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Introduction to Introduction to Comparative GovernmentComparative Government
Key Terms & MethodsKey Terms & Methods
Before we begin…Before we begin…GovernmentGovernment: the leadership : the leadership and institutions that make and institutions that make policy decisions for the policy decisions for the countrycountry
PoliticsPolitics: the ways power is : the ways power is gained, managed, gained, managed, challenged, and maintainedchallenged, and maintained
Why study other gov’ts?Why study other gov’ts?1.1.It’s part of a well-rounded It’s part of a well-rounded
educationeducation
2.2.To better understand USTo better understand US
3.3.To consider the nature of To consider the nature of power in various formspower in various forms
4.4.To learn from positive and To learn from positive and negative experiencesnegative experiences
The Comparative MethodThe Comparative MethodAristotelianTheory:AristotelianTheory:
# of Rulers
Interest of Everyone
Self-Interest
By Social Group
One Monarchy Tyranny King
Few Aristocracy OligarchyThe
Wealthy
ManyPolity or
DemocracyOchlocracy The Poor
The Comparative MethodThe Comparative Method
Three-World Approach:Three-World Approach:
1.1.United States + AlliesUnited States + Allies
2.2.Soviet Union + AlliesSoviet Union + Allies
3.3.Non-Aligned CountriesNon-Aligned Countries(Usually economically (Usually economically underdeveloped & deprived)underdeveloped & deprived)
The Comparative MethodThe Comparative Method
But… this approach ignores But… this approach ignores these recent trends:these recent trends:
1.1.Impact of informal politicsImpact of informal politics
2.2.Importance of political Importance of political changechange
3.3.Integration of political & Integration of political & economic systemseconomic systems
The Comparative MethodThe Comparative Method
Modern Classifications:Modern Classifications:
1.1. ““AdvancedAdvanced”” democracies democracies
2.2.Communist & Post-Communist & Post-Communist countriesCommunist countries
3.3.Less developed & newly Less developed & newly industrializing countriesindustrializing countries
Authority & Power - TermsAuthority & Power - Terms
SovereigntySovereignty: The exclusive: The exclusiveright to exercise political right to exercise political authority over a territoryauthority over a territory
StateState: Has a government,: Has a government,population, territory & population, territory & sovereignty (can use force!)sovereignty (can use force!)
NationNation: Group with a common: Group with a commonethnic or political identityethnic or political identity
Authority & PowerAuthority & Power
RegimeRegime: the form gov’t takes: the form gov’t takes(often associated with a (often associated with a personperson or or ideologyideology))
• Constitutional DemocracyConstitutional Democracydirect vs. indirectdirect vs. indirect
• Authoritarian SystemAuthoritarian System
• Totalitarian System Totalitarian System
LegitimacyLegitimacy
““The right to rule” The right to rule”
• TraditionalTraditional – history, ritual, – history, ritual, divine law (often heredity)divine law (often heredity)
• CharismaticCharismatic – personal – personal magnetism of leader magnetism of leader
• Rational-legalRational-legal – uses laws – uses laws & procedures & procedures ((bureaucraticbureaucratic))
Culture & IdeologyCulture & Ideology
Political CulturePolitical Culture: community- : community- held beliefs, feelings, & held beliefs, feelings, & values that influence gov’tvalues that influence gov’t(ex. individualism, level of (ex. individualism, level of political participation, etc.)political participation, etc.)
Political IdeologyPolitical Ideology: personally : personally held beliefs about held beliefs about actions actions and and goalsgoals of government of government
IdeologiesIdeologies• Classical LiberalismClassical Liberalism
• Political & economic freedomPolitical & economic freedom
• CommunismCommunism• Values equality over freedomValues equality over freedom• No private property, little freedomNo private property, little freedom
• SocialismSocialism• Regulated economy & generous benefitsRegulated economy & generous benefits• Government owns key industriesGovernment owns key industries
• FascismFascism• Strong, nationalistic state with few freedomsStrong, nationalistic state with few freedoms
• Religion/TheocracyReligion/Theocracy
Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions
Concentration of Power:Concentration of Power:
• Unitary governmentUnitary government • centralized powercentralized power
• Federal systemFederal system• stratified powerstratified power
• Confederal systemConfederal system• diffused powerdiffused power
Political InstitutionsPolitical InstitutionsExecutive(s):Executive(s):
President Prime MinisterHead of StateSymbol of the peopleDirectly elected fixed termLeads cabinet
Head of Gov’tPerforms daily tasksFrom Legislature“no confidence”Collegial cabinet
Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions
Legislature:Legislature:
• Unicameral vs. BicameralUnicameral vs. Bicameral
• Most assemblies are weakMost assemblies are weak
• RARE: power to initiate RARE: power to initiate legislative program, gov’t legislative program, gov’t spending, or spending, or impeachmentimpeachment
Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions
Judiciary:Judiciary:
• Judicial review & activismJudicial review & activism
• Administrative review Administrative review
• Power expanding recentlyPower expanding recently• Ensure civil liberties/rights Ensure civil liberties/rights • Int’l agreements & treaties Int’l agreements & treaties
Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions
Globalization or Globalization or Fragmentation?Fragmentation?
Supranational Supranational OrganizationsOrganizations
• NATONATO • European Union• European Union• OPECOPEC • United Nations• United Nations• NAFTANAFTA
On Your OwnOn Your Own
Topic ThreeTopic Three::
Political & Economic ChangePolitical & Economic Change
Topic FourTopic Four: :
Citizens, Society & the StateCitizens, Society & the State
Topic SixTopic Six::
Public PolicyPublic Policy
For your review:•Make a Venn Diagram with socialism, communism & fascism or presidential & parliamentary systems
•Use Comparative Method to describe the United States