INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY MEDICINE LECTURE 3

RENAL PRO FILE

RE NA L PA NEL

Glucose BUN Creatinine Potassium Phosphorous Sodium Albumin BUN/Creatinine Ratio Calcium Chloride Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Total

GLUCOSE (4.1- 5.6 MMOL/L) To find out the cause of renal disease. Diabetic nephropathy.

BUN (7 to 20 mg/dl)

Formed in the liver by the metabolism of the proteins.

Kidney function May be low if there is liver pathology even if

kidneys are normal

BUN/CREATININE RATIO BUN-to-Creatinine ratio

dehydration, that may cause abnormal BUN and creatinine levels.

High BUN-to-Creatinine ratios sudden (acute) kidney failure,shock or severe

dehydration. A low BUN-to-creatinine ratio, diet low in protein, severe muscle injury called rhabdomyolysis, Pregnancy Cirrhosis syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

secretion (SIADH).

Normal Results: 10:1 to 20:1

CREATININE (0.8 TO 1.4 MG/DL) It is a breakdown product of creatine (muscle protein). Formed in liver and kidney. Excretion is via kidneys so level raises when kidney is diseased.

POTASSIUM(3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L) the amount of potassium in the blood High blood potassium levels may be caused by damage or

injury to the kidneys

PHOSPHORUS (0.81- 1.45 mmol/L) Phosphorus is a mineral that makes up 1% of a person's total

body weight. High levels of phosphorus in blood only occur in people with

severe kidney disease or severe dysfunction of their calcium regulation.

Along with excess calcium they may calcify in the soft tissues.

SODIUM(135 TO 145 MEQ/L) High levels of sodium can increase the chance of high

blood pressure. If your total body water is low, high sodium levels

excessive sweating Diarrhea use of diuretics or burns.

If your total body water is normal, high sodium levels may diabetes insipidus Low level of hormone vasopressin.

If your total body water is high, high sodium levels may hyperaldosteronism Cushing syndrome, diet that's too high in salt or sodium bicarbonate

Low total body water and sodium levels may be due to dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, over diuresis, or ketonuria

An increase in total body water and low sodium levels may indicate congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome or cirrhosis of the liver

ALBUMIN (3.4 TO 5.4 G/DL) The albumin test measures the amount of

albumin in serum, determines liver synthetic function. liver disease kidney disease, if not enough protein is being absorbed by the

body.   o It can also result from kidney disease which

allows albumin to escape into the urine.  Decreased albumin may also be explained by malnutrition or a low protein diet

CO2 (TOTAL) This test measures the amount of carbon

dioxide in the liquid part of your blood. Comes from metabolism. The blood carries carbon dioxide to your lungs,

where it is exhaled. Changes in your CO2 level suggest you may be losing or retaining fluid, cause an imbalance in your body's electrolytes.

Abnormal levels of carbon dioxide suggest your body is having trouble maintaining its acid-base balance and your electrolyte balance is upset.

Normal Results: 20 to 29 mEq/L

CALCIUM (8.5 TO 10.2 MG/DL) To build and fix bones and teeth help nerves work make muscles contraction help blood clot and help the heart to work. The Calcium test screens for problems with the parathyroid glands or

kidneys, certain types of cancers and bone problems, inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), and kidney stones.

CHLORIDE (96 to 106 mEq/L)Chloride levels help monitor

high blood pressure, heart failure kidney disease. 

High levels of chloride (hyperchloremia)dehydration, metabolic acidosis

Decreased levels of chloride, known as hypochloremia, kidney disorderAddison's diseasecongestive heart failure

BONE METABOLISM Bone is constantly remodelling Bone resorption= bone formation Why remodelling is necessary?

To withstand changing environment To cope with workload To repair damage caused by recurrent

microtraumasBONE METABOLISMOsteoclasts and OsteoblastsOsteocytesEncased osteoblasts which are connected to each

other by long cellular processes forming a network connected by gap junctions.

BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS a) enzyme activity markers of

bone formation (connected with osteoblast activity)

bone resorption (connected with osteoclast activity)

b) bone matrix proteins and resorption products of organic skeletal matrix, which are released into circulation during bone formation and resorption

c) inorganic skeletal matrix markers Calcium phosphorus

BONE FORMATION MARKERS

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE(BONE ALP)

Present in bone, liver, intestine, kidney and placenta.

Bone form is produced by the osteoblasts during the bone formation

Raised in Osteoporosis. Osteomalacia and rickets Hyperparathyroidism. Renal osteodystrophy Thyrotoxicosis. Acromegaly Bone metastasis and other conditions with increased

bone formation. No diurnal variations.

BONE RESORPTION MARKERSMarker Tissue

of originAnlytical sample

Analytical method

Hydroxy proline specific for all fibrillar collagen and part of all collagen proteins, present in newly synthesized and mature collagen

Bone, skin, cartilage, soft tissue.

Urine colorimetric., HPLC

Pyridinoline present in cartilage and bone collagen not present in skin, mature collagen

Bone, tendon, cartilage

Urine HPLC, ELISA

Deoxypyridinoline high concentration in bone collagen, not in cartilage or skin only found in mature collagen.

Bone, dentine

Urine HPLC, ELISA

Telopeptides (N- telopeptide, C- telopeptide) high proportion from bone collagen type collagen

Bone, cartilage

Serum, urine

RIA, ELISA, ECLIA

Tartarate resistant Acid Phosphate osteoclasts, thrombocytes, erythrocytes

Bone, blood

Plasma, serum

RIA, ELISA,