist.htm • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_MmgaWYQfc • Inner life of a cell:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJyUtbn0O5Y (We will talk the details of this video later)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
That’s all for now...
• Lecture notes in pdf format: http://www.sinancanan.net.tr/p/english.html
