INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

TO CYTOLOGYTO CYTOLOGY

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

• Scientific study of cells obtained Scientific study of cells obtained from tissues or body secretions to from tissues or body secretions to identify disease.identify disease.

TYPESTYPES

• Based on sampling techniques, Based on sampling techniques, cytology is classified into the cytology is classified into the following:following:

1.1. Exfoliative Cytology.Exfoliative Cytology.

2.2. Abrasive Cytology.Abrasive Cytology.

3.3. Aspiration Cytology. Aspiration Cytology.

EXFOLIATIVE EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGYCYTOLOGY

• Based on spontaneous shedding of cells Based on spontaneous shedding of cells derived from the lining of an organ into derived from the lining of an organ into a cavity.a cavity.

• Contents of the sample are derived Contents of the sample are derived from several sources.from several sources.

• Examples: vaginal smear, sputum, Examples: vaginal smear, sputum, urine, CSF, and body effusions.urine, CSF, and body effusions.

• The material is collected spontaneously The material is collected spontaneously or by a syringe or a cotton swab.or by a syringe or a cotton swab.

ABRASIVE CYTOLOGYABRASIVE CYTOLOGY

• Cells are obtained directly from the Cells are obtained directly from the surface of the target of interest.surface of the target of interest.

• Samples are taken by scraping, Samples are taken by scraping, brushing, or washing.brushing, or washing.

• Examples: cervical scraper, Examples: cervical scraper, endoscopy, and gastric lavage.endoscopy, and gastric lavage.

• Samples can be obtained from Samples can be obtained from superficial or deep lesions. superficial or deep lesions.

ASPIRATION CYTOLOGYASPIRATION CYTOLOGY

• Samples are obtained from solid Samples are obtained from solid tissues that are not connected to a tissues that are not connected to a hollow viscus.hollow viscus.

• A needle with or without a syringe is A needle with or without a syringe is used.used.

• Simple, safe, rapid, cost effective, and Simple, safe, rapid, cost effective, and require no special clinical skills.require no special clinical skills.

• Virtually every organ in the body is Virtually every organ in the body is accessible to this method.accessible to this method.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CYTOLOGIC DIAGNOSISCYTOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS

• The cytologic diagnosis must be based on The cytologic diagnosis must be based on the entire clinical evidence available, the entire clinical evidence available, rather than on changes in individual cells.rather than on changes in individual cells.

• To maintain satisfactory results, the To maintain satisfactory results, the uniformity of the technical methods uniformity of the technical methods employed is important.employed is important.

• It is very important to acquire a thorough It is very important to acquire a thorough knowledge of normal cells originating knowledge of normal cells originating from a given source before attempting from a given source before attempting diagnosis. diagnosis.

CONTINUECONTINUE

• Understanding structural and Understanding structural and functional cell changes in health and functional cell changes in health and disease.disease.

• The best quality control is generated The best quality control is generated by careful follow-up of patients and by careful follow-up of patients and constant referral to tissue evidence.constant referral to tissue evidence.

COURSE COURSE CONTENTS(THEORY)CONTENTS(THEORY)

• Introduction to Cytology.Introduction to Cytology.• Recognizing and classifying cells.Recognizing and classifying cells.• Fixation and preservation in cytology.Fixation and preservation in cytology.• Methods of preparation in cytology.Methods of preparation in cytology.• Stains and staining in cytology.Stains and staining in cytology.• Gynecological cytology: methods of Gynecological cytology: methods of

collection.collection.• Gynecological cytology: normal and Gynecological cytology: normal and

functional cytology.functional cytology.

CONTINUECONTINUE

• Gynecological cytology: abnormal Gynecological cytology: abnormal cytologycytology

• Respiratory tract cytology.Respiratory tract cytology.• Urinary tract cytology.Urinary tract cytology.• Gastrointestinal tract cytology.Gastrointestinal tract cytology.• Cytology of fluids and body effusions.Cytology of fluids and body effusions.• Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology.Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology.• Test Exam.Test Exam.• Revision. Revision.

COURSE COURSE CONTENTS(PRACTICAL)CONTENTS(PRACTICAL)

• Introduction to cytology laboratory.Introduction to cytology laboratory.• Recognizing and classifying cells.Recognizing and classifying cells.• Preparation of fixatives and Preparation of fixatives and

preservatives.preservatives.• Preparation and fixation of specimens.Preparation and fixation of specimens.• Preparation, Fixation, and Staining(1).Preparation, Fixation, and Staining(1).• Preparation, Fixation, and Staining(2).Preparation, Fixation, and Staining(2).• Normal gynecological cytology(slides).Normal gynecological cytology(slides).

CONTINUECONTINUE

• Abnormal non-neoplastic Abnormal non-neoplastic gynecological cytology(slides).gynecological cytology(slides).

• Abnormal neoplastic gynecological Abnormal neoplastic gynecological cytology (slides).cytology (slides).

• Respiratory tract cytology(slides).Respiratory tract cytology(slides).• Cytology of urinary tract, GIT, and Cytology of urinary tract, GIT, and

body effusions(slides).body effusions(slides).

CONTINUECONTINUE

• Revision.Revision.• Test Exam.Test Exam.• Revision.Revision.