Introduction to MAC OS (1)

8/4/2019 Introduction to MAC OS (1)

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Mac OS X for the Wary

Surajit A. BoseStanford University



About this Presentation




• Intended as an introduction to Mac OS X





• Not intended as a technical dissection






• So if you’re the kind who types

awk -F: ‘{print $7}’ /etc/passwd | sort |uniq -c

into a command line just because you getoff on login shell stats, you’re in the wrongpresentation






• Aims more toward those who need tosupport the operating system, but aren’ttoo familiar with it






• Aims more toward those who need tosupport the operating system, but aren’ttoo familiar with it

• Far from comprehensive; your mileagemay vary



About Mac OS X



About Mac OS X

• New architecture



About Mac OS X


• New folder hierarchy



About Mac OS X


• New folder hierarchy

• Networking Mac OS X



Architecture of Mac OS X




Hardware




Hardware

• Requires G3 or better processor




Hardware

• Requires G3 or better processor • No support for serial ports




Darwin

Hardware




Darwin

Hardware

• Open source kernel




Darwin

Hardware

• Open source kernel

• http://developer.apple.com/darwin/




Mach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2

Hardware





Hardware

Mach microkernel handles:





Hardware

Mach microkernel handles:• Memory





Hardware

Mach microkernel handles:• Memory

• Interprocess communication





Hardware

BSD handles:





Hardware

BSD handles:

• File systems (UFS, HFS+, ISO 9660)





Hardware

BSD handles:


• POSIX APIs





Hardware

BSD handles:


• POSIX APIs • Networking





Hardware

BSD handles:


• POSIX APIs • Networking

• Processes




Graphics


Hardware




Quartz OpenGL QuickTime

Mach BSD

Hardware





Mach BSD

Hardware

Quartz provides:





Mach BSD

Hardware

Quartz provides:

• 2D graphics support





Mach BSD

Hardware

Quartz provides:

• 2D graphics support • PDF rendering!





Mach BSD

Hardware

OpenGL provides industry-standard 3D

graphics support





Mach BSD

Hardware

QuickTime provides multimedia

support




Frameworks and Environments


Mach BSDHardware




Classic Carbon Cocoa


Mach BSDHardware






Mach BSDHardware

• Classic is an application within OS X






Mach BSDHardware

• Classic is an application within OS X • Carbon libraries allow older apps tobe recompiled to be OS X native






Mach BSDHardware

• Classic is an application within OS X • Carbon libraries allow older apps to

be recompiled to be OS X native

• Cocoa is a new object-oriented

framework for developing applications




Interface


Quartz OpenGL QuickTimeMach BSD

Hardware




Interface



Hardware

• Very lickable Aqua layer




Interface



Hardware

• Very lickable Aqua layer

• Provides a user -friendly ‘skin’ to UNIX




Scripting and Messaging

Interface

Classic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime

Mach BSD

Hardware




AppleScript Terminal Services

Interface


Mach BSD

Hardware





Interface


Mach BSD

Hardware

AppleScript provides the ability to

automate routines





Interface


Mach BSD

Hardware

Terminal provides command-line

access





Interface


Mach BSD

Hardware

Services provide built-in spell

checking, e-mail integration, etc.




Applications


InterfaceClassic Carbon Cocoa


Mach BSDHardware



Typical Directory Structure




• Far more rigid than previous versions ofthe OS





•True multi-user environment with all thecomplexity of UNIX permissions






• Some files and folders are owned by the

system, others by users with accounts onthe computer






• Some files and folders are owned by the

system, others by users with accounts onthe computer

• Some users are administrators, others just

ordinary schlubs




• Standard set offolders at theroot level of the

drive




• Standard set of folders at the root level ofthe drive

System: No user serviceable parts inside





System: No user serviceable parts inside Library: Contains preferences, fonts, support

files, etc. that may be used by everyone whohas an account on the computer







Applications







Applications

Users: Has one folder (the ‘home directory’)for each person with an account on the

computer





•

Partially replicated at other levels




• Standard set offolders at the rootlevel of the drive

• Partially replicatedat other levels

Each user’s homedirectory also hasa Library folderand anApplications folder





•

Partially replicated at other levels Each user’s home directory also has a Library

folder and an Applications folder

These store fonts, preferences, andapplications specific to that user





•

Partially replicated at other levels Each user’s home directory also has a Library

folder and an Applications folder

These store fonts, preferences, andapplications specific to that user

Other users do not have access to these





•

Partially replicated at other levels• OS searches through these in a particular

order





•

Partially replicated at other levels• OS searches through these in a particular

order

•E.g. if a document in a user’s homedirectory uses a particular font, this is thesearch order:




• User’s ~/Library/Fonts folder





• Application created support folder in the

Library folder






Library folder• /Library/Fonts folder at the root level of the

hard drive







hard drive

• /System/Library/Fonts folder, whichcontains fonts used by the OS







hard drive


• Mac OS 9.x Fonts folder







hard drive


• Mac OS 9.x Fonts folder

•A network Fonts folder



Networking Mac OS X



Networking Mac OS X

• Getting the sucka online



Networking Mac OS X


• File server protocols supported



Networking Mac OS X



•Integrating OS X into an existing domain



Networking Mac OS X



•Integrating OS X into an existing domain

• Running a classroom or lab of Mac OS Xclients



Getting an OS X client online

• Configurations live inthe Network pane ofthe System

Preferences panel,accessible from theApple menu.




• Can switch betweendifferent interfaces inthe pop-up menu




• Via the ‘ActiveNetwork Ports’ option,can turn ports on and

off




• Via the ‘ActiveNetwork Ports’ option,can turn ports on and

off• Can also specify a

hierarchy of ports




• Via the ‘Location’pop-up menu, cancreate different

configurations fordifferent locations



File Server Protocols




• AppleTalk is off bydefault (veryinteresting)




• From the ‘Connect toServer’ option of the‘Go’ menu in the

Finder, Mac OS Xclients can connect toAFP, NFS, SMB, andSamba servers



OS X’s Directory Services




• By default, OS X is set up to integrate to aNetInfo domain (inherited from NeXT)




• By default, OS X is set up to integrate to aNetInfo domain (inherited from NeXT)

•

But it has built-in LDAP integration too

O




• By default, OS X isset up to integrate toa NetInfo domain

(inherited from NeXT)• But it has built-in

LDAP integration too

•

Can be configuredusing the DirectorySetup utility in

/Applications/Utilities

R i M OS X L b



Running a Mac OS X Lab

R i M OS X L b




• The indispensable resource:http://www.macosxlabs.org/

R i M OS X L b

http://www.macosxlabs.org/






•

A consortium of 25 colleges anduniversities working toward deploying MacOS X in labs, clusters, and classrooms

R i M OS X L b







•


• Very thorough listing of issues, processes,and resources

R i M OS X L b







•


• Very thorough listing of issues, processes,and resources

• Some other resources:

R i M OS X L b






• Carbon Copy Cloner:http://software.bombich.com/ccc.html

R i M OS X L b

http://software.bombich.com/ccc.html






•

Apple Software Restore for Mac OS X:macosxlabs.org/asr_for_osx/asr_for_osx.html

R i M OS X L b


http://www.macosxlabs.org/asr_for_osx/asr_for_osx.html









•


• Rsync: macosxlabs.org/rsyncx/rsyncx.html

R i M OS X L b




http://macosxlabs.org/rsyncx/rsyncx.html









•


• Rsync: macosxlabs.org/rsyncx/rsyncx.html

• KeyServer:http://sassafras.com/docs/appendxd.html#Heading5

C l i





http://sassafras.com/docs/appendxd.html










Conclusion

C l i



Conclusion

• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages

C l i



Conclusion


Stability (crash-free)

Concl sion



Conclusion



Many easy-to-use tools to configure the UNIXunderpinnings

Conclusion



Conclusion



Many easy-to-use tools to configure the UNIXunderpinnings

Integrates well with existing infrastructure

Conclusion



Conclusion


• There are also challenges (far from

insurmountable)

Conclusion



Conclusion



insurmountable) Novelty

Conclusion



Conclusion



insurmountable) Novelty

Security



Conclusion



Conclusion



insurmountable)• It’s great fun to work with, and very

rewarding

Conclusion



Conclusion



insurmountable)• It’s great fun to work with, and very

rewarding

•

So … go for it!



Thanks!



Thanks!

Surajit A. Bose

Meyer Library, Room 240560 Escondido Mall

Stanford, CA 94025

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

Introduction to MAC OS (1)