BODY SYSTEMS

The Integumentary System

Includes: Your skin, hair, nails. Sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

The skin is the primary organ of the I.S.

Vital Functions

Protection….Barrier b/t internal organs and outside world.

Shields from injury, invasion by pathogens, sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays (UV).

Water – holding capacity that aids in elasticity and helps maintain body’s balance of fluids and electrolytes.

Regulates Body Temperature

Radiation: the escape of internal heat from the body.

Perspiration cools skin as heat evaporates.

Conserve body heat.

Sensing

Nerve endings allow for communication with the world around you.

Touch, pain, pressure, temperature.

Structure

Two main layers. Epidermis: Outermost layer made up of both

living and dead cells. Lipids – fatty substances that make skin

waterproof. Dead cells shed off/worn away replaced by

new cells Outer skin replaced about once a year.

Melanin – pigment that gives skin, hair, and the iris of the eyes their coloring.

Dermis: Inner layer of skin made up of connective tissue that gives skin its elasticity.

Nerve endings and Hair follicles. Sweat glands and Sebaceous glands. Hypodermis: NOT part of the skin attaches

skin to bone and muscle.

SKIN CARE

Good personal hygiene.Balanced diet.Vitamin A.SUNSCREEN/MOISTURIEZER.

PROBLEMS OF THE SKIN

ACNE: over-production of oil from sebaceous glades, common during adolescence.

RING WORM: fungal infection characterized by ring-shaped, scaly, reddened, blistery patches.

ATHLETES FOOT: fungal infection located between the toes. Associated with wearing shoes and sweating, highly contagious.

Acne

Ringworm

Athlete‘s foot

CONTINUE…

BOILS: inflamed, pus-filled area on the skin, usually an infected hair-follicle.

WARTS: contagious growths on the outer layer of the skin caused by a virus.

MOLES: small, usually round, thickened, brown to dark brown spots on the skin. Harmless unless suddenly appears, changes color, shape, size, begins bleeding.

Boils

Warts

Moles

CONTINUE…

PSORIASIS: diseases in which thickened patches of inflamed red skin form, often covered by white flaking scales.

VITILIGO: a disorder in which patches of skin lose their color. Auto-immune disorder that causes an absence of the skin cells that produce melanin.

IMPETIGO: an infection in which bacteria enter a small break in the skin. Highly contagious.

Psoriasis

Vitiligo

Impetigo

CONTINUE….

BLISTERS: raised areas filled with a watery substance. Usually caused by rubbing against the skin or burns.

CALLUS: area of thickened skin caused by continuous friction or pressure.

CORN: a callus on a toe caused by the pressure of a tight fitting shoe.

Blisters

Callus

Corn

SKELETAL SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS: – Movement– Muscle Attachment– Protection– Body’s Framework

STRUCTURE

AXIAL SKELETON: includes the 80 bones of the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum or breastbone, Protects spinal cord…vertebrae. Protects heart and lungs…rib cage.

STRUCTURE

APPENDICULAS SKELETON: includes the 126 bones of the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Main purpose is movement.

TYPES OF BONES…

LONG– Femur– Arms and Legs– Ends form joints

and connect to other bones.

SHORT…

Wrists, ankles, hands, feet.

50% are found in the hands and feet.

FLAT…

Ribs, skull bones.Protect vital

organs such as the Brain.

IRREGULAR

Vertebrae.Bones that

don’t have a specific shape.

CARTILAGE

Strong, flexible, connective tissue. Line the surfaces of joints to allow smooth

movement. Cushion adjoining vertebrae. Support nose and ears. OSSIFICATION: the process by which bone

is formed, renewed, and repaired.

CARTILAGE

JOINTS

The point at which two bones meet. BALL-AND-SOCKET-JOINT: allows the widest range of movement.

– Shoulder and Hip Joints

JOINTS

The point at which two bones meet. PIVOT JOINT:

a bony projection allows rotation.– Joint between head and neck that allows

head to rotate.

CONTINUE…

ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT: allows all types of movement except pivotal.– Wrist

CONTINUE…

HINGE JOINT: allows bending and straightening.– Fingers, knee and elbow.

Ligaments

Tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue that bind the bond ends at the joint. Prevent excessive movement at the joint.

TENDONS: Fibrous cords that join muscle to bone or to other muscles.

CARE of the SKELETAL SYSTEM

Good nutrition/CALCIUM

Exercise (Bone Mass) Safety

THE MUSCLAR SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:– Body Movement– Pump Blood– Move through digestive system– Control air movement in and out of the lungs

CONTRACTION

CONTRACTION: Shortening of a muscle.

EXTENSION: stretching of a muscle.

TYPES of MUSCLES

SMOOTH MUSCLE: control movements of internal organs.– Involuntary movements…work without conscious

control.– Intestines, bronchi of the lungs, the bladder.

TYPES of MUSCLES…

SKELETAL MUSCLE: striped or striated muscles attached to the bones that cause body movement.– Biceps, triceps.– Largest part of the body’s muscular system.– Voluntary movements, conscious control.– FLEXORS: muscles that close a joint.– EXTENSORS: muscles that open a joint.

TYPES of MUSCLES…

CARDIAC MUSCLE: striated tissue that forms the wall of the heart.– Involuntary muscle.– Heart contracts rhythmically about 100,000 times

a day.

CARE of the MUSCLE SYSTEM

ATROPHY: waste away (“Use it or lose it”) MUSCLE TONE: the natural tension in the fibers of a

muscle.– Aerobic exercise, resistance training, balanced diet.– Older adults…prevent loss of mobility, balance, and risk of

falls.– The heart is a muscle that needs “training”…regular

exercise.– Stretching, warm-up, cool down.– As always safety.

PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCLE SORENESS:

damage to the muscle fibers themselves. Muscle biopsies taken on the day after hard exercise show bleeding and disruption of the z-band filaments that hold muscle fibers together as they slide over each other during a contraction.

PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS: muscles become weak and easily fatigued.– Eye muscles…drooping eyelids and

double vision.

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY: inherited disorder characterized by a progressive wasting away of skeletal muscles.– No cure.

PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCLE STRAIN:

“pulled muscle”, tearing or stretching of muscles fibers as a result of suddenly pulling them to far.

PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

BRUISE: discolored area under the skin caused by a leakage of blood after an injury.

After Femur fracture

PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

TENDINITIS: the inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by overuse.

PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM

HERNIA: the protrusion of an organ of tissue through a weak area in the muscle.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:– Communication network

and control center.– Controls all the movements

and functions of the body.– Senses changes with in the

body and outside the body.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Gathers information from inside and outside of the body.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – controls the involuntary functions of the body.

– Sweating, digestion, heart rate.– Sympathetic Nervous System – speeds up the

body’s responses.– Parasympathetic Nervous System – slows the

body’s responses.– Somatic Nervous System – controls voluntary

functions of the body.– Running, walking, chewing.

Precision

REFLEX

Spontaneous response of the body to stimuli.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – receives and analyze information gathered and initiates a response.– Spinal cord.– The Brain.

Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain Stem

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Picks up and carries the response signals, IMPULSES.

Autonomic System – involuntary functions of the body.– Sympathetic nervous system – speeds

body up.– Parasympathetic nervous system – slows

body down.

NEURONS

Nerve cells.– SENSORY – Carry signals from sense

receptors into the CNS.– MOTOR – carry signals from CNS to

muscles or glands.– INTERNEURONS – form all electrical

connections with in the CNS.CAN NOT REPLACE THEM!!!THREE BASIC PARTS: Cell body, Dendrites,

Axons.

CARE of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

Regular exercise. Proper nutrition. Avoid using alcohol and drugs. Safety.

PROBLEMS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

Head and spinal cord injuries– 500,000 Americans hospitalized every year.– 20% suffer lifelong physical or mental impairment.Degenerative Diseases: deterioration of function or

system.- Parkinson’s Disease – nerves- Multiple Sclerosis – muscles- Alzheimer’s Disease – mental deterioration, the brain.

PROBLEMS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM…

Epilepsy: recurrent seizures. Cerebral Palsy: various neurological

disorders that are a result of brain injury before, during, or after birth; or in early childhood.

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

FUNCTION: secrete hormones HORMONES: chemical substances that

regulate activities of different body cells. Structure: endocrine glands.

Pituitary Gland: regulates activity of all glands.Thyroid Gland: produce hormones that regulate calcium and phosphorus balance.Parathyroid Glands: hormones that regulate calcium and phosphorus balance.

Adrenal Glands: secretes hormones that regulate numerous body functions.Pancreas: serves endocrine as well as digestive system. Secretes digestive enzymes and regulates body sugar levels.Gonads: development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics Ovaries – females / Testes - males

PROBLEMS

Diabetes Mellitus: pancreas produces too little or no insulin.

Grave’s Disease: autoimmune disorder in which thyroid gland becomes overactive and enlarged.

Cushing’s Disease: overproduction of adrenal hormones.

Goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

FUNCTION: – Heart pumps blood.– Blood vessels carry oxygen and

nutrients to body cells.– Eliminates waste.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM…

Structure:– Heart: continuous muscles contractions send

blood through body.– Blood: transports all of the nutrients that your body

needs to sustain life. Oxygen, hormones, nutrients. Carries away waste.

– Blood Vessels: 60,000 miles of blood vessels. Arteries – vessels that carry blood away from. Capillaries – carry blood through organs and tissues. Regulates body temperature.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:– Drains tissue fluids back into the blood stream.– Fights infection.

STRUCTURES:– LYMPH: a clear yellow fluid that fills the spaces around

body cells.– LYMPHOCYTES: white blood cells that protect the body

against pathogens. B-Cells T-Cells

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM…

CARE:– Don’t smoke.– Regular Exercise –

Aerobic Exercise.– Good Nutrition – Avoid

Fatty Foods.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM…

PROBLEMS: Blood Pressure: the force of blood in the main arteries Diastolic Pressure: heart ventricles relax and pressure is at its

lowest -> lower number of fraction between 70 and 90.

– Systolic: pressure at its highest… upper number of fraction b/t 110 and 140.

Congenital Heart Disease: occurs at birth. Heart Murmur: abnormal sound usually caused by a faulty

valve. Varicose Veins: Weakened valves in the vein.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM…

Anemia: concentration on hemoglobin in the blood is low.

Usually caused by lack of iron in the diet. Leukemia: any of several types of cancer resulting

from abnormal production of white blood cells in the bone marrow.

Hemophilia: inherited bleeding disorder in which blood does not clot.

Immune deficiency: when the bodies immune system does not fight off infection (HIV and AIDS).

Hodgkin’s disease: cancer of the lymph tissue. Tonsillitis: swelling of the tonsils.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:– Respiration: the exchange of gases between your

body and your environment.– External: oxygen and carbon dioxide between the

blood and air in the lungs.– Internal: gases between blood and the cells of the

body.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM…

STRUCTURE:– Diaphragm: muscle that separates the chest and abdominal

cavities.– Lungs: take in oxygen from the air we inhale and return

carbon dioxide to the air when we exhale.– Nose and Mouth: air enters.– Pharynx: throat.– Trachea: windpipe.– Bronchi: airways that connect the trachea to the lungs.– Larynx: voice box.– Epiglottis: a flap of cartilage in front of the entrance to the

larynx.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM…

CARE:– DON’T SMOKE!!!!!!!!!!– DO your part to keep our air clean.– Exercise.– Wash your hands regularly.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM…

PROBLEMS:– Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchi.– Asthma: an inflammatory condition in which the small

airways in the lungs called bronchioles become narrowed, causing difficulty in breathing.

– Pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs.– Tuberculosis: infectious bacterial disease of the lungs.– Emphysema: a disease in which the alveoli of the lungs

burst and blend to form fewer, larger sacs with less surface area.

– Sinusitis: inflammation of the membrane lining the facial sinuses, air-filled cavities around the nose.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:– Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown

of foods for use by the body’s cells.– Absorption: the passage of digested food from the

digestive tract into the circulatory system.– Elimination: the expulsion of undigested food or

body wastes.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…

STRUCTURE: Mouth and Teeth:

– Ingestion: the taking of food into the body.– Mastication: the process of chewing; teeth.

Salivary Glands:– Produce SALIVA: watery solution containing enzymes that help break

down food. The Tongue

– Helps prepare food for swallowing. The Esophagus

– Peristalsis: a series of involuntary muscle contractions that move food into the stomach.

The Stomach– Continue the breakdown of food– Stores food until it is ready to enter the small intestine– Mix together food and gastric juices: secretions from the stomach lining

that contain enzymes.– Controls the rate at which the food enters the small intestine.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…

The Small Intestine:– The major part of digestion and absorption.– 20-23 feet in length, 1 inch in diameter.– Duodenum, Jejunum, Illium.

The Large Intestine– Colon– 5-6 feet long, 2.5 inches wide.– Absorbs water eliminates undigested foods and

waste.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…

CARE:– Good nutrition, FIBER!– Drink Water, 6-8 glasses a day.– Exercise.– Don’t eat under stress

THE URINARY SYSTEM

FUNCTION:– Removal of water-

soluble waste products that result from chemical changes to cells.

– Urine..

THE URINARY SYSTEM

STRUCTURE: – Kidneys: lie on either side

of the spine.Filter waste products from

your blood and modify the amount of salts and water excreted in the urine according to body’s needs.

THE URINARY SYSTEM

The Bladder and Urethra– Bladder: hold urine– Urethra: eliminates urine from the

bladder out of the body.CARE:

– Good nutrition, WATER!!!