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© OECD/IEA 2012
UNECE/FAO Joint Wood Energy EnquiryParis, 11‐13 June 2012
Introduction to Energy Statistics:their role in policy and decision making
International Perspective
Jean-Yves GarnierHead, Energy Statistics Division
International Energy Agency
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
Why do policy makers need to know key information on the energy sector
Who produces what
Who imports what
Who exports what
Who distributes what
Who consumes what
For any sound energy policy, policy makers need to know:
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
Households
Industry
Heating
Transport
Electricity
Cooking
Coal
Agriculture
Mining
Oil Natural Gas
Lighting
Services
Energy UnitPhysical Unit
Socio-EconomicBiomass
Money
What statistics are needed?
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
The minimum needed are the data for producing a detailed energy balance
WORLD ENERGY BALANCESupply
Transformation
Final consumption
Efficiency
Who consumes what
Energy dependency
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
Importance of energy statistics for policy makers
IEA Member countries have an obligation to hold 90 days of stocks (net imports/consumption) Need reliable and timely data on imports, consumption and stocks
OPEC Member countries: production vs quota Need reliable and timely data on production
EU Member countries: obligation to have a minimum share of electricity consumption coming from renewables Need reliable data on renewables
Annex 1 countries to the Conference of Parties: respect of the engagement they have ratified when signing the Kyoto Protocol (70% to 80% of GHG come from fuel combustion) Need reliable data on both supply and demand
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
Five Annual Energy Questionnaires
Other Annual: Energy Forecast and R&D Budget for IEA
Monthly Questionnaires:Monthly Oil and Gas Statistics, Joint Oil Data InitiativeElectricity production and trade
Exceptional Questionnaires: Mainly in case of oil crisis, or ad-hoc activities (e.g.: Non-Energy Use Network)
What statistics does the IEA collect?
Quarterly Questionnaires: Prices and Taxes questionnaire
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
ProductionImport ExportInternational Marine BunkersStock ChangesDomestic Supply
TransfersStatistical Differences
Transformation Sector (18 sub-sectors)Energy Sector (16 sub-sectors)Distribution Losses
Final ConsumptionIndustry Sector (13 sub-sectors)Transport (7 sub-sectors)Other Sectors (4 sub-sectors)Non Energy Uses
Electricity and Heat Outputs TOTAL: 95 FLOWS
What flows are collected?
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
What products are collected?
Coal (17 products/categories)
Natural gas
Crude Oil and Petroleum products (25 products)
Nuclear Energy
Hydro Energy
Renewable Energy (19 products/categories)
Waste Energy (3 products/categories)
Electricity
Heat (7 categories)
TOTAL: over 75 products/categories
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
AggregatedIndicators
TPES/GDPTPES/Production
Electricity Cons./PopulationCO2/GDP PPP
Efficiency Elec. Prod.
Cons./ton cementHeating Cons./sqm/DD
Litre/100km (stock)
Dry processCondensing boiler
Litre/100km (vintage)
ProcessEfficiency
DisaggregatedIndicators
There is a need for more detailed data
Current data do not allow to build sound indicators
for energy efficiency policies
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
A focus on combustible renewables and waste
WORLD ENERGY BALANCE
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
World total primary energy supply from 1971 to 2009
1973 2009
Biofuels and waste in world energy supply
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
A few words on wood energy – fuel wood
11% of global energy consumption
>90% in some countries but <1% in other countries
End uses vary from country to country: cooking, heating, electricity, heat process, charcoal,…
Two “opposite” objectives Reduce consumption for several reasons:
Not enough wood: desertification, health, social impact, …
Increase consumption: enough wood, increase renewables (share), reduce GHG
One common issue: difficulty in getting reliable data
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
Solid biofuels and waste in total energy supply in Africa
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
Residential80%
Transformation*11%
Industry 9%
*Charbon de bois
Use of solid biofuels and waste in Africa by sector
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
Algeria
South Africa
Côte d'Ivoire
Ethiopia
70%
2%
94%
The importance of biomass for policy making: the case of Ivory Coast
2%
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
diameter
city village
height
Demand
Supply
The importance of detailed data
Demand
Supply> 11<
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
Evolution of the situation after 20 years
1990
2020
Zone presenting a deficit demand/resource (Demand/Resource>1)
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
The energy problematic in Ivory Coast
There was a serious issue with the over use of biomass in various regions of the countryMoreover Ivory Coast needed to take a decision in terms of the next investment for a additional electricity capacityThere were various options: Hydro, thermal oil, thermal natural gas, thermal coalAt the same time, Ivory Coast discovered a large natural gas fieldThe final decision was to start exploiting the gas field to feed a combined cycle power plantOne of the key elements in the choice of policy makers was the fact that there was a large quantity of LPG in the natural gasThe LPG was therefore used to substitute charcoal in the largest cities of the country, dramatically reducing the consumption of wood to produce charcoalOther measures to reduce the consumption included improved wood stoves, improved charcoal stoves, capacity building of charcoal producers, re-forestation, etc.
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
Desertification
Energy independence
Trade
Household budget
Taxation
Employment
Social acceptance
Regional planning
Socio‐cultural dimension
The problematic was of course more complicated
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
The difficulties of having reliable statistics on biofuels
Fuel wood A large part of the fuel wood used in households is not marketed
(auto-collected) (not true for all countries) Fuel wood used in remote areas: difficulty for survey Surveys are quite complicated: No meters, so at the best measurement Consumption changes over the week (weekend) Consumption varies over the year (culture, religion) Consumption varies over the year (humidity of the wood)
CharcoalIn many countries, charcoal producers produce charcoal illegally; so the difficulty to have a good knowledge of both inputs/outputs
WastesNo real market (sugar industry used bagasse). Not marketed. No money transaction
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
Why is it essential to improve data quality on fuel wood
At the country level To have a precise figure on who consumes fuel wood (++), where
and for what. Consumption side To have a precise knowledge of thee wood supply availability: how
much and where Are there enough resources available to sustain the current rate of
consumption Are there more resources than consumption. How the “extra” can be
used Are there less resources than consumption. If so, what needs to be done
to reduce the consumption
At the international level For EU countries, for instance: contribution to the 20/20/20 targets More generally, what would be the impact on other energy markets if
x% of fuel wood were replaced Energy poverty
© OECD/IEA 2012 © OECD/IEA, 2010
A call for better statistics
The IEA is committed to improve the quality and the coverage of its statistics on renewables but this cannot be done by one organisation . There is a clear need for cooperation among key international organisations….
The last edition of the IEA Journal
Thank you