Introduction to Greek and Roman HistoryLecture 16

Pompey, Caesar and the first triumvirate 

Pompey in Spain, 76-72 B.C.

Spain presenting a palm to Pompey

28-29 September 61, Pompey’s third triumph

Financial effects of Pompey’s campaigns in Asia-Regular state revenues rose from 50 to 135 million denarii.

-Pompey gave 120 million denarii to the treasury

Public Munificence: The Pons Fabricius’ (62 BC)’the best preserved bridge in Rome, practically the original structure

L.FABRICIUS C.F. CUR. VIAR. FACIUNDUM COERAVITL. Fabricius, son of Gaius, CuratorViarum had (the bridge) made

The Theatre of Pompey area now

The Theatre of Pompey, 61 B.C.

59 B.C.: Caesar’s consulship and the triumvirate

- Agrarian law to benefit Pompey’s veterans, Crassus and Pompey in the agrarian commission.- Caesar is granted a five-year command in Cisalpine Gaul, Illyria and Translapine Gaul.-Tax-farmers are granted a waiver of a portion of their leasing payment.

The Aquileia legions

(Caesar, De bello gallico I.10)

Caesar in Gaul, 58-51 B.C.

Caesar’s Conquered Gaul

OB: Captured Gaul (not Vercingetorix)Wearing a torque. REV: Same (similar) man on tropaion)

Inscription of Julius Caesar in Arles ???

The empire before Caesar’s conquests

The empire after Caesar’s conquests

Denarius of Julius Caesar, 48-47 B.C.

R/ Head of a goddess wearing an oak leaf wreath on obverse (Clementia? Pietas?)

V/: Gallic military trophy holding an oval shield, Gallic trumpet (carnyx); there is an axe topped with an animal head on the right.Berlin, Pergamon Museum.

The triumvirate according to Cato Jr.A conspiracy for the division of the supreme power and the abolition of the constitutionPlutarch, Life of Cato the Younger, 41.2

52 BC: Epitaph of a Grain Merchant in Rome CIL. IV. 2965

Pompey in Syria

53: Battle of Carrhae

Crassus’disaster at Carrhae 53 BC

Augustan Coin depicting the return of the standards lost by Crassus

52: Pompey’s consulship

-Lex pompeia de iure magistratuum: candidates for magistracies had to be present in Rome.

-Pompey’s command is extend for further five years

December 50 B.C.

-The Senate vote that both proconsuls, Caesar and Pompey should give up their provinces.-The consul Caius Marcellus grants Pompey power for the military defence of the state.

January 49

Corfinium, February 49

Civil War, 49-44 B.C.

Caesar conquers the East

Cleopatra

KLEOPATRA BASILISSHKLEOPATRA QUEEN(Cornucopia)

Caesar in carved in Basanite

Trying to throw your arms around the world: Caesar after Pharsalus 48 BC in EgyptPlutarch, Caesar, 48-9 Caesar gave the Thessalians their freedom, to commemorate his victory, and then pursued Pompey; when he reached Asia he made the Cnidians flee,to please Theopompus the collector of fables, and for all the inhabitants of Asia remitted a third of their taxes. Arriving at Alexandria after Pompey’s death, he turned in horror from Theodotus as he presented the head of Pompey, but accepted Pompey's seal-ring and shed tears. Moreover, the companions & intimates of Pompey who had been captured by the king, he treated with kindness & attached them to himself. To his friends in Rome he wrote that this was the greatest and sweetest pleasure that he derived from his victory, namely, from time to time to save the lives of fellow citizens who had fought against him.

47/46: in AfricaPlutarch, Caesar, 52 After Pharsalus, Cato & Scipio made their escape to Africa, and with the aid of King Juba, collected considerable forces. Caesar therefore resolved to make an expedition against them. On learning that the enemy were emboldened by an ancient oracle to the effect that it was always the prerogative of the family of the Scipios, he promoted a man, who otherwise was a contemptible nobody but belonged to the gens Africani, called Scipio Sallustio. This man Caesar put in the forefront of his battles as if commander of the army, being compelled to attack the enemy frequently and to force the fighting. For there was neither sufficient food for his men nor fodder for his beasts of burden.. And if Caesar with Asinius Pollio had not come from the ramparts to their aid and checked their flight, the war would have been at an end. On one occasion.. it is said that Caesar seized by the neck the fugitive standard-bearer, faced him about, and said: "Yonder is the enemy."

Dedication to Caesar CIL 1. 797 ca. 44 BC