21/01/2014

UTP GP Course 2

PlanningBlock

Acquisition

Frontier

Exploration

Prospect

EvaluationDrilling

Discovery Volumes AppraisalReserve & Economic

Reservoir Static Model

SimulationProduction

Forecast

PVTRFTDST

Development Plan

InfillDrilling

LIFE OF FIELD

Exploration

Appraisal

Field Development

EOR FLOODING

INJECTIONSECONDARY

RECOVERY

PRODUCE

R &

INJECTOR

Secondary Recovery

SEISMIC

TECHNOLOGY VALUE

CHAIN

Petroleum System Processes

24803

Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements

120° F120° F

350° F350° FGenerationGeneration

MigrationMigration

Seal RockSeal Rock

Reservoir RockReservoir Rock

OilOil

WaterWater

Gas CapGas Cap

EntrapmentEntrapment

Source: AAPGSource: AAPG

Malay Basin Geology

Malay basin is a prolific

Petroleum Tertiary basin that

has seen four decades of

extensive E & P activity.

It is an extensional deep

(12Km) mature, NW trending

basin. With dimension 500 X

200 sq km

Exploration is focused in

Miocene stratigraphic. Units

called Group E to K .

Youngest to oldest.

Courtesy PETRONAS

The Seismic Experiment

Interaction of Geology & Geophysics

SEISMIC SOURCEGEOLOGICAL

STRUCTURE

Courtesy GX Technology

Depth

Km

Malay Basin Inversion Structures

COMPRESSIVE H.C. BEARING ANTICLINES

Basement Controlled

Faulting results into

grabens & half grabens

2 2 1 1

2 2 1 1

V VRc

V V

*

AI(t) RC(t) W(t) S(t)

M O D E L I N G

I N V E R S I O N

AI : Acoustic impedance RC : Reflection

coefficient

W : Wavelet S : Seismic trace

Seismic Imaging Simulates a section generated by

having Source and Receivers located on Reflector

Huygen’s Concept

BOW-TIE SEISMIIC RESPONSE IN TIME

IMAGED SYNCLINAL GEOLOGY IN

DEPTH

Seismic Imaging a Focusing Process

Z

Fully imaged

Depth model

Seismic Response

Z = z

Z = 0 at t = 2T

t = 0Z =Z & Back Propagate until Recorded Time is Up

(3)

(1)

(2)

Z

Z

t

Partial Focus

Partial Focus

Full Focus

Zero Focus

T-X PlotZ-X Model

+ x- x

Model & Travel Time in T-X Plot

13

1. P-wavesParticle motion parallel to wave propagation

wave

direction

2. S-wavesParticle motion perpendicular to wave propagation

Particle Motion

1. P-waves

wave

direction

2. S-waves

Particle Motion

Elizabeth A. LaBarre, EnCana Oil & Gas (USA) Inc., and Thomas L. Davis and Robert D. Benson, Colorado School of Mines, Finding the sweet spot,

http://www.epmag.com/Exploration-Geology-Geophysics/Finding-sweet-spot_3669

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_wave_splitting

16

i) Compressional (P) wave

F

Volume

Change

Vp = K 4/3m

1/2

Particle

Motion

ii) Shear (S) wave

Vs = m

1/2

F

F

F

Shape

Change

Particle Motion

K = incompressibility

m rigidity

density

FLUID K

Brine 2.4

Oil 1.0

Gas 0.02

Hooke's Law

Stress = C * Strain

Elastic Constant

C = K (compressive stress)

C = m (shear Stress)

Elastic Properties of P & S

Waves

Seismic waves are a consequence of Hooke's law , that states

that Strain produced in rocks is proportional to the Stress applied

17

•Particle motion is complex, may be elliptical

•Surface waves are noise

•Low velocity, less than S-waves

•Ground roll in land surface seismic

Retrograde elliptical particle motion

Seismic Acquisition -Land

3D MARINE SEISMIC ACQUISITION

Seismic Acquisition-MarineAIR GUN

STREAMER

ACOUSTIC

TRANSPONDER

FOR DETECTOR

POSITIONING

22

825 meters

First 12 streamer hi-resolution hi- survey in Petronas Carigali shot by P.G.S in 2002

Vietnam 3D

Wellhead

Deviated

borehole

Rig

source

Normal incidence (boat) source

25

Sea surface

Sea bed

• 2 source, 6 streamer configuration

• 12 lines shot in 1 boat pass

Seismic Acquisition Video

Seismic Trace

0- +

High Frequency

10 – 60 Hz (Cycles/sec)

Polarity (Hard)(Soft)

Amplitude (-)

(Reservoir)

0° Phase

90° Phase

180° Phase

Wavelength = v /

= 3000/30

Resolution = 25 m

= 100 m

Low Frequency

6 – 35 Hz

Seismic Variables & Its Attributes

AMPLITUDE

FREQUENCY

PHASE

Sand quality

Porosity

Fluid & Lithology

Bed Thickness

Resolution

Thin beds/Tuning

Channel detection Seismic well match

Discontinuity faults

Unconformity

All seismic attributes are linear combination of these three basic variable. While

interpreting seismic data use has to be made of all information derived from

these attributes

29

2 Layer Model

Wave after 65 ms

After 80 ms

After 110 ms

Incident Wave

Refracted

Wave

Reflected Wave

Elapsed Time, T = 0

Simulated Wave Propagation at

discrete times

Seismic Data Visualization

Powered by advanced supercomputer

power, rapid data loading, high-speed

networking and high-resolution

graphics.

• Visualization Centers provide the

ability to display and manipulate

multiple 3D volumes data in a

collaborative, team environment

amongst geophysicists, geologist,

engineers and managers.

Seismic Data Processing and Imaging

Substantial computing

power. The advanced

mathematical algorithms and

complex geophysical processes

applied to 3D seismic data

require enormous computing

resources.

Not to mention the massive

volumes of data involved.

32

Fault

Horizon

Gas

Well

Path

3D VIEW OF PLANNED

WELL TRAJECTORY

3-D Volume Facies Interpretation

Fault Interpretation

3D Seismic

Interpretation,

Visualization and Well

Planning

Seismic – Well Correlation

35

Imaging Geology

Faults

IMAGING

UNCONFIRMITY

DHI

SHALE

CHANNEL

FAULT

Vertical seismic cross section

(From Mazlan et al, 1999)

Interval

of

Study

Base Stage IVFBase Stage IVEBase Stage IVD (Shallow Regional Unconformity)Base Stage IVCBase Stage IVBBase Stage IVA (Deep Regional Unconformity)

Sandy Formations

Shaly Formations

Legend:

1

2

3

4

5

6

KM

TOE THRUST

COUNTER REGIONAL

FAULT SYSTEM BRUNEI BAYLABUANLABUAN

SYNCLINE

SOUTHERN INBOARD BELTEAST BARAM DELTA

CHAMPION –PADAS

MEGA STRUCTURE

SENW

IVD

SRU

DRUDRU

STAGE IVD

STAGE IVC

STAGE IVF / G

0 20 40 KM

The Miocene Stage IVC to Stage IVD sediments is deposited largely in

deltaic to coastal depositional environments.

DEEP-WATER EAST BARAM DELTA

BaramLine

Baram

Delta P

rovin

ce

LA

BU

AN

-PA

ISL

EY

SYNCLINE

KIM

AN

IS

SY

NC

LIN

E

Jeru

do

ng

F.

Syncline

Anticline

Normal fault

Reverse fault

Legend

SABAH

BRUNEI

Limit of Baram

Delta

Area of Study

App

roxim

ate

Plio

cene

Delta shelf e

dge

BaramLine

Baram

Delta P

rovin

ce

LA

BU

AN

-PA

ISL

EY

SYNCLINE

KIM

AN

IS

SY

NC

LIN

E

Jeru

do

ng

F.

Syncline

Anticline

Normal fault

Reverse fault

Legend

SABAH

BRUNEI

Limit of Baram

Delta

Area of Study

App

roxim

ate

Plio

cene

Delta shelf e

dge

Not all bright spots are DHI. For example: the following can cause a

bright spot

• Hard shale on soft shale.

• Brine sand.

• Anisotropy.

DHIs are best studied in the AVO-Inversion domain. However, on the

stacked section the DHIs have recognizable patterns that an

experienced interpreter can detect.

• Structural conformity

• Seismic character: polarity and phase.

• Low frequency response.

• Phase and polarity change.

• Fluid contact.

• Flat spot.

• Amplitude shut off.

CONFIDENTIAL

Sabah Deepwater Turbidite Play

Structure Conformable Amplitudes

Deepwater Image From 3D High Resolution

SHALEDIAPIAR

POCKMARK

GORGE

SEDIMENTTRANSPORT

FAN LOBE

Courtesy BG plc

BrazilWest Nile Delta

Line 3

500m

West Africa

Courtesy BP

Courtesy Enterprise Oil/Shell

Deepwater Images

41

GAS

3. ) INSTANTANEOUS

FREQUENCY : DROP ( Gas

Play)

2.) FLAT SPOT OF FLUID

CONTACT

2D 3D

Amplitude Interpretation:

Direct hydrocarbon Indicators

4.) AMPLITUDE SHUT OFF

& PHASE REVERSAL

Gas masking at crest

Gas-water contact

1.) STRUCTURE

CONFORMABLE AMPLITUDE

Red – Low Frequency

Structural Conformable

Amplitudes

Gas Reservoir

FORMATION PRESSURE PROFILE

BUJANG (B80/100 D34/36/60)

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1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

Formation Pressure (psia)

Dep

th (

m T

VD

ss)

BU-1 B80

BU-3 B80

BU-4 B80

BUD-1 B80

BU-3 B100

BU-3 D10

BU-4 D10

BU-2 D34

BU-3 D34

BU-4 D34

BUD-1 D34

BU-4 D36

BU-1 D60

BU-2 D60

BU-4 D60

Normal Water Line

Normal Water Line

0.433 psi/ft

Gas Line

0.08 psi/ft

FORMATION PRESSURE PROFILE

BUJANG (B80/100 D34/36/60)

900

910

920

930

940

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970

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1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

Formation Pressure (psia)

Dep

th (

m T

VD

ss)

BU-1 B80

BU-3 B80

BU-4 B80

BUD-1 B80

BU-3 B100

BU-3 D10

BU-4 D10

BU-2 D34

BU-3 D34

BU-4 D34

BUD-1 D34

BU-4 D36

BU-1 D60

BU-2 D60

BU-4 D60

Normal Water Line

Normal Water Line

0.433 psi/ft

Gas Line

0.08 psi/ft

FORMATION PRESSURE PROFILE

BUJANG (B80/100 D34/36/60)

900

910

920

930

940

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960

970

980

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1000

1010

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1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

Formation Pressure (psia)D

epth

(m

TV

Dss

)

BU-1 B80

BU-3 B80

BU-4 B80

BUD-1 B80

BU-3 B100

BU-3 D10

BU-4 D10

BU-2 D34

BU-3 D34

BU-4 D34

BUD-1 D34

BU-4 D36

BU-1 D60

BU-2 D60

BU-4 D60

Normal Water Line

Normal Water Line

0.433 psi/ft

Gas Line

0.08 psi/ft

FORMATION PRESSURE PROFILE

BUJANG (B80/100 D34/36/60)

900

910

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990

1000

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1500

1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

Formation Pressure (psia)

Dep

th (

m T

VD

ss)

BU-1 B80

BU-3 B80

BU-4 B80

BUD-1 B80

BU-3 B100

BU-3 D10

BU-4 D10

BU-2 D34

BU-3 D34

BU-4 D34

BUD-1 D34

BU-4 D36

BU-1 D60

BU-2 D60

BU-4 D60

Normal Water Line

Normal Water Line

0.433 psi/ft

Gas Line

0.08 psi/ft

FORMATION PRESSURE PROFILE

BUJANG (B80/100 D34/36/60)

900

910

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990

1000

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1480

1490

1500

1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

Formation Pressure (psia)

Dep

th (

m T

VD

ss)

BU-1 B80

BU-3 B80

BU-4 B80

BUD-1 B80

BU-3 B100

BU-3 D10

BU-4 D10

BU-2 D34

BU-3 D34

BU-4 D34

BUD-1 D34

BU-4 D36

BU-1 D60

BU-2 D60

BU-4 D60

Normal Water Line

Normal Water Line

0.433 psi/ft

Gas Line

0.08 psi/ft

FORMATION PRESSURE PROFILE

BUJANG (B80/100 D34/36/60)

900

910

920

930

940

950

960

970

980

990

1000

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1470

1480

1490

1500

1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

Formation Pressure (psia)D

epth

(m

TV

Dss

)

BU-1 B80

BU-3 B80

BU-4 B80

BUD-1 B80

BU-3 B100

BU-3 D10

BU-4 D10

BU-2 D34

BU-3 D34

BU-4 D34

BUD-1 D34

BU-4 D36

BU-1 D60

BU-2 D60

BU-4 D60

Normal Water Line

Normal Water Line

0.433 psi/ft

Gas Line

0.08 psi/ft

Gas Water Contact

PRESSURE PLOT

Gas Gradient

Water

Gradient

Note that the gas-water contact as identified on the Interpreted

Seismic Depth map tallies with the Borehole Pressure

measurement

Carbonate Images from Luconia

Courtesy Shell

Geophysical response of Carbonates is

complex as porosity is not so much a

function of compaction as is on

diagenesis., mineralogy & Pore Texture

40 % of Malaysian Gas Reserves comes

from Miocene Carbonates from

Luconia provnce . Adjoining in

Indonesia they are from Natuna

province

45

Time Lapse 4D Reservoir Survelance

EOR Application in Malay Basin

EOR CHALLENGES

1) Production comes from offshore fields

where EOR is challenging and expensive.

2) Well spacing is coarse at 1000ft to 3000ft.

3) Many wells are deviated

4) Facilities are ageing 20 years or older.

5) The reservoirs are complex, and

compartmentalized.

6) Fields are mature and reservoirs depleted.

7) Oil is light with API around 45 degrees.

8)Reservoir temperatures are high

EM

ResponseSource

EM Sources

(H.E.D)

EM Receivers

HC Resistors

Legend

Guided

wave

EM

Source

Sea

bed

HC

Resistor

Tow

Direction

> 300 m

< 2000m

Segama – Predicted and Measured Pore Pressure

The onset

of

overpressur

e have been

accurately

predicted

Normal Pore Pressure Abnormal Pore Pressure 0.433 -

0.465 psi/ft gp > normal

Abnormal

Structural casing

Conductor string

Surface pipe

Intermediate String

Production Liner

Hole Size

30”

20”

13 3/8

9 5/8

6 1/4

Pipe Size

36”

26”

17 1/2

12 1/4

7 3/4

SINKING OF DRILLING RIGDUE TO GAS HAZARD

Gas escape causes Seawater density to drop resulting in the Platform to sink

1 2

3 4

Gas bubbling in water

GEOHAZARD IMAGESMALAYSIAN OFFSHORE

Magic of Seismic in detecting Gas bubbling in water

MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE HAZARD

(GAS BUBBLING NEAR PLATFORM)

56

GENERALIST

Chief Geophysicist

Chief Geologist

Asset Manager

Interpretation Team leader

Exploration Manager

Manager Reservoir

Geosciences

Production Geologist

SPECIALIST

Acquisition Party Chief

Processing Manager

Q. I Specialist

Imaging Specialist

4D / 4C Specialist

Reservoir Modeller

Basin Modeller

Basin Regional Geologist

Sedimentology

Geochemist

Petrography

Biostratigrapher

TYPICAL JOB IN GEOSCIENCES