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Introduction to Health
& Wellness
Spring 2014
Objectives for this lesson include:
Define health and wellness List the four major factors that determine health Define life expectancy List five factors that relate to good health and tend to
increase the average length of life Explain how heredity can be a limiting health factor Define risks and statistics Explain the degrees of health and wellness on the
Wellness Continuum
The Six INTERRELATEDDimensions of Health
Physical Dimension
Operation of the body in its surroundings Exercise Nutrition Proper personal care Prevention & medical attention Safety
R
Social Dimension
Encourages contributing to one’s environment and community Our contributions- taking an active part in improving our world by
encouraging healthier living and initiating better communication with those around you.
Interdependence between others and nature.
Social Wellness follows these beliefs:
- Think of others and how you can help instead of focusing on yourself
- Better to live in harmony with others than to live in conflict
Psychological Dimension
Mental reacting to difficulties and adversity in an
optimistic manner viewing difficult situations as challenges and
opportunities for growth adopting a positive attitude accepting our limitations and making the best of
a bad situation
Emotional handling emotions and controlling, or coping with, personal feelings maintaining emotional stability laughing and being able to stimulate laughter in others being able to express emotions appropriately and comfortably Intellectual learning and using information effectively life-long learner engaging one’s mind in creative and critical thinking awareness of current events curiosity
Social Dimension Relationships with family, friends, and people in our community. The ability to get along with people from diverse backgrounds who
express differing beliefs, values, and perspectives. The ability to resolve conflicts, to negotiate, and to reach
consensus. Feeling “connected” to a person, a group or cause, (even a pet). A sense of belonging to a larger social unit. The ability and willingness to reach out to others and to care for
them. The ability and willingness to invest in meaningful causes beyond
ourselves. Traditions – one’s own and those of various cultures. Socio-economic factors (e.g., race, income, education). Technology. Laws and cultural practices within society.
Spiritual Dimension
A belief in some unifying force that gives purpose or meaning to life (i.e., for some people, this unifying force is nature; for others, it is a feeling of connection to other people, or a personal deity or universal life force).
A sense of belonging to a scheme of existence greater than the merely personal.
A sense of purpose. A realization that all humanity is somehow interrelated. An understanding that true happiness involves more than the
acquisition of material goods.
A desire to comfort and help others. The ability to show gratitude and generosity. A desire to contribute to society. An attempt to reduce conflict and disorder. Efforts to bring harmony to activities,
relationships, and the larger community. A sense of wonder and awe related to the
beauty, power, and mysteries of nature. A potential, or capacity, to engage in thinking
about larger purposes (e.g., social justice, ecological sustainability).
Career Dimension
Satisfaction and enrichment in one’s life through work.
Development of functional, transferable skills though structured involvement opportunities
Intellectual Dimension
Expand his/her knowledge and skills while discovering the potential for sharing his/her gifts with others
Strengthen and challenge our minds with intellectual an creative pursuits
Identify potential problems and chose appropriate course of action on available information
Morbidity & Mortality
Morbidity Morbidity is another term for
illness. A person can have several co-morbidities simultaneously. So, morbidities can range from Alzheimer's disease to cancer to traumatic brain injury. Morbidities are NOT deaths.
Mortality Mortality is another term for
death. A mortality rate is the number of deaths due to a disease divided by the total population. (If there are 25 lung cancer deaths in one year in a population of 30,000, then the mortality rate for that population is 83 per 100,000)
What do you think were the leading causes of death 100 years ago?
ANSWER: Infectious Diseases
InfluenzaTuberculosisPneumonia
Top Five Leading Causes of Death Today
Heart Disease Cancer Stroke Lung Disease Unintentional
injuries
Top 10 Causes of Death for ages 15-24
1- Accidents- 46% (motor vehicle accidents-33%)2- Homicide -15%3- Suicide – 13%4- Cancer – 5%5- Heart Disease – 3%6- Congenital Abnormalities- 1.5% 7- Stroke-.06%8- Flu & Pneumonia-.06%
9- HIV- .06%
10- Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease- .05%
4 Factors Affecting Health
1. Heredity
2. Health Care
3. Environment
4. Lifestyle/Personal Behavior
Factors that Influence our Health
Environment
Heredity
Lifestyle/Behavior
Health Care
45%
10%
25%
20%
What do you think are the causes of these deaths/diseases?
Heart Disease- Smoking, high fat diets, lack of exercise, stress, obesityCancer- Smoking, high fat diets, environmental factorsLung Disease- Smoking, environmental factorsAccidents- Risky behavior (use of drugs), making poor decisionsHomicides/Suicide- Depression, stress, poor decisions, jealousy, fear, religion
What is the commonality ?
Factors that Influence Health
Heredity* Race
* Sex
Men: (examples)
- Color blindness - Mostly men who inherit color blindness, affecting about 1 in 20 men for every 1 in 200 women.
- Epilepsy- Men are more prone to epilepsy than women.
- Osteoarthritis - Often thought of as a condition only affecting women, is actually more common in men under the age of 45.
Women: (examples)
- Autoimmune diseases -strike women three times more than men
- Grave’s Disease - leads to an overactive thyroid gland (AKA: hyperthyroidism)
- Sjögren's syndrome - cause dryness of the mouth and eyes as well as fatigue and joint pain - Heart Disease - More than 6.5 million women have some form of it
Environment
Adequacy of housing
Family Composition
Education level of parent(s)
Economic status of parent(s)
Culture
Health Care
Lack of health care
Delay in diagnosis
Delay in treatment
Lifestyle/Behavioral
Tobacco Use
Unhealthy Diet
Inadequate Activity
Alcohol and other drug use/abuse
Risky sexual behavior
Behaviors leading to intentional or unintentional injuries
Violence exposure
Infectious disease exposure
Toxic substance exposure
Health problems that peak or start during the teenage years:
Homicide Suicide Motor vehicle crashes, including those caused by
drinking and driving Substance use and abuse Smoking Sexually transmitted infections, including human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Teen and unplanned pregnancies Homelessness
Health outcomes for adolescents and young adults are grounded in their social environments and are frequently mediated by their behaviors.
Behaviors of young people are influenced at the individual, peer, family, school, community, and societal levels.
The BIG Thought
Today, in many or most cases,
B-E-H-A-V-I-O-Rtips the balance towards good health EVEN when
heredity or environment is a negative factor
Reflection Questions What current behaviors do I engage in and how can they
affect my health?
What can I do (behave/learn) to enhance my overall health and wellness today and for the future?
Your answers should be written or typed in complete sentences and be no shorter 1 paragraph in length. See
last slide for directions.
3 Health Models
The Medical ModelThe Environmental Model The Wellness (or Holistic) Model
The Medical Model
The Medical Model’s main belief is that health is the absence of one or more of the “Five Ds”—death, disease, discomfort, disability, and dissatisfaction. In other words, if you are not sick or dying, you are considered to be in the best possible state of health.
In the Medical Model, health is restored by curing a disease or by restoring function to a damaged body part. In its most extreme form, the "medical model" views the body as a machine, to be fixed when broken.
The Environmental Model of Health
In this model, health is defined in terms of the quality of a person’s adaptation to the environment as conditions change. This model includes the effects on personal health of socioeconomic status, education, and multiple environmental factors.
Unlike the medical model, which focuses on diseased organs and biological abnormalities, the environmental model focuses on conditions outside the individual that affect his or her health. These conditions include the quality of air and water, living conditions, exposure to harmful substances, socioeconomic conditions, social relationships, and the health-care system.
In many respects the environmental model of health is similar to ancient Asian and Native American philosophies that associate health with harmonious interactions with fellow creatures and the environment.
The Wellness (or Holistic) Model
The Holistic, or Wellness, Model defines health in terms of the whole person, not in terms of diseased parts of the body. It encompasses the physiological, mental, emotional, social, spiritual, and environmental aspects of individuals and communities. It focuses on optimal health, prevention of disease, and positive mental and emotional states.
Wellness is much more than physical health; it addresses mental, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects of a person, as well as the relationships among these dimensions.
The focus is on the individual as a system that is improving and moving towards excellence
The Holistic Model Views health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".
Broadened the medical perspective, and also introduced the idea of positive health
The WHO definition was long considered unmeasurable; the terms were vague. This was less because no-one could invent ways to measure "well-being,"
Applied to a population, the holistic model would again either sum appropriate individual indicators, or would record measures of the well-being of the population as a whole.
A Wellness Continuum
The Wellness continuum is a line which has death and negative health on one end and optimum wellness at the opposite end. The main idea is that wellness is constantly shifting along the line and is never stationary.
Conclusion
The models themselves are abstractions of ideas, but in real life one needs to use whatever is practical to optimize health and well-being.
Health depends very much on each person’s perception.
People with a disease may live joyful, positive, healthy lives; people without a disease may be despondent, unhappy, and feel sick. People need attainable goals to promote wellness and to live harmoniously with family, friends, and the environment.
LIFE expectancy & HEALTH expectancy
Life Expectancy is the average number of years that an average person of a given age may be expected to live. How long can YOU expect to live?
Life Expectancy Definition: Life Expectancy is the average number of years that an
average person of a given age may be expected to live. How long can YOU expect to live?
Take an online Quiz Following are two links to online “Life Expectancy Calculators”. Access an online life expectancy calculator and take the quiz. Pay special
attention to the questions and note the kinds of things that influence your personal longevity:
QUIZ
From the questions asked in the quiz, what are the five factors that relate to good health and increase the average length of life?
Whole Foods (store) Watch this 16 minute TED talk by John Mackey. When you are finished
type a 2 paragraph reflection on what you learned. Include the following information:
- What health model does “Whole Foods” approach to health and wellness represent?
- What ways are “Whole Foods” plan on encouraging health and wellness to their employees?
- What are the health issues that are initiating the movement? - What are the programs or initiatives that “Whole Foods” are developing and
offering their employees? - Do you believe that the approach will be effective or not and why?