Introduction to MaMiNa Project

The MaMiNa project will combine the work of 19 European universities, research institutions and industrial companies from 7 EC countries to analyse and improve machinability of three selected alloys that are widely used in industry, namely, Ti15V3Cr3Al3Sn (a titanium-based beta-alloy), Inconel IN706 (a nickel-based superalloy) and X40 (a cobalt-based alloy). As the chip formation is one of the key factors influencing machinability of these materials, this process will be studied in detail in a multi-disciplinary approach. 24 Early Stage Researchers (ESRs) from the fields of theoretical physics, materials science and mechanical engineering will work under the supervision of experienced scientists on metal cutting experiments, material analysis and simulation at the Macro-, Mi cro- and Nano-scale (MaMiNa) . Three different approaches will be made to improve the cutting process of the investigated alloys:

introduction of enhanced manufacturing techniques,

production of progressive tools with enhanced endurance,

development of free-machining alloys by the use of permanent and temporary alloying elements. The obtained results will be transferred into applications by the industrial partners of the consortium. It is expected that as a result the production costs due to machining will be reduced by up to 20%. The MAMINA project is based on the Marie Curie Actions, Initial Training Networks, section 'People' of the 7th Research Framework Program (FP7, 2007 - 2013) of the European Union.

Scientific Program

The time schedule of different investigations (and the related work packages) including milestones and deliverables is shown in the following figure. The scientific program is devided into 6 work packages, namely, model experiments; Technological processes; Material properties, Simulations; Tools and Free-machining alloys.

Figure 1: Work packages provided within the MAMINA project. The project will start with the analyses of the chip-formation process of the beta-titanium alloy in model experiments and technological processes. Then the measurements of the material parameters and the development of constitutive equations to describe the material behaviour will take a number of months; the simulations will therefore be set-up using flow curves and other properties from the literature in the beginning. The constitutive equations will be implemented step by step as soon as they exist (milestone Ti-3b). The machinability of the titanium alloy will be investigated by computer simulations at different material levels from the atomistic to the macroscopic scale. The evaluation of the models and the adaptation of the flow law will be performed for the titanium alloy in the first two years of the project, as many iteration steps will be needed to finally verify the equations (milestone Ti-4). If possible, the molecular dynamic simulations will be used to determine the mechanisms leading to the flow behaviour of the material. Two concepts for the Ti15V3Cr3Al3Sn alloy modification already exist so that work will be started in this task in the beginning of the project. In the beginning of the second year, the nickel-base superalloy will be investigated experimentally in the same way described for the titanium alloy. As the finite-element models

for the simulation of the cutting process already exist, they have to be adapted to the new material and should then be able to be directly used for the parameter studies. From the beginning of the third year the cobalt-base alloy will be investigated in the same way. Training program The MAMINA project is addressed to Early Stage Researchers coming from three major fields of science, namely mechanical engineering (especially manufacturing engineering), materials science and physics (experimental and theoretical). The training program within the MAMINA project will take this multidisciplinarity into account and consider the differences in scientific background of the early stage researchers.Through the training program it will be ensured that the early stage researchers will obtain an outstanding knowledge in the fields of (1) Machining (machine tools, tool wear, chip-formation etc.). An important goal for the material scientists and physicists working in the project. (2) Materials Science (Material analyses using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray, hard X-ray etc.) An important goal for mechanical engineers and theoretical physicists. (3) Simulation techniques (chip-formation analyses using finite elements, molecular dynamics etc.)An important goal for mechanical engineers and materials scientists. (4) Advanced and special techniques used within the project (Hopkinson-Split-Bar device, micro scratching, ultrasonic assisted techniques etc.) Addressed to all early stage researchers. (5) Soft and complementary skills (management & entrepreneurship, intellectual properties rights, commercial exploitation of results, organisation, presentations and grant writing) For all early stage researchers. The local specialist training in the individual (PhD) projects at the MAMINA partners will contain research training by the experienced scientists, grant writing and the participation in the post-graduate programs. The related time schedule of the PhD-projects (green) and the shorter period projects re ) are shown in the figure In addition, network-wide training activities will be carried out, namely summer schools and workshops including web-based self-study, internal network meetings, participation in international conferences and industrial placements. Especially the schools and workshops are open to participants coming from outside the network. The general concept of all training activities within the MAMINA project is shown in the following figure.

Figure 1: Time schedule of the research training within the MAMINA project: PhD projects (green), shorter-period projects (red), schools (grey) and internal conferences (black). The schools and conferences are open to participants coming from outside the network. All ESR projects will be carried out at a minimum of three different partners to ensure the use of a variety of unique facilities under the supervision of the partners experienced scientists to qualify the ESR in a multi-disciplinary way (research training). The ESR projects are already pre set-up. The subjects for the ESR’s Projects provided for LUT are given lower down.

The projects and the mobility plans will be continuously analysed, modified and adapted to the actual scientific results and the needs in the European research area and in industry.

Subjects provided for the ESR’s studying in the Lodz University of Technology

• Full PhD project: Coatings for the Production of Advanced Tools. An Early Stage Researcher will work on the development of advanced tools (within the Work Package WP5). Coatings will be developed by the ESR’s and applied onto proper substrates by PVD methods (sputtering or low pressure arc deposition) or CVD ones (RF CVD, MW CVD) or by means of corresponding hybrid techniques in the Coatings’ Engineering Division at LUT. The depth resolved structural analyses of the coating system (base material, intermediate layers and hard coatings) will be performed by the ESR at LUT (X-Ray and TEM structural analyses, morphology by SEM and AFM, tribological investigations, Nano- and Micro-indentation, EDS, EBDS), EMPA (other chemical analyses, 1 month in Thun, Switzerland) and SAS (X-ray and hard X-ray, 2 months in

Bratislava, Slovak Republic). The industrial scale-up process will be performed by the ESR at FIST (Muenchen, 3 months). The modified tools will then be checked by the ESR at UPT (Muellheim, Switzerland, 2 weeks).

• Shorter-period project, 1 year: Systematic Analyses of Tool Wear. An Early Stage Researcher will work on the systematic analyses of different coatings (developed earlier during the full Ph.D. project by another ESR in LUT) with respect to improved tool wear. To do so, sets of cemented carbide tools will be coated by the ESR at LUT. Machining experiments (parameter studies) on different materials will be carried out by the ESR at TUBS (1 month), the analyses of coatings will again be performed by the ESR at LUT. A model component machined with the tool and the cutting parameters showing the lowest tool wear will be produced by the ESR at SAFA (Arnsberg, Germany) under industrial conditions during 5 weeks).

Schools

The schools will comprise stand-alone courses so that single workshops can be attended by the ESRs and ESR Ss. They are organised in such a way that ESRs and ESR Ss joining the network at a later stage or coming from outside the network can easily attend particular courses. The ESR and ESR S working at the inviting hosts will be significantly involved in the preparation of the schools. About 20% of the vacancies will be offered to scientists coming from outside (e.g. universities or industrial companies) of the network partners. Lecture notes will be collected for each school or seminar so that the theoretical information can be provided at any time. Additionally, all the teaching materials will be deposited in the teaching materials section for self-study and distance learning. The schools will be carried out during 18-20 days/year, preferably during the summer break (2 to 8 days per school or workshop). Experienced scientists from the MAMINA partners and associated partners as well as external experts from industrial companies will act as tutors (see Table lower down). All schools and workshops are open to participants (ESR) from outside the network. The participation in the courses is free of charge, applications can be made at the beginning of each year. The vacancies will be allocated on the "first come, first served" basis.

Conferences

Besides the annual meetings (e.g. kick-off, mid-term-review and final meeting) an internal two-day conference will be held annually, first in Braunschweig (December 2008); in Cambridge (September 2009), parallel to the International Conference on Modern Practice in Stress and Vibration Analyses; in Loughborough (July 2010), parallel to the 20th International Workshop on Computational Mechanics and Materials; and again in Braunschweig as a large two-day final network conference two months before the end of the project (targeted date: January 2012). In these internal conferences the early stage researchers will present the results of their work to the partners, representatives of the associated partners and participants from European universities, research organisations and industrial companies. Additional presentations will

be given by the experienced scientists from the MAMINA partners. The related proceedings will be published in electronic form.

Scholarships for ESR’s

Monthly living and mobility allowances as well as a fixed amount fellowship: altogether €2375/ESR/month

Travell allowances: €750 Euro/ESR/year

Career exploratory allowance: €2000/ESR

Lodz in the history and to-day

A tiny settlement, being only given city rights in 1423, blossomed in the beginning of 19th century. It then became nation's biggest industrial centre and one of the most important in Europe. It was a place to which many of those allured by the "promised land" idea came. Among them there were people of numerous nationalities, cultures and religions. Today the city's bustle is not conducted by factory hooters and shuttles' rattle. The perfect geographical position of Lodz, small distance from the capital, lower estate and office space prices attract foreign investment. Population 760.000 inhabitants (2006). Lodz is a city of numerous universities and colleges – altogether 100.000 students - and a significant culture and administrative centre. Showcases for Lodz include, among many other things, the Filmschool, festivals like Camerimage or the Festival of Dialogue Between Four Cultures, numerous Trade Fairs... Lodz boasts some unique Art Nouveau (“Lodz secession”) architecture samples, mansions turned into museums and historic factories, some of which are being converted into entertainment or shopping centres.

City flag:

City blazon:

Main (historic, 3 km long) Piotrkowska street – at present only for pedestrians

Poznanski Palace at night

Greatest in Europe tram communication network

Lodz University of Technology

The Lodz University of Technology came into existence in 1945, initially with 3 Faculties of Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Chemistry. Together with its development new faculties were established, up to the present number of 9 Faculties, 70 Institutes and Departments which offer 27 field of study in 113 specializations. In 1992 the International Faculty of Engineering was set up with English and French as its languages of instruction. LUT offers a possibility of obtaining the following degrees: Bachelor of Art, Bachelor of Science, Master of Science and Doctorate of Philosophy. There are 21 000 students (including 800 PhD students) and approximately 3 000 staff members at the University. In 2002 a large, fully computerised library was opened. There are dormitories, canteens, a cinema, sports teams, galleries, Radio śak broadcasting throughout the region and managed entirely by students. Within the campus area there are student clubs, two bank branches, a travel agency, a post office, numerous cafés… Apart from the Student Committee plenty of other student organizations operate here as well. Undoubtedly each student can find here appropriate conditions for development, education and entertainment. Over 1500 academics work at LUT. They are among the leaders in Polish and

international universities in research on numerous areas of science and technology. A large number of the research concerns applications of new technologies and materials as well as working out of new technologies. The best represented areas of science are biotechnology, electronics and telecommunication, computer science, materials engineering, technologies and nanotechnologies applied in technique, medicine, environmental protection, and improvement of food safety and quality. Biomedical engineering and research in new technologies in textile engineering are also dynamically developing areas of science at the university.

Lodz University of Technology coordinates the activities of The Baltic Sea University which include 180 universities from 14 countries of the Baltic Sea region.

The creation of the Laser Diagnostic and Therapy Centre - a future medicine institution is regarded to be a remarkable achievement of LUT. The main objective to create this unit was to do research on influence of laser rays on human organism as well as to develop new methods of healing with the use of laser technology.

The International cooperation includes students exchange and scientific projects. Lodz University of Technology cooperates with over 300 institutions in 40 countries. It provides several dozen of international research projects, and also takes part in EU Frame Work programs.

The contacts with the universities from all over the world have been developed thanks to Lodz University of Technology International Students Associations such as BEST, European Youth Exchange, AEGEE and AIESEC. The University is also a leader in student exchange internship within IAESTE programme.

Rector’s Office of the Lodz University of Technology

New buildings of the Mechanical Engineering Faculty of the LUT in which the

Institute of Materials Science and Engineering is installed as well

New building of the International Faculty of Engineering (former part of the

Mechanical Engineering Faculty)

Mechanical Engineering Faculty is composed of four Institutes (among which the Institute

of Materials Science and Engineering is the greatest one) and of 13 Chairs. Division of

Coatings Engineering is one of eigth Divisions composing the Institute of Materials Science

and Engineering

DIVISION OF COATINGS ENGINEERING

Associate Professor Bogdan Wendler, D. Sc., Ph. D., Head Division Coatings' Engineering

Bogdan Wendler was born in 1941 in Pabianice (Poland). He received the M.Sc. degree in theoretical physics from Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, University of Lodz in 1963, the Ph.D. degree in Materials Science from Mechanical Engineering Faculty of the Lodz University of Technology (LUT) in 1977, the D. Sc. degree he has got in 2001 from the State Committee for Scientific Degrees and in 2004 he has got the title of Associate Professor of the LUT from the Senate of the LUT.

In 2002 he has created the Division of Coatings Engineering in the Institute of Materials Science of the LUT. Since 1967 until the present day he has been working in the Institute of Materials Engineering of the Lodz University of Technology on the posts of assistant, signor assistant and adjunct (except for the period 1987 - 1990, during which he has held the post of the lecturer in Materials Science in the University Centre of M'Sila in Algeria) and in 2002 he has been appointed to a post of the Head of the Coatings' Engineering Division in the Institute of Materials Engineering by the Rector of the Lodz University of Technology.

During his career in the LUT he has been giving lectures on Solid State Physics, Metal Physics, Materials Engineering, Crystallography, X-Ray Structural Analysis, Physical Methods and Technics of Materials Analysis as well as of PVD and CVD Methods in Materials Engineering in three languages: English, French and Polish. From the very beginning he has been involved in organising several laboratories in the Institute: (1) Solid State Physics; (2) X-Ray Structural Analysis; (3) Thin Solid Films; (4) Auger

Spectrometry; (5) PVD and CVD methods of Coatings' Deposition.

Beginning from 1979 he has changed his specialisation into the domain of physical methods of thin films deposition and starting from 1982 into the domain of hard carbide and nitride coatings on steels. In that latter one he has designed and accomplished several installations for hard coatings deposition by means of physical methods included in 2002 into the Division of Coatings' Engineering being from the very beginning under his supervision to the present day. During the period 1982 - 1986 he has been involved in several State Projects aimed in deposition of hard coatings on steels. During the period 1993/94 and 1997/98 he was Coordinator of two Projects supported by the State Committee for Scientific Research concerning his own technology of deposition of single as well as nanocrystalline modulated multilayer coatings of carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides on HSS steels and of one Polish - French Project (in the frame of the bilateral Polish - French POLONIUM Programme) devoted to the same subject. During the period 1996 - 1997 he has participated as well in the State Project concerning tribological properties of hard surface layers on steels. During the years 2001/2002 he was the principal executor of a joint project of the Academy of Mining and Metallurgy in Cracow and of the Lodz University of Technology supported by the State Committee for Scientific Research concerning modern refractory coatings on steel with diffusion barriers. In the years 2002/2004 he took part as executor of the Polish State project concerning intermetallic refractory NiAl, FeAl and TiAl coatings with small additions of other elements. During the years 2003/2005 was the co-ordinator of two projects sponsored by the State Committe for Scientific Research: "New metal matrix composite material reinforced by ceramic particles based on Ti6Al4V/TiN system" and "Nanocrystalline refractory γ-TiAlX coatings on Ti-alloys". Actually he is a co-ordinator of one State Committee project concerning SiC, SiN and SiCN protective coatings on steels and an executor in another one concerning functionally graded coatings.

He is the first author of 6 and co-author of 1 patent and of more than 115 scientific papers in the domain of coatings deposition and has presented his works as well as invited lectures during more that 50 international conferences.

During the period 1997-1999 he has been the plenipotentiary of the Rector of the LUT for the students from abroad, and, at the same time, the plenipotentiary of the Dean of the Mechanical Engineering Faculty of the LUT for Students' Foreign Exchange of the Faculty. He has been supervisor of more than 50 students for Master Engineer and Engineer Degrees in Materials Engineering (including 3 students from France and 3 from Algeria) as well as of 15 students in the frame of the IAESTE exchange with abroad.

His record includes:

• Knight's Cross No. 1697 from the King of Belgium Albert Charles Baudouin (2002) • Gold Cross of Merit Award from the Minister of Education of Poland; • The Prizes, Cups and the Diplomas of Honour from the Minister of Education and

from the President of the State Committee for Scientific Research for popularization of polish scientific achievements abroad in the years 2000-2007;

• Tadeusz Sendzimir Medal of Honour No. 162 from the Association of Polish Inventors and Rationalizers for important scientific output and outstanding achievments in implementation of innovations (2005);

• Silver Honour Mark of Distinction from the Association of Polish Inventors and

Rationalizers (2002); • Silver Honour Mark of Distinction from the Association of Polish Engineers and

Technicians (2002); • Gold Medal with Mention from the Jury of International Invention Fair in Seoul

(2004) • Medal GENIUS'2004 from the International Jury during International Invention

Exhibition in Budapest, Hungary, 2004; • Bronze Medal from the International Jury during International Invention Fair in

Geneva, Switzerland (2004) • Medal INTARG and Diploma from the Jury of Economy and Scientific Invention

Fair INTARG'2003 in Katowice, Poland, 2003) • Medal of Honour for commemoration of 10 years from foundation of the Centre for

International Education in the Lodz University of Technology (2003) • Gold Medal with Mention from the Jury of International Invention Exhibition

INVENTICA in Jassy, Roumania (2002) • Gold Medal Brussels-EUREKA'2002 from the Jury of the 51st World Exhibition of

Inventions and Innovations in Brussels (2002); • Award from the Jury of the Quality Improvement Competition in the PHILIPS

Lighting Pabianice S.A. enterprise (2002); • Gold Medal with Mention during the 50th World Exhibition of Innovations,

Research and New Technology BRUSSELS-EUREKA'2001 in Brussels, 2001. • Person of Merit Award of the Lodz University of Technology from the Rector of

the LUT (1997); • Award of the Rector of the Lodz University of Technology during 1st Science - to

Industry Fair Lodz'97" (1997); • Co-founder and Deputy-Editor of the bilingual polish-english bulletin of the Polish

UNESCO-Unispar Working Group "Polski Rynek Innowacji/Polish Innovation Market" (20 Nos in the period 1997-2001);

• Editor of the booklet "High Technology Offers'96" (in English) informing of the innovative offers of the Members of Staff of the Lodz University of Technology (1996)

• Membership of the Board of the Section of the Surface Plasma Treatment of the Polish Vacuum Society (3 tenures in the years 1997-2007);

• Secretary of the Organising Committee: Ist Conf. on Modern Surface Technologies, Lodz-Spala, 20-23.10.1994 and Editor of the Conference Proceedings as well as a member of the Organising Committee of the IInd Conf. on Modern Surface Technologies, Lodz-Spala, 21-24.09.2000

• Member of the Intl. Programme Committees: 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th Intl. School on "Modern Plasma Surface Technologies" in Koszalin-Mielno (Poland) in the years 1995 - 2002.

Publications

1. R. Rybiak, S. Fouvry, T. Liskiewicz and B. Wendler: Fretting wear of a TiN PVD coating under variable relative humidity conditions-development of a ′composite′ wear law. Surface and Coatings Technology 202, Issue 9, 1 February 2008, 1753-1763. 2. T. Moskalewicz, B. Wendler, A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz: High temperature oxidation-resistant intermetallic coatings sputter-deposited on Timetal834. Advances in Materials Science 3 (2007) 80-85 3. B. Wendler: Metallography of functional coatings. Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 13 Issue 1 (2007) 74-83.

4. Ł. Kaczmarek, B.G. Wendler, D. Siniarski, A. Rylski, D. Bielinski, O. Dobrowolski, P. Lipinski: Oxidation resistance of refractory γ-TiAlW coatings. Surface & Coatings Technology 201, Issue: 13, March 26, 2007, pp. 6167-6170. 5. B. Wendler, S. Bin: Oxidation resistant FeAlCrSi and SiC coatings on ferritic AISI 430 SS steel. InŜynieria Materiałowa 3-4 (157-158) Rok XXVIII (2007) 804-809. 6. S. Kania, B. Wendler, M. Jachowicz, J. Zimnicki: Basic electrical and optical properties of protective SiCx and Siny layers. InŜynieria Materiałowa 3-4 (157-158) Rok XXVIII (2007) 270-274. 7. T. Moskalewicz, B. Rutkowski, B. Wendler, F. Smeacetto, M. Salvo, H.-J. Penkalla, A.Czyrska-Filemonowicz: Microstructure and properties of the protective Ti-Al-Si-Ag coatings. Materials Engineering 3-4 (157-158) Rok XXVIII (2007) 698-701. 8. Ł. Kaczmarek, B.G. Wendler, D. Siniarski, A. Rylski, D. Bielinski, O. Dobrowolski, P. Lipinski: Oxidation resistance of refractory γ-TiAlW coatings. Surface & Coatings Technology 201, Issue: 13, March 26, 2007, 6167-6170. 9. Ł. Kaczmarek, B.G. Wendler: Magnetron deposition and properties of refractory γ-TiAl coatings http://www.dgm.de/past/2006/junior-euromat/program. Int. Conf. Junior Euro-mat 2006, 4-8 Sept. 2006, Lausanne, Switzerland (Session 5, Topics B, E). 10. B. Wendler, Ł. Kaczmarek, M. Jachowicz, A. Rylski: Oxidation Resistant of Nanocrystalline Microalloyed γ-TiAl Coatings Under Isothermal Conditions and Thermal Fatigue. Materials Science Forum 153 (2006) 135-148 11. K. Kubiak, S.Fouvry, B.Wendler: Comparison of Shot Peening and Nitriding Surface Treatments Under Complex Fretting Loadings. Materials Science Forum 153 (2006) 103-118. 12. T. Liskiewicz, R. Rybiak, S. Fouvry and B. Wendler: Fretting wear of Ti(CxNy) PVD coatings under variable environmental conditions. Proc. IMechE Vol. 220 Part J: J. Engineering Tribology 139 (2006) 125-134. 13. B. Wendler, M. Danielewski, K. Przybylski, A. Rylski, Ł.Kaczmarek, M. Jachowicz: New type AlMo-, AlTi- or Si-based magnetron sputtered protective coatings on metallic substrates. Journal of Mat. Proc. Technology 175 (2006) 427-432. 14. L. Kaczmarek, B. Wendler: Gas corrosion resistance of γ-TiAl coatings. Materials Engineering 5 (153) Vol. XXVII (2006) 1035-1039 (in Polish). 15. W. Pawlak, A. Mlotkowski, B. Wendler; Simulation by FEM method of the stresses produced in the matrix of the Ti6Al4V/TiCN composite after the sintering process. Materials Engineering 5 (153) Vol. XXVII (2006) 1170-1173 (in Polish). 16. B. Wendler, W. Pawlak, J. Senkara, D. Sankowski, A. Kubiak, M. Jachowicz, A. Ryl-ski, D. Grzelczyk: New metal-ceramic composite material in the system Ti6Al4V/TiN. Materials Engineering 5 (153) Vol. XXVII (2006) 1248-1254 (in Polish). 17. B. Wendler, R. Rybiak, D. Rylska, W. Pawlak, M. Jachowicz, I. Siemieniec-Redlicka, A.Rylski: Bsasic characteristics of a new metal-ceramic composite Ti6Al4V/TiN. Materials Engineering 5 (153) Vol. XXVII (2006) 1255-1259 (in Polish). 18. B. Wendler, M. Jachowicz, M. Karolus, L. Adamczyk, A. Rylski: Magnetron deposited protective coatings SiC, SiCN and SiN on steel substrates. Materials Engineering 5 (147) Vol. XXVI (2006) 551-553 (in Polish). 19. B. Kucharska, B. Wendler, M. Danielewski: Characteristics of coatings based on AISI 310S steel microalloyed with Al or Ir elements deposited by means of direct magnetron sputtering. Materials Engineering 5 (147) Vol. XXVI (2006) 463-466 (in Polish). 20. B. Wendler, Ł. Kaczmarek: Oxidation resistance of nanocrytalline microalloyed γ-TiAl coatings under isothermal conditions and thermal fatigue. Journal of Materials Processing Technology

164-165 (2005) 947-953. 21. T. Liskiewicz, S. Fouvry, B. Wendler: Development of a Wöhler-like approach to quantify the Ti(CxNy) coatings durability under oscillating sliding conditions. Wear 259 (2005) 835-841. 22. T. Liśkiewicz, S. Fouvry, B. Wendler: Hard coatings durability under fretting wear. Life Cycle Tribology Vol. 353, D. Dowson et al. (Editors), Elsevier B.V., Leeds- Lyon 2005, pp. 657-665. ISBN 0-444-51687-5657-665. 23. B. Wendler, D. Rylska, A. Rylski, M. Jachowicz, Ł. Kaczmarek, W. Pawlak, T. Liśkiewicz: PVD protective coatings on metallic substrates. Surface Engineering 2 (2005) 14-18 (in Polish) 24. B. Wendler, D. Sankowski, J. Senkara, A. Rylski, W. Pawlak, Ł. Kaczmarek, M. Jachowicz: The effect of chemical composition of ceramic phase on the wetting angle in the system Ti6Al4V/TiCxNy. Materials Engineering 5 (2005) 647 - 649 (in Polish). 25. L. Klimek, D. Rylska, B. Wendler: Morphology and structure of SiC coating on dental alloy WIROBOND. Materials Engineering 5 (2005) 616 - 618 (in Polish). 26. B. Januszewicz, B. Wendler, T. Liśkiewicz, Ł. Kaczmarek: Structure and hardness of Ti6Al4V alloy after hardening treatment by oxidation. Materials Engineering 5 (2005) 654 - 656 (in Polish). 27. B. Wendler, M. Danielewski, J. Dąbek, A. Rylski, R. Filipek: Modern refractory AlMo and AlMoSi coatings on steels. Thin Solid Films 459 (2004) 178-182. 28. Wendler B., Kaczmarek Ł., Klimek L., Rylski A., Jachowicz M.: Nanocrystalline γ-TiAl based microalloyed coatings as gas corrosion barriers. Review on Advanced Materials Science 8 (2004) 34 - 40. 29. Fouvry S., Wendler B., Liskiewicz T., Dudek M., Kolodziejczyk L.: Fretting wear analysis of TiC/VC multilayered hard coatings: experiments and modelling approaches. Wear 257, Issue 7 - 8, October (2004) 641 - 653. 30. Richter, B. Wendler: "The Effect of HSS Steel Substrate on TiC Layer Formation During a Reverse Duplex Hardening". Materials Engineering 3 (140) Vol. XXV May-June 2004, 640-643 (in Polish). 31. B. Wendler, M. Jachowicz, D. Rylska, M. Danielewski, D. Bielinski, A. M. Wrobel, L. Kaczmarek, A. Rylski, T. Liśkiewicz: Si-based protective coatings on Si and metallic substrates. Materials Engineering 3 (140) Vol. XXV May-June 2004, 676-680 (in Polish). 32. B. Wendler, Ł. Kaczmarek, M. Jachowicz, A. Rylski: "Oxidation resistant coatings on γ-TiAl alloy". Materials Engineering 3 (140) Vol. XXV May-June 2004, 676-680 (in Polish). 33. B. G. Wendler, T. Liśkiewicz, Ł. Kaczmarek, B. Januszewicz, D. Rylska, S. Fouvry, A. Rylski, M. Jachowicz: "Diffusion Strengthening of Ti6Al4V Alloy in Ar + O2 Glow Discharge Plasma". Materials Engineering 3 (140) Vol. XXV May-June 2004, 681-685 (in Polish). 34. B. G. Wendler, M. Jachowicz, Ł. Kaczmarek, A. Rylski, D. Bieliński, A.M. Wróbel, K. Jakubowski : "Investigation of magnetron deposited Si-based protective coatings on Si and steel substrates". Acta Metalurgica Slovakia Vol. 10, No 1 (2004) 615-619. 35. B. G. Wendler, M. Jachowicz, Ł. Kaczmarek, A. Rylski: "Investigation of magnetron deposited oxidation resistant coatings on g-TiAl alloy". Acta Metalurgica Slovakia Vol. 10, No 1 (2004) 919-925. 36. Liśkiewicz T., Fouvry S., Wendler B.: Impact of Variable Loading Conditions on Fretting and Wear. Surface and Coatings Technology, 163 - 164 (2003), 465 - 471. 37. Dudek M., Wendler B., Fouvry S., Kapsa Ph., Liśkiewicz T.: The Effect of Modified Surface Layers on Friction and Wear. Vacuum 70 (2003) 187 - 191. 38. Danielewski M., Datta S., Dąbek J., Filipek R., Wendler B., Rylski A.: Corrosion resistance and thermal stability of hybrid coatings. Annales de Chimie et de Science des Matériaux 28 Suppl. 1 (2003) 167 - 174.

39. Liśkiewicz T., Wendler B., Fouvry S., Kapsa Ph., Vincent L.: "FRETTING". Mechanician 5-6 (2003) 364-367. 40. Danielewski M., Gil A., Wendler B., śurek Z.: Hybrid coatings to-day and to-morrow. Materials Engineering 6 Rok XXIV (2003) 439 -441. 41. Wendler B.: Steel surface betterment with use of reactive upward diffusion of carbon from the steel substrate. Dissertation No. 290 of the Lodz University of Technology, 2001 42. Kołodziejczyk L., Fouvry S., Wendler B., Kapsa Ph.: Mechanical and tribological characteristics of modulated coatings on 6-5-2 HSS steel. Materials Engineering 6 (119) Vol. XXI (2000) 257 - 260 43. Wendler B.: Stress estimation in coatings and substrates by means of FEM method. Materials Engineering 3 (116) Vol. XXI (2000) 129 - 131. 44. Wendler B., Młotkowski A.: Residual stresses in coatings and substrates by FEM method: the effect of coatings' thickness, of substrate's form and the critical role of the coating's edge. Proc. XIIth Special Summer School "Modern Plasma Surface Technology" in Koszalin 08.06.2000÷12.06.2000, W. Precht (Ed.), Printed by Techn. Univ. of Koszalin, (2000) 217 - 229 45. Wendler B., Kamiński M., Danielewski M., Grzesik Z., Rylski A. (2000d): Titanium carbide and carbonitride coatings as corrosion and diffusion barriers on steels. Materials Engineering 6 (119) Vol. XXI (2000) 466 - 469 46. Zimnicki J., Wendler B., Pawlak R.: Laser hardening of titanium with use of TiC synthesis. Materials Engineering 6 (119) Vol. XXI (2000) 390 - 393

PVD & CVD equipment for hard & wear resistant coatings’ deposition in LUT

Equipment for magnetron sputtering: 1− mass flow controller; 2 stop valves; 3− vacuum meter; 4 − motor drive; 5 − connection to vacuum stand; 6 − throttle valve; 7 − IR radiator; 8 − rotary table; 9 − high vacuum chamber; 10 − table bias (negative); 11 − magnetron cooling; 12 − magnetron power feed; 13 − specimen mounted on the table; 14, 15 − magnetrons; 16 − inert and reactive gas inlet.

Basic characteristics:

Sample holder Rotary, with one degree of freedom

Residual pressure 10-4 Pa

Chamber equipment 4 independent magnetron sputtering sources

(each one 10 kW max. power)

ArN2

2 2C H

Inert Ar Gas supply

Reactive N2, C2H2, O2, CH4

Sample cleaning method Glow discharge under reduced pressure in Ar atmosphere

Sample bias during deposition 0 ÷ 500V (pulsed at a frequency of 150 kHz with group modulation

or continuous one)

Other Specimen heating up to 573K

Equipment for coatings deposition by low pressure arc evaporation with two arc sources for continuous dis- charge, two pulsed arc sources and four Ar ion guns for surface cleaning of specimens before deposition.

Chamber equipment:

Basic parameters

Sample holder Rotary, with two degrees of freedom

Residual pressure 10-4 Pa

Chamber equipment

• 2 continuous arc sources of metal plasma (arc current up to 100 A)

• 2 pulsed arc sources of carbon plasma (mean power of the carbon arc discharge 1 kW)

• 1 magnetron sputtering source (max. power 10 kW)

Gas supply Inert Ar

Reactive N2, C2H2, O2, CH4

Sample cleaning method • 4 Ar ion beams with max. Ar ion energy 4keV (at grounded specimens) or • 1.2 keV Me ions from arc evaporators

Sample bias • Continuous potential (high 800 - 2500V or low 0 - 200V)

Other Specimen heating up to 723K

Hybrid RF CVD equipment with additional DC magnetron magnetron sputtering gun.

Two installations for CVD coatings deposition: RF PACVD (left) and dual MW/RF PACVD (right).