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Introduction to Microbiology
Dr. Sudheer Dr. Sudheer KherKher
Prof & HOD, Dept of Microbiology
Objectives Identify the contributions to microbiology
made by Koch, Pasteur, van Leeuwenhoek, Lister, Ehrlich, Fleming, and Jenner
Describe the system of scientific nomenclature used to name microorganisms
List major groups of microorganisms and their habitats
Introduction to Microbiology
Dept of Microbiology Microbiology
– Clinical Microbiology– Medical Microbilogy
Scope & Branches of Microbiology
Theory, Practicals, Exams
Basic functioning of Micro Lab
Universal Safety Precautions
HistoricalYEAR NAME ACHIEVEMENT1st century BC Varo Concept of “Animalia
minuta”
1546 Fracostorius Contagion- Cause of syphilis
1590 Jensen Hand lens
1683 Antony van Leeuwenhoek
First Microscope
“Animalcules”
1678 Robert Hook Compound microscope
1745 Needham (Priest) Abiogenesis
1836 Schulze & Schwan Air contains microbes
1840 Oliver Homes, Poet physician
Contageousness & Puerperal fever
1846 Ignaz Semmelweis Cause, concept & prophylaxis of child-bed fever
1853 Augustino Bassi Silk worm disease due to a fungus
Louis Pasteur 1822-95 French chemist Wine industry problem Father/Founder of
Modern Microbiology Fermentation – a
microbiological process Beer/Wine not
produced without microbes
Louis Pasteur 1822-95 Methods & Techniques of
cultivation His discovery that most
infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the "germ theory of disease," is one of the most important in medical history.
Introduced sterilization Tyndalization (Tyndal-1877) Studied Silkworm disease,
anthrax, chicken cholera, hydrophobia.
Louis Pasteur 1822-95 Introduced
live vaccines – Jenner (Cow-pox vaccine)
Antirabic vaccine
Pasteur Institutes
Joseph Lister 1867 Prof of Surgery,
Glasgow Royal Infirmatory
Introduced Antiseptic Surgery
Called Father of Antiseptic Surgery
Robert Koch 1843-1910 German general
practitioner Perfected
bacteriological techniques
Isolated pure cultures of bacteria for the first time
Discovered Anthrax bacilli, Cholera vibrio, M. tuberculosis
Father of Medical Microbiology
Hypersensitivity
Koch’s postulates
The organism must be present in every case of the infectious disease.It should be possible to isolate the organism in pure culture from the lesion.Inoculation of the pure culture into suitable lab animal should produce a similar disease.It should be possible to re-isolate the organism in pure form from the lesions produced in the experimental animal.Specific antibodies to the organism should be demonstrable in patients suffering from the disease.
HistoricalYEAR NAME ACHIEVEMENT
1902 Walter Reed Yellow fever in Cuba – viral nature
1909 Landsteiner Polio transmission
1929 Alexander Fleming First antibiotic -Penicillin
1930
1934
Good pasture
Ruska
Virus cultivation
1941 Flury Use of Penicillin therapeutically
Highlights in the History of
Microbiology1677 Observed "little
animals" (Antony Leeuwenhoek)
1796 First scientific Small
pox vaccination (Edward Jenner)
1850 Advocated washing
hands to stop the spread of disease (Ignaz Semmelweis)
1861 Disproved
spontaneous generation (Louis Pasteur)
1862 Supported Germ
Theory of Disease (Louis Pasteur)
1867 Practiced antiseptic
surgery (Joseph Lister)
Highlights in the History of
Microbiology1876 First proof of Germ
Theory of Disease with B. anthracis discovery (Robert Koch)
1881 Growth of Bacteria
on solid media (Robert Koch)
1882 Outlined Kochs
postulates (Robert Koch)
1882 Developed acid-fast
Stain (Paul Ehrlich)1884 Developed Gram
Stain (Christian Gram)1885 First Rabies
vaccination (Louis Pasteur)
Highlights in the History of
Microbiology1887 Invented Petri Dish
(R.J. Petri)1892 Discovered viruses
(Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski)
1899 Recognized viral
dependence on cells for reproduction (Martinus Beijerinck)
1900 Proved mosquitoes
carried the yellow fever agent (Walter Reed)
1910 Discovered cure for
syphilis (Paul Ehrlich)1928 Discovered Penicillin
(Alexander Fleming)
Highlights in the History of
Microbiology 1977
Developed a method to sequence DNA (W. Gilbert & F. Sanger)
1983Polymerase Chain Reaction invented (Kary Mullis)
1995First microbial genomic sequence published (H. influenzae) (TIGR)
Nomenclature Scientific name (Systematic Name)
Binomial System of Nomenclature– Genus name + species name
Italicized or underlined Genus name is capitalized and may be
abbreviated Species name is never abbreviated A genus name may be used alone to indicate a
genus group; a species name is never used alone
eg: Bacillus subtilis B. subtilis
Nomenclature Common or descriptive names
(trivial names)– Names for organisms that may be in
common usage, but are not taxonomic names
eg: tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
meningococcus (Neiserria meningitidis)
Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)
Nomenclature For viruses - common names are used
e. g. Polio virus, HIV, Influenza virus For parasites – Either binomial or
common names are used e.g.– Round worm, Ascaris lumbricoides, A.
lumbricoides– Dog tape worm, Echinococcus
granulosus, E. granulosus