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Introduction to Organ Systems
Organ System Function Made of …
Integumentary Boundary Hair, skin, nails
Muscular Movement, balance, function Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles
Skeletal Protection, attachment for muscles
Bones
Nervous Connect CNS with muscles Neurons (sensory and motor)
Circulatory Transport materials Heart, vessels, blood
Digestive Provide nutrients Esophagus, stomach, intestine
Respiratory Gas exchange (O2CO2) Trachea, bronchi, lungs
Immune Resist invaders T-cells, B-cells, antibodies
Lymphatic Resist invaders Lymph nodes and fluid
Endocrine Regulate development and organ function
Glands/secretions
Reproductive Continuation of the species Uterus, ovaries, eggsTesticles, sperm
Integumentary System
• Our outer covering– Skin, hair, and nails
• Separates our internal environment from the external one
• Skin contains sweat glands to cool us and sebaceous (oil) glands to keep our skin pliable
• Is a tan healthy?
Is a tan a sign of good health?
• Melanocytes produce pigment.
• Function is to block UV rays.
• Prevent damage to cells, especially those in the actively growing layer (basal cells).
Diagnosing Melanomas: ABCD
Asymmetry— The shape of one half does not match the other.
Border—The edges are often ragged, notched, blurred, or irregular in outline; the pigment may spread into the surrounding skin.
Color—The color is uneven. Shades of black, brown, and tan may be present. Areas of white, grey, red, pink, or blue also may be seen.
Diameter—There is a change in size, usually an increase. Melanomas are usually larger than the eraser of a pencil (1/4 inch or 5 millimeters).
Muscular System
• Three basic types of muscle: – Cardiac-found only in the heart– Smooth-found in hollow organs and vessels– Skeletal-attached to bones
• Muscle cells are called myofibrils• Special proteins called actin and myosin allow
muscles to contract. • Toned muscles stay partially contracted.• Muscles can only pull (not push), so they act in
pairs (ex: bicep/tricep)
Skeletal System• Supportive features can be inside
(endoskeleton), outside (exoskeleton) or composed of fluid (hydroskeleton)
• Skeletons made of bone have a solid matrix between osteocytes (bone cells)
• Most bony skeletons can be divided into the– Axial skeleton which lies along the central
axis and primarily protects organs; and the– Appendicular skeleton which contains the
bones of the appendages.
What color is the axial skeleton in this picture?
Our skeleton is held together by ligaments which connect bone to bone and tendons which connect muscle to bone.
Nervous SystemExtensions (dendrites) receive signal
AXON: transmits signal; is insulated with myelin sheath secreted by Schwann cells
AXON TERMINALS:
Transmit signal to adjacent neurons
• Controls our interaction with the environment.
• Brain and spinal card = central nervous system
• Branching nerves for body = peripheral nervous system
• Nerve cells called neurons:
• sensory neurons receive stimuli
• motor neurons react to stimuli by activating response
CELL BODY (aka soma):
Circulatory System
• Consists of blood, heart and vessels• Liquid matrix called plasma is ~92% water
and 7% proteins.• Plasma carriesformed elements including erythrocytes (red bc’s)leukocytesleukocytes (white bc’s)thrombocytes (platelets)
HEMO the Magnificent (1957)
Types of Vessels• Arteries: carry blood away from
the heart. Largest is the aorta.• Veins: carry blood back to the
heart; contain valves to prevent backflow of blood as it moves against gravity. Largest is the vena cava.
• Capillaries: very thin walls; site of gas exchange (O2 > CO2)
The heart is a double pump.
The right side pumps for pulmonary circulation … to the lungs and back.
The left side pumps for systemic (whole body) circulation.
So which side of the heart is larger?
Urinary System
KIDNEYS filter blood and produce urine as a waste product
URINARY BLADDER
URETERS carry urine from kidney to …
Urine exits the body via the URETHRA
Digestive System: Oral Cavity• Digestion is both mechanical and chemical.• Teeth pulverize food to smaller pieces.
– Incisors– Canine– Pre-molars– Molars
• Tongue moves food andmixes it with saliva which contains enzymes• Mixture is now known as a bolus• Swallowing forces flap (uvula) over epiglottis so
food goes down the esophagus and not the trachea
• Material now called chyme
• Swallowing pushes a flap of cartilage (epiglottis) over the opening to the trachea (glottis) so food doesn’t “go down your wind pipe”
Esophagus
Chemical Digestion
• Accessory organs secrete materials to aid digestion
• Liver produces bile which is stored in gall bladder to digest fats
• Pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels
http://www.lessontutor.com/jm_digestive.html
*Duodenum
*Jejunum
*Ileum
Small Intestine
• Food churned with acidleaves the stomach and enters the small intestine
– Divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum
• “goblet cells” secrete mucus to ease passage of chyme• Projections called villi increase surface area
to maximize absorption of food materials
Lymphatic System
• Clear fluid circulating through body; must be returned via veins or else edema (swelling) results.
• Fluid passes through thousands of lymph nodes which contain macrophages to engulf foreign particles.
Immune System
• White blood cells are on the front line of defense
• “T” cells from thymus• “B” cells from bone marrow• Immunity can be
– Nonspecific: generalized defense mechanisms
or– Specific: exposure to antigen
results in production of antibodies
http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/bugl/immune.htm
Response to Injury:
Endocrine SystemA collection of glands that control and coordinate body function through messengers called hormones.
Label your drawing:A = pineal gland
B = hypothalamus
C = pituitary gland
D = thyroid/parathyroid
E = thymus
F = adrenal
G = pancreas
H = ovaries
I = testes
